Large vessel thrombosis in patient with COVID-19, a case series

Abstract

Introduction

Involvement of the large vessels is rarely reported and poorly understood in cases of Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19). The aim of this study is to present a series of cases with large vessel thrombosis (LVT).

Methods

This is a multicenter prospective case series study. The participants were consecutive in order. All the patients were diagnosed as cases of COVID-19 with documented LVT were included in the study. Large vessels were defined as any vessel equal or larger than popliteal artery. The mean duration of follow up was 4 months.

Results

The study included 22 cases, 19 (86.4%) cases were male, 3 (13.6%) patients were females. The age ranged from 23 to 76 with a mean of 48.4 years. Four (18.2%) cases had pulmonary embolism confirmed by IV contrast enhanced chest CT scan. All of the cases showed pulmonary parenchymal ground glass opacities (GGO) and high D-Dimers (ranging from 1267 to 6038 ng/ml with a mean of 3601 ng/ml).

Conclusion

COVID-19 is a hidden risk factor of LVT that may endanger the patient's life and lead to major amputation. Despite therapeutic anticoagulants still all COVID-19 patients are at risk for LVT, a high index of suspicion should be created and with minimal symptoms surgical consultation should be obtained.

Highlights

• •Involvement of the large vessels is rarely reported in COVID-19.
• •It may endanger both limb and life of the patients.
• •In the current report, vessel thrombosis discussed in 9 COVID-19 patients.

1. Introduction

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging and novel pathogen which is easy to spread with variable duration of asymptomatic period causing major quarantines including enormous cities, towns, villages and public quarters all around the world. Although it is primarily reported as an infection of the respiratory system, pooled data revealed that it is a systemic illness that involves several body parts, including neurological, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, immune, and cardiovascular systems [1,2]. This wide range of presentations might be explained by the extensive and rich presence of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in various organs [3,4].

Involvement of the large vessels is rarely reported and poorly understood. The aim of this study to present a series of cases with LVT due to COVID-19.

2. Methods

2.1. Registration

The study was registered in light of declaration of Helsinki – “Every research study involving human subjects must be registered in a publicly accessible database before recruitment of the first subject”. The research was recorded in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. The registration number is ChiCTR2000038537, the link is http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=60821&fbclid=IwAR3WPzY9Y91ggJZn1H-O9Avq-7HmQs-IOhChG-B4F2jTtAeH0CdbRVL2zX8.

2.2. Study design

This is a multi center prospective case series study. The participants were consecutive in order. The paper has been written in line with the PROCESS criteria [8].

2.3. Setting

The cases were managed in the governmental and private settings. The research was carried out during 7 months (from January 1, 2020 to 1/8/2020. The data were collected from the patients, patient's family and the hospital records. The cases were followed up for a mean duration of 4 months ranging from 2 months to 8 months. Ethical and scientific approval has been taken from the ethical committee of university of Sulaimani.

Participants: All Patients diagnosed as cases of COVID-19 either by nasopharyngeal swab or chest CT scan with documented LVT were included in the study. Large vessel was defined as any vessel equal or larger than popliteal artery. The exclusion criteria were: (1) Any patient without documented COVID-19. (2) COVID patients without LVT. (3) Patient with less than 2 month follow up. A written, informed consent was taken from all of the patients.

Work up and Management: The COVID patients were managed according to the local protocol which was derived from WHO recommendations. After detailed history and careful clinical assessment, they were sent for nasopharyngeal swab, chest CT scan, hematological tests including arterial blood gas analysis. Vessel thrombosis was managed per case. The patients were given oxygen, multivitamins, azithromycin, chloroquine and steroid. The primary end point was ischemia outcome, the secondary end point was effectiveness of surgical intervention.

Statistical analysis: the data collection was performed using an excel sheet, they were transferred to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 22 after coding. Due to the small sample size, only descriptive analysis was calculated.

3. Results

The study included 22 cases, 19 (86.4%) cases were male, 3 (13.6%) patients were females. The age ranged from 23 to 76 with a mean of 48.4 years. Four (18.2%) cases had pulmonary embolism confirmed by IV contrast enhanced chest CT scan, (Fig. 1, Table 1). All of the cases showed pulmonary parenchymal ground glass opacities (GGO) and high D-Dimers (ranging from 1267 to 6038 ng/ml with a mean of 3601 ng/ml). Twelve (54%) patients gained full recovery without thrombosis sequelae, while 3 (13.6%) patients died from pneumonia. One patient (49 year-old male) presented with a severe bilateral lower limb pain for 2 hours followed by total loss of right lower limb motor and sensory function with grade III weakness of the left lower limb and loss of sensation until the level of the popliteal region. The coldness reached the level of the umbilicus. Chest and abdominal CT scan showed thrombosis of abdominal aorta extending to the both common femoral arteries with multiple bilateral GGOs diffusely involving lung parenchyma, typical of viral infection (Fig. 2). Under local anesthesia, in supine position, bilateral femoral artery thromboembolectomy was performed. Twenty cm on the right and 10 cm on the left red fresh thrombi were removed. Two hours after the intervention, the condition started to improve, and the patient gained full function 24 hours after the intervention. Two other patients (55 year-old male, 68 year old female) presented with acute abdomen, intraoperative findings showed total occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery with bowel ischemia, they underwent bowel resection with revascularization using greater saphenous vein (superior mesenteric-aorta and superior mesenteric-external iliac artery bypass).

