Abstract
Introduction:
Adherence to second-line antituberculosis drug is challenging. A combination of strategies needs to be implemented to achieve adherence. In Georgia an optimized adherence support (OAS) – a package of education, psychosocial support and adherence counselling – was added to the already existing package of adherence support (supervised treatment, adherence incentives, transport cost reimbursement) to improve adherence and increase treatment success. We assessed the additive benefits of OAS on adherence and treatment outcomes.
Methodology:
This was a before and after cohort study using routine programme data in the National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in Tbilisi. All adult rifampicin- and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB) patients enrolled for treatment under directly observed therapy in the NCTLD during the period before (June 2015 – January 2016) and after (June 2017 – January 2018) were included in the study. Primary outcomes were: i) adequate adherence defined as ≥ 85% of days covered by TB medication during the whole treatment period; ii) final treatment outcomes.
Results:
Of 221 RR/MDR-TB, most patients were male (76%, N = 167) with a mean age of 41 ± 14 years. Adherence data was available for 111 patients in the ‘before’ and 97 patients in the ‘after’ cohort. Adequate adherence was achieved by 62% (69/111) in the ‘before’ and 70% (68/97) in the ‘after’ cohort (p = 0.290). Overall treatment success was 64% (73/114) and 63% (67/107) in the ‘before’ and ‘after’ cohorts respectively (p = 0.937).
Conclusions:
Implementation of OAS had modest effect on adherence and had no additive benefits on treatment outcomes among RR/MDR-TB patients on 18–20 months regimen.
Keywords: Drug-resistant tuberculosis, adherence, treatment outcomes, before-and-after study, SORT IT
Introduction
Rifampicin-resistant (RR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by mycobacteria that do not respond to rifampicin (RR-TB) or both rifampicin and isoniazid (MDR-TB), the two most powerful first-line antituberculosis drugs [1]. Compared to drug-sensitive TB, drug-resistant TB has limited treatment options, longer duration and higher costs of treatment, and more drug toxicity [2]. These factors adversely impact the physical and mental well-being of patients [3]. Rates of treatment noncompletion and interruption in RR/MDR-TB patients are thus significantly higher than in drug-susceptible TB patients [4]. Globally, only 56% of all the RR/MDR-TB cases were on treatment [5]. Of those who initiated treatment in 2016, about 15% were lost to follow-up (LTFU) from treatment, defined as interrupting treatment for more than two months, and only half were successfully treated [5]. Treatment non-adherence and treatment interruptions diminish the quality-of-life of people living with RR/MDR-TB and increase transmission of drug-resistant organisms in the community [6]. Several factors are associated with non-adherence, such as financial, social, personal and psychological barriers [2,3]. Therefore, several strategies need to be combined, adapted and used to achieve adherence [7]. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a combination of interventions that include a patient-centered package and a supervision option according to patients needs [8]. These interventions can be summarized into four groups: a) supervision of treatment intake through directly observed therapy (DOT) or video-observed therapy (VOT); b) reminder systems (phone calls, short message services); c) education and psychosocial support; and d) nutrition and financial support [8,9]. In Georgia, the prevalence of RR/MDR-TB is 12% among new cases and 31% among previously treated cases, which is above the global average [5]. As in other settings, non-adherence to second-line antituberculosis treatment poses a great challenge to TB control efforts. Since 2003, the National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NCTLD) in Georgia has been implementing different strategies to enhance adherence. These include DOT and VOT, adherence incentives and financial support to cover transport costs for patients. Despite these strategies, treatment success among RR/MDR-TB patients is 65%, which is far below the End TB Strategy target of 90% [5]. In 2017, optimized adherence support (OAS) was introduced to address the gap in education and psychosocial support services. The OAS is a patient-centered package of services delivered by trained consultants who collaborate with clinicians and provide education, psychosocial support, adherence counseling for patients and investigate cases of non-adherence throughout the period of treatment. The effectiveness of OAS in addition to other strategies has not yet been evaluated. Several systematic reviews have evaluated a broad range of interventions to improve adherence to treatment and have concluded that a patient-centered package of interventions is more likely to improve TB outcomes compared with supervision or financial support alone [4,7,9,10]. Other studies have shown that educational, social and psychological support is effective in improving adherence and decreasing rates of LTFU [11,12]. However, the magnitude of the effect of these interventions varies depending on the implementation modalities and settings [4]. A PubMed search revealed no studies that have assessed the effect of a comprehensive patient-centered package on RR/MDR-TB treatment outcomes in Georgia or in the European region. The findings of this study will inform the NCTLD in Georgia and other TB programs in the region whether introduction of OAS in addition to supervision and financial support improves adherence to treatment and leads to better cure rates. This information is important to guide planning and allocation of resources. In this study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of adding OAS to the standard package of services (supervision and financial support) among all adult RR/MDR-TB patients enrolled for TB treatment for the period before (between June 2015 and January 2016, ‘before’ cohort) and after (between June 2017 and January 2018, ‘after’ cohort) the implementation of OAS in Tbilisi, Georgia. Specific objectives were to compare the: i) socio-demographic and clinical characteristics; ii) adherence to treatment; iii) final treatment outcomes.
