On‐Surface Reactive Planarization of Pt(II) Complexes

Abstract

A series of Pt(II) complexes with tetradentate luminophores has been designed, synthesized, and deposited on coinage metal surfaces with the aim to produce highly planar self‐assembled monolayers. Low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal a significant initial nonplanarity for all complexes. A subsequent metal‐catalyzed separation of the nonplanar moiety at the bridging unit via the scission of a C−N bond is observed, leaving behind a largely planar core complex. The activation barrier of this bond scission process is found to depend strongly on the chemical nature of both bridging group and coordination plane, and to increase from Cu(111) through Ag(111) to Au(111).

Metal‐catalyzed cleavage of a nonplanar moiety in Pt(II) complexes via the scission of a C−N bond leaves, which leaves behind a largely planar core complex, can be tuned by suitable molecular design. This method provides an alternative means of producing planar Pt(II) complexes, which can be difficult to synthesize by traditional solution processing, but are essential for molecular stacking in electroluminescent devices.

Electroluminescent emitters based on transition metal complexes have gained much attention due to their applications in organic light‐emitting diodes for display and lighting technologies.1, 2 Pt(II) complexes display both high quantum efficiencies and low quenching effects as a consequence of the large spin‐orbit coupling.3, 4 They exhibit a mostly square‐planar coordination due to their d⁸ electronic configuration, making them ideal candidates to achieve ordered layered structures. Furthermore, molecular stacking causes the doubly occupied d${}_{\mathrm{z}{}^2}$ orbitals to split into a σ‐type bonding and antibonding pair of intermetallic orbitals, red‐shifting the emitted wavelengths and influencing the photoluminescence quantum yields.5, 16 Thus, it is desirable to synthesize Pt(II) complexes with planar ligands as they would enable the controlled fabrication of electroluminescent devices consisting of multilayered arrays.6 While much progress has been made recently on the molecular design of individual Pt(II) complexes with desired properties by a combination of chemical knowledge and quantum‐chemical calculations, their interactions with metal substrates are still difficult to predict. In addition to altering the physical properties of molecular adsorbates, metal surfaces are known to enable a plethora of chemical reactions,7, 8, 9 which have, for instance, been exploited to build novel nanostructures.10, 11 Hence, it may also be possible to apply this substrate‐catalyzed reaction approach12, 13 to the on‐surface chemical modification of Pt(II) complexes, circumventing potential difficulties in traditional wet‐chemical synthesis to controllably obtain tailored Pt(II) complexes.

Here we report the unexpected surface‐mediated scission of a C−N bond in a series of organometallic Pt(II) complexes with tetradentate luminophores. To examine what factors influence the C−N bond scission, the precursor Pt(II) complexes were prepared with different moieties at the bridging N‐atoms (see Scheme 1) in solution by straightforward synthesis14 and then sublimed onto three different metal surfaces (Au(111), Ag(111), and Cu(111)) under ultrahigh‐vacuum conditions15 (see the Supporting Information for experimental details and spectroscopic characterization). This series of experiments aims to shed light on the influence of the chemical composition and geometry of the Pt(II) complexes and the nature of the substrate on the C−N bond scission. For a coplanar coordination plane and bridging group, the interaction with the substrate is expected to be maximized, enhancing C−N bond cleavage compared with the case where the core and bridging moiety are perpendicular to each other. In particular, it is intuitively clear that the closer the C−N bond is to the surface, the easier its activation should become.

Scheme 1.

Chemical structures of complexes C1–C4 and PreBr₂.

Of the synthesized complexes shown in Scheme 1, C3 and C4 are expected to have stronger interactions with the substrate than complex C1. This is because steric hindrance forces the phenyl bridging group of C1 to be orthogonal to the coordination plane, while the pyrimidine unit of C3 and C4 should, in principle, favor a more coplanar arrangement. Owing to its sulfur atoms,16 the core ligand of C4 should interact more strongly with the substrate than that of C3. Our goal is to study what consequences the geometric differences between C1, C3, and C4 have for C−N bond activation.

Initially, complex C1 was chosen because of its favorable phosphorescence properties.14 Figure 1 a‐1 depicts the large‐scale STM topography of a Cu(111) surface covered by one‐dimensional chains after thermally evaporating C1. All STM images below were acquired with a tunneling current of I=−0.03 nA and a voltage of V _b=−0.20 V. Details of the molecular configuration in each chain can be found in the high‐resolution image (Figure 1 a‐1) and the corresponding molecular model (Figure 1 a‐1), which fits the topographic image well. No fragmented molecules are visible on the surface. We therefore conclude that the molecules are intact after sublimation from the heated source and predominantly form head‐to‐tail dimers. The bright spots of C1 in the STM image are assigned to the phenyl rings, which are connected to each other by van der Waals interactions to form self‐assembled chains.17 The fact that the phenyl ring appears brighter than both the central Pt atom and the tetradentate core ligand indicates that the phenyl ring is not oriented parallel to the substrate, but stands nearly perpendicular to the surface.

Figure 1.