Fig. 1.

Computed tomography scan (axial view) with IV contrast showing bilateral pulmonary embolism.

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the cases.

Case #	Age (years)/sex	Presentation	Thrombosed vessels	COVID-19 pneumonia	Past History	Management	Outcome
1st	49/male	Signs and symptoms of bilateral lower limb ischemia	Lower abdominal aorta, common iliac, external iliac and common femoral arteries	Positive	Hypertension, Ischemic heart disease	Bilateral femoral artery embolectomy followed by Enoxaparin (6000 IU*2) and Aspirin (100 mg*1)	Full recovery
2nd	62/male	Dyspnea, fever followed by bilateral lower limb ischemia	Left common femoral and right popliteal arteries	Positive	Hypertention, diabetes mellitus	Enoxaparin (6000 IU*2) followed by aspirin (100*1)	Left above knee and right below knee amputation
3rd	65/female	fever, rigor, generalized body ache, cough followed by left lower limb ischemia	Left popliteal and anterior tibial artery thrombosis	Positive	Negative	Enoxaparin (6000 IU*2) followed by aspirin (100*1)	Full recovery
4th	66/male	Fever, rigor, generalized body ache, dyspnea	Left popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial artery thrombosis	Positive	Hypertention, diabetes mellitus, Ischemic heart disease	Popliteal artery embolectomy, anticoagulation, antiplatelet.	Death
5th	49/male	Signs and symptoms of left upper limb ischemia	Axillobrachial thrombosis	Positive	Negative	Enoxaparin (6000 IU*2) followed by aspirin (100*1)	Full recovery
6th	61/male	Dyspnea, confusion	Left femoral artery thrombosis	Positive	Hypertension	Left femoral artery embolectomy followed by Enoxaparin (6000 IU*2) and Aspirin (100 mg*1)	Death
7th	83 years/Male	Dyspnea and cough, followed by Rt lower limb ischemia 10 days	Right common iliac, external iliac, common femoral, popliteal and pedal Arteries	Negative	Diabetes mellitus, ex smoker	Rt lower limb thrombo-embolectomy	Forefoot Amputation
8th	52 years/male	Cough and dyspnea, recovered then Left lower limb ischemia	Left femoro-popletial arteries	Negative	Nill	Lt lower limb Thrombo-embolectomy	Full recovery
9th	70 years/male	Cough and fever and SOB, 12 days Lt lower limb ischemia	Left External iliac, common femoral, superficial femoral, and popliteal arteries	Positive	Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease	Conservative with Heparin unfractionated 5000*4 5 doses of illioprost infusion	Full recovery
10th	62 years/male	Dyspnea cough anosmia, 10 days of left lower limb ischemia	Left femoral and popliteal arteries	Negative	Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease	Lt lower limb thrombo-embolectomy	Full recovery
11th	43years/male	Dyspnea and cough Left lower limb ischemia	Left femoropopletial Arteries	Negative	Nill	Left lower limb embolectomy	Full recovery
12th	65 years/male	Recovered from COVID With bluish discoloration of Lt big toe	Left femoro-popletial arteries	Positive	Hypertension, ischemic heart disease	Left lower limb embolectomy	Big toe amputation
13th	70 years/male	Dyspnea, Fever and cough Left lower limb ischemia 10 days	Left femoropopletial arteries	Positive	Hypertension, ischemic heart disease	Left lower limb embolectomy	Above knee amputation
14th	76 years/Male	Dyspnea cough fever and bilateral lower limb ischemia On cpap	Left common iliac, common femoral and popletial arteries	Positive	Chronic heavy smoker and Hypertension	Conservative on BMT Enoxaparin 6000 *2	Below knee amputation
15th	70 years/male	Dyspnea and cough Left lower limb ischemia	Left common iliac, common femoral and popletial arteries	Positive	Diabetes mellitus, hypertension	Conservative on BMT Enoxaparin 6000*2	Below knee amputation
16th	68 Female	Acute abdomen	Superior mesenteric artery with signs of bowel ischemia	Positive	Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease	Superior mesenteric artery Embolectomy with External iliac to Superior mesenteric artery greater saphenous vein bypass And 1 m bowel resection	Full recovery
17th	55Male	Acute abdomen	Superior mesenteric artery	Positive	Diabetes mellitus, hypertension,	Superior mesenteric artery Embolectomy with aortic to superior mesentric artery greater saphenous vein bypass And 1.5 m bowel resection	Death
18th	43years/male	Dyspnea and cough Left lower limb ischemia	Femoropopletial Arteries	Negative	Nill	Left lower limb embolectomy	Full Recovery
19th	23/female	Dyspnea, chest pain, fever, anosmia, ageusia and sweating	Bilateral pulmonary artery thrombosis	Positive	Negative	Enoxaparin (6000 IU*2) followed by aspirin (100*1)	Full recovery
20th	31/male	Dyspnea, hemoptysis and flu-like illness	Bilateral pulmonary artery thrombosis with multiple areas of pulmonary infarction	Negative	Negative	Alteplase 50 mg *2 followed by rivaroxaban 20 mg *1	Full recovery
21st	56/male	Cough, dyspnea, chest pain, hypotension and hemoptysis	Bilateral pulmonary artery thrombosis	Positive	Hypertension	Alteplase 50 mg *2 followed by rivaroxaban 20 mg *1	Full recovery
22nd	35/male	Fever, cough and dyspnea	Right main pulmonary artery thrombosis	Positive	Negative	Alteplase 100 mg Followed by rivaroxaban 20 mg *1	Full recovery

Fig. 2.