Methodology
Study Design
This was a before and after cohort study using routine programme data.
Settings
Georgia is a country in Eastern Europe with a population size of about 3.7 million. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi with a population of about 1.5 million people.
Study site
The study was conducted in the NCTLD, Tbilisi. The NCLTD has been offering free of charge TB care and treatment services for all TB patients in Tbilisi since 2001.
Diagnosis and treatment of RR/MDR-TB
Diagnosis and treatment of RR/MDR-TB in Georgia are guided by the National Guidelines for the Management of TB. Results on drug susceptibility are obtained from the rapid tests such as Xpert MTB/RIF diagnostic technology, from molecular testing methods such as line probe assay as well as from conventional testing on solid and liquid media [13]. RR/MDR-TB patients receive second-line anti-TB drugs with at least five active drugs based on the individual resistance profile for a period of 18–20 months. In total, 28 drugs for the RR/MDR-TB patients were available in Georgia during the study period (Table 1). Patients with severe form of the disease are often hospitalized during the first two months of the treatment. We used the WHO definitions of TB treatment outcomes, as set out in Table 2.
Table 1.
Second-line antituberculosis drugs available in the treatment regimens for rifampicin- and multidrug- resistant tuberculosis patients during the study period (2015–2018).
| Group 1. | First line oral antituberculosis drugs | Pirazinamide, Ethambutol, Rifabuton |
| Group 2. | Injectable antituberculosis drugs | Kanamycin, Amikacin, Capreomycin, Streptomycin |
| Group 3. | Fluoroquinolones | Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin |
| Group 4. | Oral, bacteriostatic second-line antituberculosis drugs | Ethionamide, Prothionamide, Cycloserine, Terisidone, Paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS), PAS+Na, |
| Group 5. | Antituberculosis drugs with limited data for efficacy and/or long-term safety in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis | Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Linezolid, Clofazimine, Amoxacillin, Clavulanate, Imipenem, Cilastatin, Meropenem, High-dose isoniazid, Thioacetazon, Clarithromycin |
Table 2.
World Health Organization definitions of tuberculosis treatment outcomes.
| Cured: | Treatment completed without evidence of failure, and three or more consecutive cultures taken at least 30 days apart are negative at the end of treatment. |
| Treatment completed: | Treatment completed without evidence of failure but no record that three or more consecutive cultures taken at least 30 days apart are negative at the end of treatment. |
| Treatment failed: | Treatment terminated or need for permanent regimen change of ≥ 2 antituberculosis drugs because of: a) lack of conversion, b) bacteriological reversion after conversion to negative, c) evidence of acquired resistance to drugs in the shorter regimen or adverse drug reactions leading to the change of at least two antituberculosis drugs in the regimen. |
| Died: | A patient who dies for any reason during the course of treatment. |
| Lost to follow-up: | A patient whose treatment was interrupted for 2 consecutive months or more. |
| Not evaluated: | A patient with an unknown treatment outcome including patients that were transferred out. |
Adherence strategies
Each RR/MDR-TB patient received a patient-centered package of adherence interventions that included optional choice of DOT or VOT treatment supervision model, financial support, education and psychosocial support. The various adherence components were introduced in a phased approach between 2003 and 2017 (Table 3).
Table 3.
Timeline of adherence interventions for rifampicin- and multidrug- resistant tuberculosis patients in Georgia.
| Characteristics | 2003 – 2008 | 2009 – 2015 | 2016 – May 2017 | June 2017 – present | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment supervision | Directly observed therapy | + | + | + | + |
| Video-observed therapy | + | + | |||
| Financial support | Adherence incentives | + | + | + | |
| Transport cost reimbursement | + | + | + | ||
| Optimized adherence support | Educational sessions | + | |||
| Psychosocial and adherence support | + |
DOT was the first intervention introduced in 2003. Patients on DOT visit the healthcare facility on a daily basis to receive TB treatment drugs under direct observation of a nurse. If patients do not show up for a daily dose, adherence consultants call them the next day. If a patient misses at least three days of anti-TB medication consecutively, an adherence consultant informs the TB physician. Home-based DOT was available only for patients with special needs, such as the elderly and those with disability who were not able to come to the health facility. Home-based DOT was introduced together with the facility-based DOT.
The VOT treatment supervision model was implemented in 2016. Patients on VOT visit the TB facility weekly for anti-TB drug refills. VOT was provided by Skype, Viber or a TB application. Patients who have chosen Skype or Viber swallow their medications in front of a computer or smartphone camera and a nurse watches this action remotely and then documents the action in the treatment record. The TB application is an example of asynchronous VOT, when patients video-record their medication ingestion and nurses watch them later. Patients needed to have access to the mentioned technology to be eligible for VOT.
Since 2009, RR/MDR-TB patients have been receiving adherence incentives (“payment for performance”) and transport cost reimbursement. Adherence incentives (100 lari or ≈ 35 U.S. dollars) were provided on a monthly basis for patients who have administered 100% of their intended doses. Reimbursement of public transport costs was also provided weekly (money transfers to the patient’s bank account). Patients did not receive reimbursement for travel costs in advance.
OAS was introduced in June 2017. It is a package of education and psychosocial support offered to all RR/MDR-TB patients by specialized trained adherence consultants in the TB facilities (NCLTD or regional TB cabinets). Each patient received initial counseling by a TB physician who prescribes the treatment and then invites an adherence consultant to assess the patients’ needs, describe health system navigation and the treatment process and schedule follow-up visits. Education was delivered in group or individual sessions in a standardized manner, and each patient received at least two sessions during the course of the treatment – an initial session on the day of the diagnosis and another session at the end of the inpatient intensive phase treatment. These two sessions were mandatory. Additional sessions were provided based on patients’ needs. Psychosocial support and adherence counseling were provided as needed and on an individual basis. Patients with poor adherence and those returning after LTFU received additional counseling and support by adherence consultants. No information were available on duration and frequency of OAS educational sessions; % of patients in the post-OAS group who received both sessions; percentage of patients who received the different types of incentives and transport reimbursements pre and post OAS.
Study population
The study population included all adult RR/MDR-TB patients who started treatment under DOT in the NCTLD in Tbilisi, Georgia during the period before (June 2015 – January 2016) and after (June 2017 – January 2018) OAS was introduced.
Data sources and variables
Variables related to the study’s objectives were obtained from three different sources. Data related to demographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics of patients were obtained from the TB surveillance database. Variables related to treatment adherence such as days on anti-TB medication and maximum number of consecutive days without anti-TB medication were obtained form paper-based patient records and adherence monitoring forms filled by nurses in DOT units. Data from the TB surveillance database were exported into Microsoft Excel® 2013. Data from paper-based information were manually entered into the excel file and records were matched using patient ID. To validate the data, 10% of the records were double-entered into two separate Excel files and discordances resolved by cross checking with the paper records. Logic checks were applied to ensure consistency of data.
Statistical analysis
Data were then analyzed using R, version 3.5.2 software (© R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2016). Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients were summarized with proportions for categorical variables and means and standard deviation for numerical variables (age). Two-proportion Z-test and T-test were calculated to examine the difference in categorical and numerical patients’ characteristics respectively before and after the OAS. Adherence was calculated as a proportion of days covered by anti-TB medication during the whole treatment period. Denominator for the proportion was a time period between treatment outcome date and date of treatment start excluding Sundays (patients received treatment 6 days per week). We estimated the proportion of patients with adequate adherence defined as ≥ 85% of days covered by anti-TB medication. In addition, we estimated the proportion of patients with perfect adherence (100% of days covered by anti-TB medication). Among patients classified as adherent according to the programmatic definition before and after OAS, we calculated the median and interquartile ranges (IQR) of the maximum consecutive number of days without medication during the treatment period. Differences in medians were measured using Kruskal-Wallis test. Treatment outcomes were expressed in proportions. Absolute differences in treatment outcomes were compared using 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for proportion difference and two-proportion Z-tests. Also we explored interactions between treatment success, cohort (Before / After) and other covariates using Poisson regressions with robust standard errors. Interactions allowed to assess whether the treatment success varied before and after the OAS within specific socio-demographic, clinical or behavioral subgroups. Levels of significance were set at 5%.
Ethics
Permission to conduct the study was secured from the National Ethics Committee of the NCTLD and the Ethics Advisory Committee of the International Union against TB and Lung Disease, Paris, France.
Results
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics
In total, we included 221 RR/MDR-TB patients in the study. Of whom, 114 (52%) and 107 (48%) patients initiated on TB treatment before and after introducing the OAS, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in the before and after cohorts (Table 4 A, B). In both cohorts, most patients (167, 76%) were male with a mean age of 41 ± 14 years.
Table 4a.
Demographic and behavioral characteristics. Sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics of adult RR/MDR-TB patients enrolled for TB treatment before (June 2015 – January 2016) and after (June 2017 – January 2018) introducing OAS, Tbilisi, Georgia (N = 221).
| Characteristics | Total (N = 221)* |
Before OAS (N = 114)* |
After OAS (N = 107)* |
p-value** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean±SD) | 41 ± 14 | 41 ± 15 | 41 ± 13 | 0.681 |
| Age groups | ||||
| 18–34 | 81 (37%) | 44 (39%) | 37 (35%) | 0.632 |
| 35–44 | 48 (22%) | 19 (17%) | 29 (27%) | 0.086 |
| 45–59 | 67 (30%) | 37 (32%) | 30 (28%) | 0.570 |
| ≥60 | 25 (11%) | 14 (12%) | 11 (10%) | 0.797 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 167 (76%) | 84 (74%) | 83 (78%) | 0.606 |
| Female | 54 (24%) | 30 (26%) | 24 (22%) | - |
| History of imprisonment | ||||
| Yes | 34 (15%) | 16 (14%) | 18 (17%) | 0.699 |
| No | 178 (81%) | 94 (82%) | 84 (79%) | 0.568 |
| Not recorded | 9 (4%) | 4 (4%) | 5 (5%) | 0.923 |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed | 37 (17%) | 18 (16%) | 19 (18%) | 0.833 |
| Unemployed | 171 (77%) | 92 (81%) | 79 (74%) | 0.290 |
| Not recorded | 13 (6%) | 4 (4%) | 9 (8%) | 0.207 |
| Alcohol abuse | ||||
| Yes | 17 (8%) | 13 (11%) | 4 (4%) | 0.059 |
| No | 201 (91%) | 99 (87%) | 102 (95%) | 0.050 |
| Not recorded | 3 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 1.000 |
| Drug abuse | ||||
| Yes | 5 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 3 (3%) | 0.943 |
| No | 168 (76%) | 90 (79%) | 78 (73%) | 0.371 |
| Not recorded | 48 (22%) | 22 (19%) | 26 (24%) | 0.461 |
Data is summarized with frequencies and percentages unless otherwise stated.
T-test for comparison of means and two proportions Z-test for categorical variables.
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; MDR: multi-drug-resistant; OAS: optimized adherence support; RR: rifampicin-resistant; SD: standard deviation; TB: tuberculosis.
Table 4b.
Clinical characteristics. Sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics of adult RR/MDR-TB patients enrolled for TB treatment before (June 2015 – January 2016) and after (June 2017 – January 2018) introducing OAS, Tbilisi, Georgia (N = 221).
| Characteristics | Total (N = 221)* |
Before OAS (N = 114)* |
After OAS (N = 107)* |
p-value** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of resistance | ||||
| RR-TB | 25 (11%) | 11 (10%) | 14 (13%) | 0.553 |
| MDR-TB | 177 (80%) | 92 (81%) | 85 (79%) | 0.947 |
| Not recorded | 19 (9%) | 11 (10%) | 8 (7%) | 0.737 |
| TB location | ||||
| Pulmonary | 200 (90%) | 104 (91%) | 96 (90%) | 0.879 |
| Extra-pulmonary | 21 (10%) | 10 (9%) | 11 (10%) | – |
| History of TB treatment | ||||
| New | 129 (58%) | 67 (59%) | 62 (58%) | 1.000 |
| Previously treated | 92 (42%) | 47 (41%) | 45 (42%) | – |
| HIV status | ||||
| Positive | 19 (9%) | 8 (7%) | 11 (10%) | 0.532 |
| Negative | 194 (88%) | 100 (88%) | 94 (88%) | 1.000 |
| Not recorded | 8 (4%) | 6 (5%) | 2 (2%) | 0.322 |
| Hepatitis C status | ||||
| Positive | 52 (24%) | 25 (22%) | 27 (25%) | 0.675 |
| Negative | 82 (37%) | 45 (39%) | 37 (35%) | 0.540 |
| Not recorded | 87 (39%) | 44 (39%) | 43 (40%) | 0.917 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | ||||
| Yes | 25 (11%) | 13 (11%) | 12 (12%) | 0.999 |
| No | 126 (57%) | 101 (89%) | 25 (23%) | <0.001 |
| Not recorded | 70 (32%) | 0 (0%) | 70 (65%) | <0.001 |
Data is summarized with frequencies and percentages unless otherwise stated.
T-test for comparison of means and two proportions Z-test for categorical variables.
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; MDR: multi-drug-resistant; OAS: optimized adherence support; RR: rifampicin-resistant; SD: standard deviation; TB: tuberculosis
Of all patients, 171 (77%) were unemployed; 34 (15%) had a history of incarceration, 17 (8%) had a history of alcohol abuse, and 5 (2%) patients had a history of drug abuse. Majority of the patients (200, 90%) had pulmonary TB and 92 (42%) patients were previously treated for TB. Of all the patients, 19 (9%) were people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), 52 (24%) had hepatitis C and 25 (11%) patients were diabetic.
Adherence to treatment
Adherence data was available for 208 (94%) patients: 111/114 (97%) in the before and 97/107 (91%) in the after cohort. Smaller proportion of patients (62%, 69/111) had adequate adherence in the ‘before’ cohort compared to the ‘after’ cohort (70%, 68/97; p = 0.290) (Figure 1A). Of patients who achieved adequate adherence, 16/69 (23%) had perfect adherence in the ‘before’ cohort compared to 28/68 (41%) in the ‘after’ cohort (p = 0.038). Among patients with adequate adherence, the median maximum number of consecutive days without anti-TB medication was 3 days [IQR: 1–9] in the ‘before’ cohort and 2 days [IQR: 1–18] in the ‘after’ cohort (p=0.588, Figure 1B). However, 16% (11/69) and 32% (22/68) of the patients with adequate adherence in the ‘before’ and ‘after’ cohorts, respectively, had ≥ 2 consecutive weeks without TB medication (p = 0.041).
Figure 1.
Treatment adherence among RR/MDR-TB adult patients enrolled for TB treatment before (June 2015 – January 2016) and after (June 2017 – January 2018) introducing OAS, Tbilisi, Georgia (N=208)*. A. Proportion of patients with adequate adherence** (Chi-square, p=0.290). B. Maximum of consecutive days without TB medication among patients with ≥85% of days covered by anti-TB medication (Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.588).
Boxes represent 50% of the most frequent durations of interruptions in days. Bold horizontal line within the box is a median duration of interruptions. *Missing data (n=13) was excluded in the ‘Before’ (n=3) and ‘After’ (n=10) cohorts. **Adequate adherence was defined as ≥85% of days covered by anti-TB medication. Abbreviations: MDR: multidrug-resistant; OAS: optimized adherence support; RR: rifampicin-resistant; TB: tuberculosis.
Treatment outcomes
Treatment outcomes of the two cohorts are shown in Table 5. We did not find any significant differences in the treatment outcomes before and after the OAS. Overall treatment success was 64% and 63% in the ‘before’ and ‘after’ cohorts, respectively (p = 0.937). Treatment outcome was missing and recorded as ‘not evaluated’ in 3% (3/114) and 13% (13/107) of patients in the ‘before’ and ‘after’ cohorts, respectively (p = 0.014).
Table 5.
Final treatment outcomes among adult RR/MDR-TB patients enrolled for TB treatment before (June 2015 – January 2016) and after (June 2017 – January 2018) introducing OAS, Tbilisi, Georgia (N = 221)
| Final treatment outcomes | Total (N = 221) | Before OAS (N = 114) | After OAS (N = 107) | Percent difference | P-value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | [95% CI] | ||
| Treatment success** | 140 | (63) | 73 | (64) | 67 | (63) | −1 [−14, 11] | 0.937 |
| Cured | 116 | (52) | 60 | (53) | 56 | (52) | −1 [−13, 14] | 1.000 |
| Completed | 24 | (11) | 13 | (11) | 11 | (10) | −1 [−8, 10] | 0.959 |
| Failure | 7 | (3) | 6 | (5) | 1 | (1) | −4 [−1, 10] | 0.147 |
| Lost to follow up | 49 | (22) | 27 | (24) | 22 | (21) | −3 [−9, 15] | 0.692 |
| Died | 9 | (4) | 5 | (4) | 4 | (4) | 0 [−4, 4] | 1.000 |
| Not evaluated | 16 | (7) | 3 | (3) | 13 | (12) | 9 [3,16] | 0.014 |
Two-proportion Z-test.
Treatment success is a sum of ‘cured’ and ‘completed’.
CI: confidence interval; MDR: multidrug-resistant; OAS: optimized adherence support; RR rifampicin-resistant; TB: tuberculosis.
In interaction analysis, we found that treatment success significantly increased with age in the ‘after’ cohort compared to an opposite trend in the ‘before’ cohort (Figure 2). Adjusted relative risk (aRR) of treatment success by age in years in the ‘before’ and ‘after’ cohorts was 1.02 (95%CI: 1.01–1.03, p = 0.006) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98–0.99, p = 0.042) respectively. No statistical differences in treatment success were found before and after OAS within other subgroups/all other variables.
Figure 2.
Association between age and treatment success among adult MDR/RR-TB patients enrolled for TB treatment before (June 2015 – January 2016) and after (June 2017 – January 2018) introducing OAS, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Figure shows estimated trends for the association between age in years and proportion of patients with treatment success (cured or completed) before and after introducing OAS. The ribbon indicates 95% confidence interval. The trends were derived from adjusted Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Association between the age and treatment success was adjusted for alcohol abuse, history of imprisonment and human immunodeficiency virus. MDR: multidrug-resistant; OAS: optimized adherence support; RR: rifampicin-resistant; TB: tuberculosis.
Discussion
This is the first study assessing the effect of introducing OAS (psychosocial support, education and adherence counseling) on treatment adherence and treatment outcomes among RR/MDR-TB patients in Georgia. The study found that introducing OAS has increased proportion of people with 85% or more adherence to treatment by 8%, but it had no significant impact on treatment outcomes. Treatment success rate remained far below the End TB strategy target of 90% [14]. An increase in treatment success rate was observed in elderly suggesting that this subgroup of patients may have benefited from the home-based DOT combined with OAS which is associated with lower LTFU than DOT at health facility [9].
While some studies found that provision of educational and psychosocial support to drug-resistant TB patients was associated with an increased adherence to treatment and subsequent improvement in treatment outcomes [12,15], other studies reported no effect on treatment outcomes despite the increase in adherence [9].
In our study, possible reasons for the lack of improvement in overall treatment outcomes can be explained by the fact that although seven in ten of the patients in the ‘After’ cohort achieved adequate adherence, one third of them interrupted treatment for ≥ 2 consecutive weeks compared to only one in six in the ‘Before’ cohort. Long treatment interruptions may reduce the concentration of drugs in the body or lead to development of additional resistance, therefore, increasing the likelihood of treatment failure [16]. Another explanation is that the obtained difference in the adherence between the cohorts was simply not big enough to have an impact on treatment outcomes [17]. Other factors such as drug toxicity and intolerability may decrease adherence to treatment, increase LTFU and lead to poor treatment outcomes [18]. However, the treatment success rate was 64% prior to introduction of OAS and 63% thereafter. These treatment success levels are higher than the global average reported by WHO and stands at 56% [5]. Previous systematic reviews that have assessed treatment success using the 24-month regimen in 23 countries have shown an average treatment success rate of 54% [19]. This implies that even before the introduction of OAS, the NCTLD in Tbilisi was already achieving treatment success level higher than the global average with a 24-month regimen. Considering also that an adherence package existing prior to the OAS, any additive benefits remain limited and therefore difficult to demonstrate. This is all the more logical since the financial incentives were already being offered prior to introduction of OAS and thus the only added intervention in the OAS group was reinforcement of counseling and education intervention. To further improve adherence and increase treatment success, there is a need for shorter duration regimens that are less toxic, less expensive, with minimum adverse effects. To this effect, the NCTLD in Georgia is currently assessing the effectiveness and safety of all-oral modified shorter MDR-TB treatment regimen.
The strengths of the study are: i) the data were obtained from a routine programme setting and therefore are likely to reflect operational reality on the ground; ii) data encoders were well trained and supervised, and we therefore believe the data were robust; and iii) we adhered to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for reporting on observational studies [20]. Limitations are: i) high proportions with unknown outcome in the ‘after’ cohort; ii) we were unable to assess the fidelity of implementation of OAS retrospectively; iii) we were unable to investigate the reasons for LTFU which is beyond the scope of this study; iv) adherence data was missing for 6% of patients which could’ve impacted measurements and v) our study site included only a capital region while OAS has been already scaled up to the whole country. Another limitation was the large difference in the proportion of missing data (0% vs 65%) on diabetes mellitus present in two groups and it was not clear why there was such difference as we did not have control over the initial collection of the data.
Despite the limitations our study showed a number of operational shortcomings that merits further discussion. First, adherence incentive was only offered to those who achieved 100% adherence in both cohorts. This demotivate those who achieved the program target for adherence which is set at 85% and may negatively influence adherence and lead to missed visits and eventually LTFU. The increase in the percentage of patients with treatment interruption of ≥ 2 consecutive weeks after the introduction of OAS (among patients with adequate adherence) could be a direct result of the disincentivize policy of those who achieved the programme target for adherence. Second, patients receive reimbursement of transport costs on a weekly basis. However, seven in 10 patients were not employed and may not have money to cover the transport cost in the first place. A way forward could be to assess the financial capability of each patient individually and provide financial support in advance for those in need. Third, additional psychosocial support and counseling sessions were offered according to the needs expressed by patients. There was no set provision of psychosocial and counseling support for specific vulnerable populations. Our cohorts included subgroups of patients who were elderly, unemployed, have comorbidities, had a history of incarceration, consumed alcohol and used drugs. Such patients should be prioritized for intensive follow-up care and additional adherence support, as they are vulnerable and at high risk of LTFU [21]. Finally, there was no system for recording the coverage of OAS components per patient. The number of adherence support sessions received could have an impact on adherence and treatment outcomes [22].
Conclusions
We found that implementation of OAS package, which includes psychosocial support, education and adherence case-management in addition to treatment supervision and financial support had limited effect on adherence and did not improve treatment outcomes among RR/MDR-TB patients.
Acknowledgements
This research was conducted through the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT), a global partnership coordinated by TDR (the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases). The specific SORT IT programme that led to these publications included a partnership between TDR and the European Tuberculosis Research Initiative (ERI-TB) at the WHO Regional Office for Europe, and was implemented by: the Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center, Armenia; The Alliance for Public Health, Ukraine; The Centre for Operational Research, The Union, France; the Operational Research Unit (LuxOR), Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels Operational Centre, Luxembourg; Sustainable Health Systems Sierra Leone; and TDR.
Funding
TDR and partners can conduct their work thanks to the commitment and support from a variety of funders. These include our long-term core contributors from national governments and international institutions, as well as designated funding for specific projects within our current priorities. A full list of TDR donors is available on our website at: https://www.who.int/tdr/about/funding/en/. This SORT IT programme was funded by USAID and supported by implementing partners. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Footnotes
Conflict of interests: No conflict of interests is declared.
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