Top row: STM topographies of complex C1 on Cu(111) surface at different annealing temperatures. Middle row: Close‐ups of selected areas of the images above. Bottom row: Interpretations of the highlighted areas of the STM images in the middle row in terms of molecular models.

To investigate possible surface‐mediated reactions, we annealed the sample gradually (see Figure 1 b,c and Figure S60 b). After the temperature had been raised to 405 K for 10 min, many dimers adopted a more elongated head‐to‐tail structure in which the alkane chains are arranged parallel to each other.14 The Pt−Pt distance within the dimer increases from 1.84±0.07 nm to 2.42±0.08 nm. Intact monomers can also be clearly identified, with a bright phenyl bridge feature and a central bright dot corresponding to the protruding d${}_{\mathrm{z}{}^2}$ orbital of the Pt center.14

Subsequently, the sample was annealed to 435 K for 10 min. Some “clover‐like” moieties started to be observed (see Figure S60 b), which were identified as complex C2, resulting from a C−N scission reaction in C1, and the yield of C2 was seen to increase further after annealing the sample above 475 K (Figure 1 c).

For comparison and verification of our above interpretation, complex C2 was directly synthesized. We stress, however, that this was not straightforward, largely due to the low solubility of C2. The complexes were then deposited on Cu(111) at room temperature, leading to disperse adsorbate STM features (see Figure 2 a) similar to those of Figure 1 c. The close‐up STM images of C2 and annealed C1 (Figures 2 b,c) show a strong similarity. Both, in turn, are markedly different from the close‐up image of C1 before annealing (Figure 2 f), in which the bridging group can clearly be seen. The superimposed molecular structure of C2 fits its STM image well (Figure 2 b). Line profiles along different directions further show that both molecules have the same size (Figure 2 d,e), the diagonal of the “clover‐like” features measuring 1.26±0.04 nm and 1.32±0.04 nm, respectively. Furthermore, both profiles exhibit a small shoulder around 0.4 nm from the center (Figure 2 e), pointing at the existence of an N atom.

Figure 2.

a,b) STM topographies of the reference complex C2 on Cu(111). c) Close‐up image of moiety highlighted in Figure 1 c‐1 after annealing C1 on Cu(111). d,e) Line profiles along different directions defined in (b) and (c). f) Close‐up image of C1 on Cu(111) before annealing with molecular structure superimposed.

In the case of the annealing product of C1, the cleaved C−N bond is likely to be saturated by hydrogens, which might be transferred from the leaving bridging group18 or from H₂ molecules present in the vacuum19 as previously reported. In our STM images no additional fragments were found on the surface, indicating desorption of the cleaved bridging groups.

The proposed catalytic fragmentation was further investigated by DFT calculations (for technical details see the Supporting Information) of complex C1 (without the alkyl chain) on Cu(111). Using constrained optimization along the C−N coordinate, the reaction mechanism and the corresponding energy profile were computed (Figure 3). A barrier of 1.7 eV is reached at a C−N distance of 2.2 Å, confirming that high temperatures are required for this reaction to occur. Once the C−N bond is broken, the C atom covalently binds to the metal (Figure 3 b), such that the bridging group eventually assumes an orientation almost perpendicular to the surface (Figure 3 c). During the reaction, the top‐layer Cu atoms in the vicinity of the severed C−N bond are strongly displaced. At a separation of 3.4 Å, the Cu atom in between the C and N atoms is lifted 0.46 Å above the surface, suggesting that extraction of metal atoms is a possibility at mild temperature.20 Indeed, at the high annealing temperatures necessary to trigger C−N scission, large amounts of cluster by‐products were also observed in the STM pictures which were previously ascribed to C−H activation.21

Figure 3.

Top row: Constraint‐optimized structures of a C1 analogue (without the alkyl chain, but two methyl groups in meta position to speed up the calculations) on Cu(111) along the C−N dissociation path at a C−N bond length of 1.4 Å (optimized value) (a), 2.2 Å (b), and 4.4 Å (c). Second row: Optimized structures of C2 (d), C3 (e), C4 (f) on Cu(111). Bottom row: Energy profiles for C−N scission of C1, C3, and C4 on Cu(111) (g) and of C3 on Cu(111), Ag(111), and Au(111) (h).

To improve the reaction efficiency and obtain higher purity products,22 we next designed and investigated similar precursors, however, with more favorable geometries. A particular design goal was to change the orientation of the moiety at the bridge from perpendicular to the surface (as in C1) to coplanar, as such an arrangement maximizes the catalytic interaction between the metal and the adsorbate. Therefore, we replaced the phenyl bridging group by a pyrimidine ring (complex C3), eliminating the steric hindrance caused by the phenyl hydrogens, which led to the perpendicular orientation with respect to the core ligand and thereby to the surface.

Complex C3 was deposited on Cu(111) for 5 min at 300 K before the sample was cooled down to 78 K. On the STM image (Figure 4) around 80 % of all complexes were identified to be intact, while the rest show the same topography as in Figure 2 c, meaning that C−N bond scission has already taken place at room temperature in this case. Moreover, keeping the sample at 300 K for 5 h or annealing the sample to 385 K for 5 min, resulted in the transformation of nearly all of the complexes to product C2 (Figure 4 b).

Figure 4.

STM topographies of complex C3 (a,b) and C4 (c,d) on Cu(111) before (a,c) and after (b,d) annealing at 385 K.

Our DFT calculations also confirm that C3 has an almost fully planar structure on Cu(111) in contrast to C1 (see Figure 3 a,e) and a drastically reduced activation barrier of 0.62 eV (Figure 3 g). It is plausible to infer that, because complex C3 is overall closer to the surface, the fragmentation reaction is accelerated compared to complex C1. Moreover, the mild reaction conditions also prevented any unwanted by‐products (Figure S60 b).

To further develop and test the concept of tuning C−N scission by precursor geometry, we additionally designed complex C4, whose main ligand features two thiophene rings instead of two phenyl rings as in C1 and C3, and repeated the above experiments. This modification is expected to enhance the interactions between the coordination plane and the substrate at the position of the sulfur atoms, which may have a noticeable effect on C−N scission.

Figure 4 c‐4 and 4 c‐4 show the STM images of the Cu(111) surface covered by a submonolayer of C4. Due to the strong interaction between the thiophene group and the Cu surface, pulling the core ligand down on one end, the other end of the coordination plane is seen to protrude into the vacuum (Figure 4 c‐4), which means the C−N bond is slightly lifted off the surface. This would explain the fact that fragmentation was not observed at room temperature. However, when the sample was annealed at 385 K, C−N fragmentation clearly started to take place, albeit with lower efficiency as compared to C3. Apart from intact C4 complexes, products without bright protrusion could also be found on the surface (Figure 4 d‐4 and 4 d‐4).

It is important to note that attempts to produce the reaction product of C4 (i.e. the thiophenyl analogue of C2) by direct synthesis were unsuccessful, mainly due to purification issues. However, the STM findings are corroborated by our DFT calculations, which yield a slightly higher activation barrier of 0.80 eV for C4 than for C3. This is firstly due to the fact that, in this case, an armchair‐shaped conformer with a protruding group at the bridging N (Figure 3 f) is marginally more stable by 0.12 eV than the flat‐bridge conformer, which is similar to the most stable C3 conformer shown in Figure 3 e. However, since the armchair conformer is unreactive, the reaction proceeds via the flat‐bridge conformer. Its optimized geometry reveals that one of the two S atoms binds very strongly to the metal surface (the shortest S−Cu distance being 2.7 Å), while the other stands out much further (3.3 Å to the nearest Cu atom). Crucially, compared to C3, the C atom of the reactive C−N bond in C4 is on average 0.05 Å further away from each of the nearest three Cu atoms of the hollow site it occupies. The results therefore suggest that there is a correlation between the C–Cu distance and the activation barrier.

In summary, the order C3 > C4 > C1 in terms of reactivity is observed experimentally, which is in good agreement with the theoretical activation barriers (Figure 3 g). We have verified that this trend and the proposed reaction mechanism are true for other coinage metal surfaces by repeating the studies on Ag(111) and Au(111), albeit with increased activation barriers (Figure 3 h). We could indeed confirm by STM imaging that the scission reaction also occurs on Ag(111), but at elevated annealing temperatures of 455 K, 390 K, and 410 K for C1, C3, and C4, respectively (Figure S62). On Au(111), no fragmentation was observed for C1, C3, or C4. Instead, the intact complexes were seen to form large aggregates after annealing (Figure S61).

Since the C−N scission reaction occurs for a number of Pt complexes with different ligands, it is important to point out that the Pt atom appears to play an essential role in the core‐planar system, triggering the catalytic activity of the substrate. This was confirmed in control experiments with the ligand precursor PreBr₂ (Scheme 1), which does not contain a Pt center, where no fragmentation at the C−N position was observed (Figure S63).

In conclusion, surface‐mediated scission of C−N bond in organometallic Pt(II) complexes on Cu(111), Ag(111), and Au(111) surfaces was studied by STM and DFT. The reactivity was found to vary greatly depending on the choice of ligands and metal substrate, Cu(111) being the most catalytic surface. For the three different Pt(II) complexes studied, their interaction strength with the metal substrate correlates with their different spatial geometries, as well as the distance of the reactive C atom from the surface. Thus, it is possible to tune the reactivity by suitable molecular design. Surface‐catalyzed C−N bond cleavage, as successfully applied here, is an alternative and convenient method to produce planar Pt(II) complexes, which can otherwise be difficult to synthesize by traditional solution‐processing methods.

Experimental Section

All experiments were performed in an UHV STM system (Createc) operating at a temperature of T=78 K. The Au(111), Ag(111), and Cu(111) crystals were prepared by repeated cycles of Ar⁺ sputtering and annealing. Synthetic procedures and characterization; supplementary STM results of PreBr₂ and C1–C4 complexes on Au(111), Ag(111) and Cu(111) surfaces; computational details and optimized structures are provided in the Supporting Information.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supporting information

As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.

Supplementary

J. Ren, M. Cnudde, D. Brünink, S. Buss, C. G. Daniliuc, L. Liu, H. Fuchs, C. A. Strassert, H.-Y. Gao, N. L. Doltsinis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 15396.