Computed tomography scan (axial view) showing diffuse bilateral patches of ground glass opacities.

4. Discussion

Although thromboembolic complications associated with COVID-19 have rarely been defined in details in the literature. It is known that the incidence of both venous and arterial thromboembolism increases in COVID-19 patients [5]. One of the most constant biochemical changes is D-dimer elevation which, to some extent certainly mirrors intra-vascular thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 [6]. All of the current cases showed elevated D-dimer.

The association between hypercoagulability and COVID-19 infection has been just highlighted in few studies. Tang et al. revealed that abnormal coagulation findings, described as an evidently raised D-dimer level and fibrin degradation products (FDP), are prevalent in died cases of COVID19-related pneumonia [7]. Han and associates found that the coagulation process is considerably disturbed compared with uninfected control group and that observing coagulation parameters could lead to early recognition of the severe cases [9]. Intravascular thrombosis in COVID-19 is probably due to hypoxia, increased production of tissue factor, amplification of the coagulation cascade, diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC), excessive inflammation and immobilization [5].

The high prevalence of pulmonary embolism could be explained by two processes in addition to the mentioned factors: first, changed blood flow in response to the parenchymal process in hypoxia, and second, transition from deep venous thrombosis to pulmonary embolism, which, in fact, is the minority of the cases [10].

Presentation of COVID-19 patients with acute limb ischemia without respiratory symptoms is rarely highlighted in the literature. Mietto and colleagues reported a 53-year-old male who presented with signs and symptoms of left lower limb ischemia associated with inability of walking. Scanning with duplex sonography revealed absence of flow in the femoral and popliteal arteries. CT angiography showed thrombosis extending to the iliac arteries. Native chest CT scan discovered diffuse bilateral pulmonary GGOs. The history was clear regarding respiratory symptoms, fever, or fatigue. The patient was managed by embolectomy, fasciotomy, thrombolytics and anticoagulation [11]. Fahad and associates published their experience with a 49-year-old woman who presented with left lower limb ischemia one day before appearance of classical COVID-19 symptoms. The ischemia was treated with anticoagulation [12]. The patient's condition deteriorated ending with sudden cardiac arrest and death. In the present series, one of the patients presented with bilateral lower limb ischemia without respiratory symptoms leading to diagnostic dilemma as the ischemia and coldness extending to the level of umbilicus. He was successfully managed with bilateral femoral thromboembolectomy under local anesthesia and anticoagulation.

The socio-demographic characteristics of the COVID-19 patients are not well defined. However, most of the patients with LVT are men. Bellosta and associates reported 20 cases of COVID-19 with LVT, 18 of them (90%) were male [13]. Escalard et al. published their experience with 10 COVID-19 patients, only two of them (20%) were female [14]. In the current study, one patient (10%) was woman. Higher rate of thromboembolism in male COVID-19 patients is not understood, further studies are mandatory.

According to the recommendations from American Society of Hematology, all admitted COVID-19 patients should have thromboprophylaxis with fondaparinux or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and full therapeutic anticoagulation is required in patients with vessel thrombosis. LMWH seems to be linked with a better prognosis in severe COVID-19 patients with noticeably raised D-dimer levels [15].

In conclusion; COVID-19 is a hidden risk factor of LVT that may endanger the patient's life and lead to major amputation.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval was given by Ethical and Scientific Committee of University of sulaimani. No. 45

Source of Funding

None to be declared.

Conflict of interest

None to be declared.

Research Registration Unique Identifying Number (UIN)

ChiCTR2000038537 from Chinese Clinical Trial Registry.

Author contribution

Aram Baram, Fahmi H. Kakamad, Hadi M. Abdullah, Dana H. Mohammed-Saeed Binar B. Abdulrahman, Aram J. Mirza: Surgeons and Physicians supervising the management, revising the manuscript. Final approval of the manuscript.

Dahat A. Hussein, Shvan H Mohammed Berwn A. Abdulla, Hawbash M. Rahim, Mohammed J. Rashid, Farhad F. Mohammed-Al, Abdulwahid M. Salih, Yad N. Othman: data collection, drafting the manuscript. Final approval of the manuscript.

Guarantor

Fahmi Hussein Kakamad

Data statement

The data that support the findings are available from the corresponding author, upon request.

Provenance and peer review

Not commissioned, externally peer-reviewed.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

The following is the Supplementary data to this article: