Dose Coefficients for Internal Dose Assessments for Exposure to Radioactive Fallout

Dunstana R Melo; Luiz Bertelli; Shawki A Ibrahim; Lynn R Anspaugh; André Bouville; Steven L Simon

doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000001500

. 2021 Nov 23;122(1):125–235. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001500

Dose Coefficients for Internal Dose Assessments for Exposure to Radioactive Fallout

Dunstana R Melo ¹, Luiz Bertelli ², Shawki A Ibrahim ³, Lynn R Anspaugh ⁴, André Bouville ⁵, Steven L Simon ⁶

PMCID: PMC8677615 PMID: 34898518

Abstract

This paper presents values as well as the bases for calculating internal dose coefficients suitable for estimating organ doses from the exposure to radioactive fallout that could result from the detonation of a nuclear fission device. The 34 radionuclides discussed are the same as those given in a priority list of radionuclides for fallout dose assessments presented in a companion overview paper. The radionuclides discussed are those that are believed to account for a preponderance of the organ doses that might be received by intake by persons of all ages (including in utero and via breast feeding for infants) following exposure to radioactive fallout. The presented dose coefficients for ingestion account for age and include modifications for variations in solubility with distance as discussed previously in the literature, and those for inhalation similarly account for age, solubility, and particle sizes that would be relevant at various distances of exposure as discussed in a companion paper on ingestion dose methods. The proposed modifications peculiar to radioactive fallout account for systematic changes in solubility and particle sizes with distance from the site of detonation, termed here as the region of “local fallout” and the region “beyond local fallout.” Brief definitions of these regions are provided here with more detailed discussion in a companion paper on estimating deposition of fallout radionuclides. This paper provides the dose coefficients for ingestion and inhalation (for particle sizes of 1 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, and 20 μm) for the region “local fallout.” These dose coefficients for “local fallout” are specific for particles formed in a nuclear explosion that can be large and have radionuclides, particularly the more refractory ones, distributed throughout the volume where the radionuclide has reduced solubility. The dose coefficients for the region “beyond local fallout” are assumed to be the ones published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in 1995. Comparisons of the presented dose coefficients are made with values published by the ICRP.

Key words: accidents, nuclear; dose, absorbed; fallout; internal dose

INTRODUCTION, SCOPE OF STUDY, AND RATIONALE

In this paper, we discuss dose coefficients for ingestion and inhalation pathways that are relevant to the public who might be exposed to radioactive fallout and for radionuclides for which the assessment of realistic doses is of importance. While default recommendations for dose coefficients for most radionuclides of interest are available from the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP), they, as all dose coefficients, are based on specific assumptions about the exposure scenario, e.g., the routes of intake, the age of the population exposed, particle sizes, and chemical forms. Radioactive contamination that might be ingested or inhaled from nuclear detonations is generally present on the surface or within particles of debris formed from the condensation of materials from the nuclear device and/or the environment (e.g., from the soil over which the detonation occurs). The specific attributes of the particles (e.g., particle size, chemical composition, and solubility) are not necessarily constant over space and time after the detonation occurs (Ibrahim et al. 2010; Beck et al. 2022), and some specific considerations are necessary in order to derive the most relevant dose coefficients. This work attempts to address those specific conditions. The methods and findings presented here are part of a proposed comprehensive schema for dose assessments for exposures to radioactive fallout from nuclear detonations (Simon et al. 2022).

Bases for committed radiation dose coefficients and methods of derivation

Calculation of the committed radiation doses from internally deposited radionuclides is based on estimating the absorption of energy deposited in tissues and organs with time after exposure. Recognizing that the absorbed dose is defined as the average amount of energy deposited per unit of mass in a target organ, calculating doses requires knowing or assuming the spatial and temporal distributions of the radionuclide in the source organs but also quantifying the deposition of energy from the radiations of decay of the radionuclide in the target organs. There are several key elements that should be understood for calculating radiation doses from intakes of radionuclides:

The chemical and physical nature of the radioactive material;
The solubility of the radioactive material in vivo;
The pathway of intake;
The tissue/organ distribution pattern in the body following intake;
The retention times for the radionuclide in the various source tissues;
The appropriate anatomic model; and
The decay characteristics of the radionuclide, which include the types of radiation emitted (e.g., alpha or beta particles, gamma rays).

The first five items listed above are related to the biokinetic models for the pathways of intake (biokinetic model for gastrointestinal tract and biokinetic model for respiratory tract) (ICRP 1979, 1994b), as well as the systemic biokinetic models that describe the distribution and retention of the element in the body (ICRP 1990, 1993, 1995a). These biokinetic models describe temporal contents in the organs and tissues and excretion patterns. The ICRP biokinetic models are designed as mathematical compartment models that allow for the computation of recycling of radionuclides among various organ/tissue compartments. Thus, the typical applications of the biokinetic models are to calculate the time-integrated activity in the source regions for all members of the radioactive series from the time of intake to the end of the period over which dose is assessed, and also the urine and fecal excretion patterns as a function of time (ICRP 1989, 1993, 1994b, 1995a). For the purposes of this work, the biokinetic models developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) were applied with modest changes of the fractional absorption in the alimentary tract (f₁ values).

The last two items listed above are related to the dosimetric models themselves. Those models are designed to calculate the absorbed doses. The masses of the source and target organs, as well as the distances between them, vary with age and therefore with time after intake. As a result, the absorbed dose rate at time t, D˙(r_T,t), as shown in eqn (1), is integrated from the time of intake to 70 y for ages other than adult and to 50 y for adults (ICRP 2016):

where A(r_s,t) is the activity in the source compartment s and the quantity S is known as the radiation S coefficient, which is defined as:

graphic file with name hpj-122-125-g005.jpg

where

χ(r_T ← r_S, E_R,I; t)

E_{R,i =} the energy of the i^th radiation of type R emitted in nuclear transformations of the radionuclide (J);

Y_R,i = the yield of the i^th radiation of type R per nuclear transformation [(Bq s)⁻¹]; and

χ(r_T ← r_S, E_R,I; t) = the absorbed fraction in the target region r_T, defined as the fraction of energy E_R,i of radiation type R emitted within the source region r_S that is absorbed by the mass, m_T(t) (kg), of the target region r_T at age t.

Calculations using the above methods provide estimates of the dose coefficients (DC) in Gy Bq⁻¹ for committed absorbed dose. Committed effective dose coefficients in Sv Bq⁻¹ are also provided. The committed absorbed dose coefficients are given separately for high and low LET radiation types as seen for ²³⁹Pu. According to the DCAL computer software, the low LET radiation types used in the calculations are photons, positrons, negatrons, electrons, and beta; and the high LET types are given by alphas, alpha recoil nuclei, fission fragments, and neutrons (DCAL 2018).

The committed absorbed dose in an organ or tissue and the committed effective dose calculations accumulated by age 70 y due to an intake of a radionuclide include the doses from the decay products born inside the body (ICRP 1995b, 2012).

Entry of radionuclides to the body

The pathways of intake and the solubility, among other factors, play an important role in the uptake of the radionuclide from the respiratory tract or from the alimentary tract to the blood and to the systemic organs. The pathway of intake depends on the scenario of exposure as well as the behavior of the exposed population.

The solubility of the fallout particles changes according to the distance and time from the detonation site. In general, as the distance from ground zero increases, the particle size of deposited fallout decreases (Beck et al. 2022) and the solubility increases (Ibrahim et al. 2010). The local fallout area is delimited, by definition, by those areas where all particles of diameter ≥ 50 μm will be deposited (Beck et al. 2022). Because larger particles that are predominant in close-in fallout have less surface area per unit volume, they tend to be less soluble than the smaller particles, which are predominant in regional fallout. Beck et al. (2022) provide a detailed discussion about the variation in particle size with distance from nuclear detonations.

The goal of the current article is to provide default dose coefficients for intake of radionuclides by ingestion and inhalation originating from a nuclear detonation over volcanic soil typical of the continental US. The f₁ values proposed by Ibrahim et al. (2010) are used to derive the dose coefficients for adults and children older than 1-y from ingestion and inhalation. However, these f₁ values may be less suitable for chronic exposure to fallout at distant locations. The f₁ values adopted here to derive the dose coefficients for inhalation are the same as those adopted for ingestion, which are given in Table 1.

Table 1.

Selected f₁ values for adults, for acute intake from local fallout to be used in calculations of dose coefficients (Ibrahim et al. 2010).

Radionuclides	f₁ values			Basis and justification for the f₁ selection
Radionuclides	Local fallout^a	Regional fallout^b	ICRP values^c	Basis and justification for the f₁ selection
⁸⁹Sr, ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹¹Sr, ⁹²Sr	0.15	0.2	0.3	Based on urine bioassay data from Marshallese residents, simulated fallout particles ingested in the oxide form and mid-range of literature values. ICRP (1993, 1995c) value is based on upper limit for soluble forms and Sr incorporated in diet.
⁹⁰Y, ⁹¹Y, ⁹²Y, ⁹³Y	0.00001	0.0001	0.0001	For local fallout, f₁ is set equal to Pu based on physical-chemical similarities and lack of relevant literature data. For regional fallout, f₁ is set equal to ICRP (1979, 1995c), based on limited information.
⁹⁷Zr	0.002	0.002	0.01	Local and regional values are based on various forms including the oxide. ICRP (1990, 1995c) value is for soluble forms of Zr incorporated in diet.
⁹⁷Nb	0.01	0.01	0.01	Set equal to ICRP (1979) values from limited data available.
⁹⁹Mo	0.2	0.5	1.0	Mo is expected to be trapped in the volume of large fallout particles and thus more insoluble in local fallout (Beck et al, this issue). ICRP (1993) value of 1.0 is based on soluble forms, conservative assumptions and limited data. Our selected f₁ value of 0.2 for local fallout is based on alimentary tract uptake for the inhaled oxide form in workers (ICRP 2016). A mid -range value of 0.5 is assumed for regional fallout.
^99mTc	1	1	1	Values are set equal to ICRP due to limited available information.
¹⁰³Rh^{, 105}Rh	0.05	0.05	0.05	Values are set equal to ICRP due to limited available information.
¹⁰³Ru, ¹⁰⁵Ru, ¹⁰⁶Ru	0.001	0.01	0.05	Ru is distributed mostly on the surface of fallout particles and is thus more soluble with increased distance from detonation (Beck et al this issue) Selected value is based on the oxide form for local fallout which is less soluble in body fluids. ICRP (1990, 1995c) value is based on the absorption of soluble forms.
¹³²Te	0.2	0.2	0.3	After detonation, Te is likely to become condensed onto fallout particles, thus more soluble with distance in its oxide form(s). Values set equal to ICRP (1993) adopted value for acute and chronic intakes (0.2 and 0.3) respectively by the general public. However, available data are limited.
¹³¹I, ¹³²I, ¹³³I, ¹³⁵I	1.0	1.0	1.0	Most literature information support complete alimentary tract absorption for iodine. Values are set equal to ICRP (1979, 1990, 1995c) and literature information for most tests /environmental conditions. Value may be reduced for high silicaceous soil like NTS (based on limited information).
¹³⁷Cs	0.4	0.8	1.0	Based on urine bioassay data from Marshallese residents and literature information on the absorption of Cs in the oxide and silicate forms for local fallout and direct intake of contaminated soil. For regional fallout, value is mid-range of available data. ICRP (1990,1995c) value is conservative for chronic intake.
¹⁴⁰Ba	0.15	0.2	0.20	Set equal to Sr for local fallout given the reported chemical and metabolic similarities and lack of specific data on Ba. ICRP (1993, 1995c) value is based on chronic intake of Ra.
¹⁴⁰La, ¹⁴¹La, ¹⁴²La ¹⁴³Ce, ¹⁴⁴Ce ¹⁴³Pr, ¹⁴⁴Pr, ¹⁴⁵Pr	0.00001	0.0001	0.0005 (0.001-0.0001)	Set equal to Pu and most actinides given the physico-chemical similarities and the lack of relevant data on the individual rare earth elements. Most rare earth are refractory and poorly soluble. ICRP (1995c) range of values are based on limited data for the soluble forms.
²³⁹Pu	0.00001	0.0001	0.0005	Supported by ICRP recommendations for the insoluble oxides and hydroxides associated with large particles in local fallout (acute intake) and extensive literature information. Also recommended for non-nuclear detonation of Pu material (dirty bomb). Value for regional fallout reflects increased solubility with distance. ICRP (1995c) value is based on Pu incorporated in foodstuffs for chronic intake.
²³⁹Np	0.00001	0.0001	0.0005	Set equal to Pu based on chemical and metabolic similarities and limited data specific for Np.

Element (symbol)	Fallout study and reference
Element (symbol)	Nevada Test Site (Ng et al. 1990)	Trinity (Simon et al. 2020)	Proposed in this article
Strontium (Sr)	1.3 – 1.4	1.4	1.3 – 1.8
Yttrium (Y)	1.8	2.2	2.5 – 3.0
Zirconium (Zr)	1.8	1.7	1.8 – 2.5
Niobium (Nb)	1.8	2.2	1.8 – 2.5
Molybdenum (Mo)	1.8	1.7	1.8 – 2.5
Technetium (Tc)	1.8	2.2	1.8 – 2.5
Ruthenium (Ru)	1.8	2.2	1.8 – 2.5
Rhodium (Rh)	1.8	2.2	1.8 – 2.5
Tellurium (Te)	1.8	1.4	1.8 – 2.5
Iodine (I)	1.3	1.7	1.3 – 1.8
Cesium (Cs)	1.8	1.4	1.3 – 1.8
Barium (Ba)	1.8	1.7	1.8 – 2.5
Lanthanum (La)	1.8	1.4	1.3 – 1.8
Cerium (Ce)	1.8	2.2	2.5 – 3.0
Praseodymium (Pr)	1.8	2.2	2.5 – 3.0
Neptunium (Np)	1.8	2.2	2.5 – 3.0
Plutonium (Pu)	1.8	2.2	2.5 – 3.0

Elements	f₁ values applied for the current study (Ibrahim et al. 2010)		f₁ values ICRP (ICRP 1995c)
Elements	3-mo-old	1-y-old and older age groups	3-mo-old	1-y-old and older age groups
Sr^a	0.6	0.4 and 0.15	0.6	0.4 and 0.3
Y	0.0001	0.00001	0.001	0.0001
Zr	0.02	0.002	0.02	0.01
Nb	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01
Mo	0.4	0.2	1	1
Tc-99m	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Ru	0.01	0.001	0.1	0.05
Rh	0.1	0.05	0.1	0.05
Te	0.4	0.2	0.6	0.3
I	1.0	1.0	1	1
Cs	0.8	0.4	1	1
Ba^b	0.6	0.3 and 0.15	0.6	0.3 and 0.2
La, Ce, Pr, Np	0.0001	0.00001	0.005	0.0005
Pu	0.0001	0.00001	0.001	0.0001

Elements	Solubility	f₁ values applied at the current study (Ibrahim et al. 2010)		f₁ values ICRP (ICRP 1995b)
Elements	Solubility	3-mo-old	1-y-old and older age groups	3-mo-old	1-y-old and older age groups
Sr^a	Type M	0.6	0.4 and 0.15	0.2	0.1
Y	Type S	0.0001	0.00001	0.001	0.0001
Zr	Type S	0.02	0.002	0.02	0.002
Nb	Type S	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01
Mo	Type M	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ru	Type S	0.01	0.001	0.02	0.01
Rh	Type M	0.1	0.05	0.1	0.05
Te	Type F	0.4	0.2	0.6	0.3
I	Type F	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Cs	Type M	0.8	0.4	0.2	0.1
Ba^b	Type M	0.6	0.3 and 0.15	0.2	0.1
La, Ce, Pr, Np	Type S	0.0001	0.00001	0.005	0.0005
Pu	Type S	0.0001	0.00001	0.001	0.0001

Age group (y)	Bladder w^a	Bone surf^c	Brain	Breast	ST wall^d	Colon	Kidneys	Liver	Effective dose
Age group (y)	RBM^b	Skin	Testes	Oesophagus	Thyroid	Uterus	Lungs	Ovaries	Effective dose
Ingestion, f₁ (0–1 y) = 0.6, f₁ (1–2 y) = 0.4, f₁ (3–7 y) = 0.4, f₁ (8–12 y) = 0.4, f₁ (13–17 y) = 0.4, f₁ (adult) = 0.15
0–1	1.6E-08	2.3E-06	1.2E-08	1.2E-08	1.5E-08	1.2E-07	1.2E-08	1.2E-08	2.3E-07
	1.5E-06	1.2E-08	1.2E-08	1.2E-08	1.2E-08	1.2E-08	1.2E-08	1.2E-08
1–2	7.6E-09	7.3E-07	5.5E-09	5.5E-09	7.1E-09	8.9E-08	5.5E-09	5.5E-09	7.2E-08
	4.2E-07	5.5E-09	5.5E-09	5.5E-09	5.5E-09	5.5E-09	5.5E-09	5.5E-09
3–7	5.0E-09	6.3E-07	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	3.6E-09	4.5E-08	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	4.7E-08
	2.7E-07	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	2.9E-09
8–12	3.6E-09	1.0E-06	1.7E-09	1.7E-09	2.2E-09	2.6E-08	1.7E-09	1.7E-09	6.0E-08
	3.7E-07	1.7E-09	1.7E-09	1.7E-09	1.7E-09	1.7E-09	1.7E-09	1.7E-09
13–17	2.7E-09	1.8E-06	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.4E-09	1.5E-08	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	7.9E-08
	4.8E-07	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.1E-09
Adult	7.4E-10	2.0E-07	3.3E-10	3.3E-10	5.7E-10	1.4E-08	3.3E-10	3.3E-10	1.5E-08
	8.9E-08	3.3E-10	3.3E-10	3.3E-10	3.3E-10	3.3E-10	3.3E-10	3.3E-10
Inhalation AMAD 1 μm, Type M
0–1	6.8E-09	9.3E-07	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	6.4E-09	4.6E-08	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	1.9E-07
	6.1E-07	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	8.1E-07	5.1E-09
1–2	4.1E-09	3.8E-07	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	3.7E-09	3.7E-08	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	1.2E-07
	2.1E-07	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	2.9E-09	7.0E-07	2.9E-09
3–7	2.5E-09	3.1E-07	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	1.7E-09	1.7E-08	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	7.3E-08
	1.3E-07	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	4.2E-07	1.4E-09
8–12	1.8E-09	5.1E-07	8.5E-10	8.5E-10	1.0E-09	9.8E-09	8.5E-10	8.5E-10	6.2E-08
	1.8E-07	8.5E-10	8.5E-10	8.5E-10	8.5E-10	8.5E-10	2.8E-07	8.5E-10
13–17	1.3E-09	8.1E-07	5.3E-10	5.3E-10	6.6E-10	5.2E-09	5.3E-10	5.3E-10	6.3E-08
	2.2E-07	5.3E-10	5.3E-10	5.3E-10	5.3E-10	5.3E-10	2.3E-07	5.3E-10
Adult	7.6E-10	1.8E-07	3.1E-10	3.1E-10	4.1E-10	5.1E-09	3.1E-10	3.1E-10	3.7E-08
	7.8E-08	3.1E-10	3.1E-10	3.1E-10	3.1E-10	3.1E-10	2.1E-07	3.1E-10
Inhalation AMAD 5 μm, Type M
0–1	7.8E-09	1.1E-06	5.9E-09	5.9E-09	7.3E-09	5.4E-08	5.9E-09	5.9E-09	1.5E-07
	7.4E-07	5.9E-09	5.9E-09	5.9E-09	5.9E-09	5.9E-09	3.1E-07	5.9E-09
1–2	4.2E-09	4.0E-07	3.0E-09	3.0E-09	3.8E-09	4.3E-08	3.0E-09	3.0E-09	7.1E-08
	2.3E-07	3.0E-09	3.0E-09	3.0E-09	3.0E-09	3.0E-09	2.7E-07	3.0E-09
3–7	2.9E-09	3.6E-07	1.6E-09	1.6E-09	2.0E-09	2.2E-08	1.6E-09	1.6E-09	5.3E-08
	1.5E-07	1.6E-09	1.6E-09	1.6E-09	1.6E-09	1.6E-09	2.2E-07	1.6E-09
8–12	2.1E-09	5.9E-07	9.9E-10	9.9E-10	1.2E-09	1.3E-08	9.9E-10	9.9E-10	5.2E-08
	2.1E-07	9.9E-10	9.9E-10	9.9E-10	9.9E-10	9.9E-10	1.6E-07	9.9E-10
13–17	1.6E-09	1.1E-06	6.8E-10	6.8E-10	8.5E-10	7.6E-09	6.8E-10	6.8E-10	6.6E-08
	2.8E-07	6.8E-10	6.8E-10	6.8E-10	6.8E-10	6.8E-10	1.7E-07	6.8E-10
Adult	7.1E-10	1.8E-07	3.0E-10	3.0E-10	4.3E-10	6.9E-09	3.0E-10	3.0E-10	2.9E-08
	7.8E-08	3.0E-10	3.0E-10	3.0E-10	3.0E-10	3.0E-10	1.4E-07	3.0E-10
Inhalation AMAD 10 μm, Type M
0–1	6.8E-09	9.8E-07	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	6.3E-09	4.8E-08	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	1.1E-07
	6.5E-07	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	5.1E-09	1.3E-07	5.1E-09
1–2	3.5E-09	3.4E-07	2.5E-09	2.5E-09	3.2E-09	3.7E-08	2.5E-09	2.5E-09	4.7E-08
	1.9E-07	2.5E-09	2.5E-09	2.5E-09	2.5E-09	2.5E-09	1.2E-07	2.5E-09
3–7	2.4E-09	3.0E-07	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	1.7E-09	1.9E-08	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	3.4E-08
	1.3E-07	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	1.4E-09	1.0E-07	1.4E-09
8–12	1.7E-09	5.0E-07	8.4E-10	8.4E-10	1.0E-09	1.1E-08	8.4E-10	8.4E-10	3.7E-08
	1.8E-07	8.4E-10	8.4E-10	8.4E-10	8.4E-10	8.4E-10	7.6E-08	8.4E-10
13–17	1.4E-09	9.3E-07	5.8E-10	5.8E-10	7.3E-10	6.8E-09	5.8E-10	5.8E-10	5.0E-08
	2.5E-07	5.8E-10	5.8E-10	5.8E-10	5.8E-10	5.8E-10	8.6E-08	5.8E-10
Adult	5.3E-10	1.4E-07	2.3E-10	2.3E-10	3.4E-10	6.1E-09	2.3E-10	2.3E-10	1.8E-08
	6.1E-08	2.3E-10	2.3E-10	2.3E-10	2.3E-10	2.3E-10	6.8E-08	2.3E-10
Inhalation AMAD 20 μm, Type M
0–1	5.7E-09	8.2E-07	4.3E-09	4.3E-09	5.3E-09	4.0E-08	4.3E-09	4.3E-09	8.6E-08
	5.4E-07	4.3E-09	4.3E-09	4.3E-09	4.3E-09	4.3E-09	4.2E-08	4.3E-09
1–2	2.9E-09	2.8E-07	2.1E-09	2.1E-09	2.6E-09	3.1E-08	2.1E-09	2.1E-09	3.1E-08
	1.6E-07	2.1E-09	2.1E-09	2.1E-09	2.1E-09	2.1E-09	3.6E-08	2.1E-09
3–7	1.9E-09	2.4E-07	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.4E-09	1.5E-08	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	2.2E-08
	1.0E-07	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	1.1E-09	3.4E-08	1.1E-09
8–12	1.4E-09	4.0E-07	6.7E-10	6.7E-10	8.3E-10	9.2E-09	6.7E-10	6.7E-10	2.6E-08
	1.4E-07	6.7E-10	6.7E-10	6.7E-10	6.7E-10	6.7E-10	2.5E-08	6.7E-10
13–17	1.1E-09	7.5E-07	4.7E-10	4.7E-10	5.9E-10	5.6E-09	4.7E-10	4.7E-10	3.6E-08
	2.0E-07	4.7E-10	4.7E-10	4.7E-10	4.7E-10	4.7E-10	3.0E-08	4.7E-10
Adult	3.8E-10	1.0E-07	1.7E-10	1.7E-10	2.5E-10	5.0E-09	1.7E-10	1.7E-10	9.9E-09
	4.5E-08	1.7E-10	1.7E-10	1.7E-10	1.7E-10	1.7E-10	2.3E-08	1.7E-10

	f₁ values	Ovaries		Testes		Thyroid			Breast
Radionuclides	Proposed/ICRP	Proposed (Gy Bq⁻¹)	Proposed/ ICRP	Proposed (Gy Bq⁻¹)	Proposed/ ICRP	Proposed (Gy Bq⁻¹)	Proposed/ ICRP	Proposed (Gy Bq⁻¹)	Proposed/ ICRP
Sr-89 (Type M)	1.5	5.8E-11	1.3	5.8E-11	1.3	5.8E-11	1.3	5.8E-11	1.3
Sr-90 (Type M)	1.5	2.3E-10	1.3	2.3E-10	1.3	2.3E-10	1.3	2.3E-10	1.3
Sr-91 (Type M)	1.5	9.3E-11	1.0	1.2E-11	1.1	1.9E-11	1.1	1.3E-11	1.1
Sr-92 (Type M)	1.5	3.5E-11	1.0	4.9E-12	1.1	1.0E-11	1.0	7.6E-12	1.1
Y-90 (Type S)	0.1	3.6E-14	0.9	3.6E-14	0.9	3.6E-14	0.9	3.6E-14	0.9
Y-91 (Type S)	0.1	1.9E-12	1.0	6.9E-13	0.9	1.0E-12	0.9	1.5E-12	0.9
Y-92 (Type S)	0.1	8.2E-12	1.0	5.3E-13	1.0	1.6E-12	1.0	1.1E-12	1.0
Y-93 (Type S)	0.1	9.3E-12	1.0	7.5E-13	1.0	1.3E-12	1.0	9.1E-13	1.0
Zr-97 (Type S)	1	2.5E-10	1.0	2.1E-11	1.0	2.8E-11	1.0	2.0E-11	1.0
Nb-97 (Type S)	1	5.6E-12	1.0	2.9E-13	1.0	1.8E-12	1.0	1.2E-12	1.0
Mo-99 (Type M)	2	9.1E-11	1.0	3.0E-11	1.4	3.3E-11	1.4	3.1E-11	1.4
Ru-103 (Type S)	0.1	2.3E-10	1.0	2.5E-11	0.8	6.2E-11	0.9	1.2E-10	0.9
Ru-106 (Type S)	0.1	1.5E-10	0.6	5.5E-11	0.3	1.5E-10	0.6	3.0E-10	0.7
Te-132 (Type F)	0. 7	4.7E-10	1.0	2.0E-10	1.0	2.4E-08	1.0	1.7E-10	0.9
Cs-137 (Type M)	4	3.1E-09	2.0	2.6E-09	2.5	2.8E-09	2.5	2.6E-09	2.0
Ba-140 (Type M)	1.5	4.8E-10	1.0	7.1E-11	1.1	1.3E-10	1.1	2.0E-10	1.0
La-140 (Type S)	0.02	5.5E-10	1.0	5.2E-11	1.0	6.3E-11	1.0	5.4E-11	1.0
La-141 (Type S)	0.02	1.1E-12	1.0	8.7E-14	1.0	2.3E-13	1.0	2.2E-13	1.0
La-142 (Type S)	0.02	2.3E-11	1.0	1.5E-12	1.0	7.1E-12	1.0	5.0E-12	1.0
Ce-143 (Type S)	0.02	7.9E-11	1.0	6.0E-12	1.0	6.9E-12	1.0	5.6E-12	1.0
Ce-144 (Type S)	0.02	4.8E-11	0.9	2.4E-11	0.8	4.2E-11	0.9	7.3E-11	0.9
Pr-143 (Type S)	0.02	7.0E-15	0.6	7.0E-15	0.6	7.0E-15	0.6	7.0E-15	0.6
Pr-144 (Type S)	0.02	2.1E-14	1.0	2.2E-15	1.0	2.3E-14	1.0	1.5E-14	1.0
Pr-145 (Type S)	0.02	1.2E-12	1.0	8.4E-14	1.0	1.8E-13	0.9	1.2E-13	0.9
Np-239 (Type S)a	0.02	6.2E-11	1.0	4.9E-12	1.0	5.6E-12	1.0	4.9E-12	1.0
Np-239 (Type S)b	0.02	4.7E-17	0.8	4.8E-17	0.8	5.0E-18	0.8	5.0E-18	0.8
Pu-239 (Type S)a	0.1	5.6E-11	1.0	5.8E-11	1.0	7.9E-12	1.0	8.8E-12	1.0
Pu-239 (Type S)b	0.1	3.6E-08	1.0	3.7E-08	1.0	4.7E-09	1.0	4.7E-09	1.0

100 day (3 month) old
AMAD	ET1	ET2	BB	bb	AI	Total
0.3	0.32	0.39	−0.18	0.16	−1.03	−0.29
0.5	0.27	0.31	−0.2	0.2	−1.2	−0.15
1	0.19	0.22	−0.21	0.16	−1.4	−0.04
3	0.07	0.09	−0.37	0	−1.64	−0.02
5	0.04	0.05	−0.43	−0.12	−1.75	−0.02
10	0.04	0.04	−0.51	−0.17	−1.72	0.01
365 day (1 year) old
0.3	−0.26	−0.21	0.24	0.08	0.68	0.23
0.5	−0.18	−0.23	0.1	−0.01	0.78	0.12
1	−0.17	−0.18	0.18	−0.1	0.86	0
3	−0.1	−0.12	0.28	0.26	0.88	−0.04
5	−0.08	−0.08	0.22	−0.39	0.93	−0.04
10	−0.01	0.0	0.49	0.04	0.83	0.02
1,825 day (5 year) old
0.3	−0.39	−0.46	−0.14	−0.14	−0.17	−0.27
0.5	−0.4	−0.47	−0.14	−0.15	−0.13	−0.31
1	−0.33	−0.34	0.1	−0.13	0.04	−0.25
3	−0.19	−0.18	0.56	0.09	0.34	−0.12
5	−0.16	−0.12	0.78	0.16	0.48	−0.08
10	−0.05	−0.02	1.02	0.34	0.69	−0.01
3,650 day (10 year) old
0.3	0.1	0.18	−0.52	−0.7	0.69	0.32
0.5	0.14	0.13	−0.28	−0.32	0.7	0.26
1	0.1	0.12	−0.71	0.25	0.6	0.18
3	0.04	0.02	−0.69	−0.25	0.49	0.06
5	0.03	0.0	−0.09	−0.27	0.49	0.03
10	0.06	0.04	−0.28	−0.19	0.52	0.05
5,475 day (10 year) old
0.3	0.11	0.34	0.02	0.14	−0.47	−0.14
0.5	0.11	0.14	0.12	0.05	−0.5	−0.09
1	0.07	0.14	−0.26	0.06	−0.5	−0.04
3	0.02	0.04	−0.42	−0.16	−0.55	−0.04
5	0.02	0.02	−0.49	−0.04	−0.59	−0.04
10	0.03	0.05	−0.2	−0.18	−0.61	0.01
7,300 day (adult) old
0.3	−0.13	−0.02	−0.2	0.26	−0.09	−0.06
0.5	−0.08	−0.05	−0.25	30.1	−0.03	−0.04
1	−0.05	−0.02	−0.05	0.31	−0.06	−0.04
3	−0.05	−0.05	−0.31	−0.07	−0.03	−0.05
5	−0.03	−0.02	−0.2	0.06	−0.11	−0.03
10	0.03	0	−0.02	0.34	−0.16	0.01

Age group	Method	AMAD (μm)	HRTM Region
			ET1	ET2	BBi-gel	BBi-sol	BBi-seq	bbe-gel	bbe-sol	bbe-seq	AI	Total BB	Total bb
			ET1	ET2	BB-fast	BB-slow	BB-seq	bb-fast	bb-slow	bb-seq	AI	Total BB	Total bb
3-mo-old	ICRP-66	10	3.65E-01	3.95E-01	4.45E-03	1.55E-03	4.22E-05	1.94E-03	1.11E-03	2.15E-05	1.18E-02	6.04E-03	3.07E-03
	KDEP	10	3.65E-01	3.94E-01							1.15E-02	6.04E-03	3.04E-03
	ICRP-66	20	3.25E-01	3.40E-01	2.56E-03	5.11E-04	2.17E-05	7.48E-04	3.19E-04	7.53E-06	3.28E-03	3.09E-03	1.08E-03
	KDEP	20	3.27E-01	3.39E-01							3.23E-03	3.07E-03	1.08E-03
1-y-old	ICRP-66	10	3.604E-01	3.945E-01	4.936E-03	1.759E-03	4.720E-05	1.866E-03	1.045E-03	2.052E-05	1.337E-02	6.742E-03	2.932E-03
	KDEP	10	3.648E-01	3.937E-01							1.340E-02	6.760E-03	2.950E-03
	ICRP-66	20	3.259E-01	3.400E-01	2.750E-03	5.805E-04	2.348E-05	7.367E-04	3.069E-04	7.356E-06	3.653E-03	3.354E-03	1.051E-03
	KDEP	20	3.270E-01	3.385E-01							3.730E-03	3.380E-03	1.070E-03
5-y-old	ICRP-66	10	3.486E-01	3.819E-01	7.024E-03	2.272E-03	6.553E-05	3.545E-03	1.780E-03	3.754E-05	2.066E-02	9.361E-03	5.362E-03
	KDEP	10	3.507E-01	3.860E-01							2.082E-02	9.324E-03	5.445E-03
	ICRP-66	20	3.219E-01	3.352E-01	4.155E-03	7.586E-04	3.464E-05	1.537E-03	5.534E-04	1.474E-05	6.226E-03	4.949E-03	2.105E-03
	KDEP	20	3.212E-01	3.367E-01							6.335E-03	4.977E-03	2.145E-03
10-y-old	ICRP-66	10	3.484E-01	3.884E-01	7.730E-03	2.621E-03	7.297E-05	3.953E-03	1.946E-03	4.158E-05	2.116E-02	1.042E-02	5.940E-03
	KDEP	10	3.506E-01	3.851E-01							2.110E-02	1.040E-02	5.940E-03
	ICRP-66	20	3.236E-01	3.368E-01	4.506E-03	8.692E-04	3.789E-05	1.748E-03	6.028E-04	1.657E-05	6.536E-03	5.413E-03	2.368E-03
	KDEP	20	3.209E-01	3.362E-01							6.530E-03	5.440E-03	2.390E-03
15-y-old	ICRP-66	10	3.117E-01	3.864E-01	1.717E-02	5.150E-03	1.573E-04	6.695E-03	3.189E-03	6.968E-05	2.987E-02	2.247E-02	9.954E-03
	KDEP	10	3.130E-01	3.860E-01							2.950E-02	2.250E-02	1.000E-02
	ICRP-66	20	2.900E-01	3.505E-01	1.002E-02	1.832E-03	8.357E-05	3.036E-03	1.032E-03	2.868E-05	9.595E-03	1.194E-02	4.097E-03
	KDEP	20	2.923E-01	3.501E-01							9.600E-03	1.210E-02	4.140E-03
Adult male	ICRP-66	10	3.303E-01	3.794E-01	1.187E-02	3.485E-03	1.083E-04	6.013E-03	2.788E-03	6.205E-05	3.031E-02	1.546E-02	8.864E-03
	KDEP	10	3.330E-01	3.787E-01							3.030E-02	1.540E-02	8.870E-03
	ICRP-66	20	3.084E-01	3.387E-01	7.014E-03	1.247E-03	5.824E-05	2.775E-03	8.859E-04	2.581E-05	9.758E-03	8.319E-03	3.686E-03
	KDEP	20	3.104E-01	3.375E-01							9.780E-03	8.380E-03	3.690E-03

Time (d)	Dose coefficient	Time (d)	Dose coefficient	Time (d)	Dose coefficient	Time (d)	Dose coefficient	Time (d)	Dose coefficient
<77	0.00E+00	116	4.40E-07	155	5.74E-07	194	4.11E-07	233	3.37E-07
78	3.29E-08	117	4.60E-07	156	5.72E-07	195	4.05E-07	234	3.35E-07
79	6.57E-08	118	4.80E-07	157	5.70E-07	196	4.00E-07	235	3.32E-07
80	9.86E-08	119	5.00E-07	158	5.68E-07	197	3.95E-07	236	3.29E-07
81	1.31E-07	120	5.20E-07	159	5.66E-07	198	3.90E-07	237	3.27E-07
82	1.64E-07	121	5.40E-07	160	5.64E-07	199	3.89E-07	238	3.24E-07
83	1.97E-07	122	5.60E-07	161	5.62E-07	200	3.87E-07	239	3.22E-07
84	2.30E-07	123	5.80E-07	162	5.60E-07	201	3.86E-07	240	3.19E-07
85	2.31E-07	124	5.80E-07	163	5.58E-07	202	3.85E-07	241	3.16E-07
86	2.33E-07	125	5.80E-07	164	5.56E-07	203	3.83E-07	242	3.14E-07
87	2.34E-07	126	5.80E-07	165	5.54E-07	204	3.82E-07	243	3.11E-07
88	2.35E-07	127	5.80E-07	166	5.52E-07	205	3.81E-07	244	3.09E-07
89	2.37E-07	128	5.80E-07	167	5.50E-07	206	3.79E-07	245	3.06E-07
90	2.38E-07	129	5.80E-07	168	5.45E-07	207	3.78E-07	246	3.04E-07
91	2.39E-07	130	5.80E-07	169	5.40E-07	208	3.77E-07	247	3.01E-07
92	2.40E-07	131	5.80E-07	170	5.35E-07	209	3.75E-07	248	2.98E-07
93	2.42E-07	132	5.80E-07	171	5.29E-07	210	3.74E-07	249	2.96E-07
94	2.43E-07	133	5.80E-07	172	5.24E-07	211	3.73E-07	250	2.93E-07
95	2.44E-07	134	5.80E-07	173	5.19E-07	212	3.71E-07	251	2.91E-07
96	2.46E-07	135	5.80E-07	174	5.14E-07	213	3.70E-07	252	2.88E-07
97	2.47E-07	136	5.80E-07	175	5.09E-07	214	3.69E-07	253	2.85E-07
98	2.48E-07	137	5.80E-07	176	5.04E-07	215	3.67E-07	254	2.83E-07
99	2.50E-07	138	5.80E-07	177	4.98E-07	216	3.66E-07	255	2.80E-07
100	2.51E-07	139	5.80E-07	178	4.93E-07	217	3.65E-07	256	2.78E-07
101	2.52E-07	140	5.80E-07	179	4.88E-07	218	3.63E-07	257	2.75E-07
102	2.53E-07	141	5.80E-07	180	4.83E-07	219	3.62E-07	258	2.73E-07
103	2.55E-07	142	5.80E-07	181	4.78E-07	220	3.61E-07	259	2.70E-07
104	2.56E-07	143	5.80E-07	182	4.73E-07	221	3.59E-07	260	2.45E-07
105	2.57E-07	144	5.80E-07	183	4.67E-07	222	3.58E-07	261	2.21E-07
106	2.59E-07	145	5.80E-07	184	4.62E-07	223	3.57E-07	262	1.96E-07
107	2.60E-07	146	5.80E-07	185	4.57E-07	224	3.55E-07	263	1.72E-07
108	2.80E-07	147	5.80E-07	186	4.52E-07	225	3.54E-07	264	1.47E-07
109	3.00E-07	148	5.80E-07	187	4.47E-07	226	3.53E-07	265	1.23E-07
110	3.20E-07	149	5.80E-07	188	4.42E-07	227	3.51E-07	266	9.82E-08
111	3.40E-07	150	5.80E-07	189	4.36E-07	228	3.50E-07	267	7.36E-08
112	3.60E-07	151	5.80E-07	190	4.31E-07	229	3.47E-07	268	4.91E-08
113	3.80E-07	152	5.80E-07	191	4.26E-07	230	3.45E-07	269	2.45E-08
114	4.00E-07	153	5.78E-07	192	4.21E-07	231	3.42E-07
115	4.20E-07	154	5.76E-07	193	4.16E-07	232	3.40E-07

Radioiodine	Mean	Standard deviation	R² value
¹³²I	0.00780	0.0011	0.92
¹³³I	0.223	0.011	0.95
¹³⁵I	0.0478	0.0032	0.96

Radionuclides	Fraction from mother to infant through ingestion of milk			Effective dose coefficients for the infant (Sv Bq^–1) from mother’s intake
Radionuclides	Fraction for the element	Fraction adjusted according to radioactive half-life	Fraction adjusted according to radioactive half-life and to the mother’s f₁ value	Proposed in this paper	ICRP (2004)
⁸⁹Sr	6.1E-02	5.7E-02	2.8E-02	1.0E-09	2.0E-09
⁹⁰Sr	6.1E-02	6.1E-02	3.1E-02	7.0E-09	1.5E-08
⁹¹Sr	6.1E-02	1.0E-02	5.1E-03	2.7E-11	–
⁹²Sr	6.1E-02	3.2E-03	1.6E-03	5.4E-12	–
⁹⁰Y	4.1E-06	2.3E-06	2.3E-07	6.3E-16	–
⁹¹Y	4.1E-06	4.0E-06	4.0E-07	9.5E-16	–
⁹²Y	4.1E-06	2.8E-07	2.8E-08	1.4E-17	–
⁹³Y	4.1E-06	7.1E-07	7.1E-08	8.6E-17	–
⁹⁷Zr	4.7E-04	1.2E-04	2.5E-05	5.4E-13	–
⁹⁷Nb	2.8E-04	6.8E-06	6.8E-06	5.3E-15	–
⁹⁹Mo	1.2E-02	7.0E-03	5.6E-03	7.7E-12	9.8E-12
¹⁰³Ru	2.2E-03	1.7E-03	4.2E-05	3.0E-13	1.2E-11
¹⁰⁶Ru	2.2E-03	2.1E-03	4.4E-05	3.7E-12	1.8E-10
^103mRh	3.4E-03	6.4E-05	6.4E-05	4.7E-11	–
¹⁰⁶Rh	3.4E-03	1.4E-03	1.4E-03	$.0E-09	–
¹³²Te	2.9E-03	1.3E-03	8.9E-04	4.3E-11	4.7E-10
¹³⁷Cs	1.2E-01	1.3E-01	5.0E-02	1.1E-09	2.6E-09
¹⁴⁰Ba	5.8E-03	5.2E-03	2.6E-03	8.3-11	2.0E-10
¹⁴⁰La	2.3E-03	1.1E-03	2.1E-05	4.4E-13	–
¹⁴¹La	2.3E-03	1.7E-04	3.5E-06	1.5E-14	–
¹⁴²La	2.3E-03	7.2E-05	1.4E-06	2.7E-15	–
¹⁴⁴Ce	2.1E-05	8.6E-06	1.7E-07	2.1E-15	1.4E-12
¹⁴³Ce	2.1E-05	2.1E-05	4.2E-07	2.8E-14	–
¹⁴³Pr	2.1E-05	4.6E-06	9.3E-08	1.3E-15	–
¹⁴⁴Pr	2.1E-05	1.3E-07	2.5E-09	1.6E-18	–
¹⁴⁵Pr	2.1E-05	2.3E-06	4.7E-08	2.2E-16	–
²³⁹Np	4.1E-05	2.9E-05	4.5E-07	4.0E-15	3.7E-13
²³⁹Pu	2.4E-05	2.4E-05	2.4-06	1.0E-11	1.0E-10

Age group (y)	Bladder w^a	Bone surf^c	Brain	Breast	ST wall^d	Colon	Kidneys	Liver	Effective dose
Age group (y)	RBM^b	Skin	Testes	Oesophagus	Thyroid	Uterus	Lungs	Ovaries	Effective dose
Ingestion, f₁ (0–1 y) = 1.0E-04, f₁ (>1 y-adult) = 1.0E-05
0–1	2.5E-13	2.2E-12	1.5E-13	1.5E-13	1.4E-08	2.5E-07	1.5E-13	3.3E-12	3.1E-08
	6.4E-12	1.5E-13	1.5E-13	1.5E-13	1.5E-13	1.5E-13	1.5E-13	1.7E-13
1–2	1.8E-14	1.8E-13	9.2E-15	9.2E-15	7.4E-09	1.6E-07	9.3E-15	2.3E-13	2.0E-08
	3.7E-13	9.3E-15	9.3E-15	9.2E-15	9.2E-15	1.1E-14	9.2E-15	2.6E-14
3–7	1.3E-14	1.2E-13	4.5E-15	4.5E-15	3.6E-09	7.9E-08	4.6E-15	1.1E-13	1.0E-08
	1.7E-13	4.6E-15	4.6E-15	4.5E-15	4.5E-15	4.9E-15	4.5E-15	1.2E-14
8–12	1.0E-14	6.6E-14	2.7E-15	2.7E-15	2.0E-09	4.7E-08	2.7E-15	7.4E-14	5.9E-09
	9.1E-14	2.7E-15	2.7E-15	2.7E-15	2.7E-15	2.8E-15	2.7E-15	6.3E-15
13–17	8.1E-15	3.8E-14	1.6E-15	1.6E-15	1.4E-09	2.6E-08	1.6E-15	4.7E-14	3.3E-09
	5.3E-14	1.6E-15	1.6E-15	1.6E-15	1.6E-15	1.6E-15	1.6E-15	3.4E-15
Adult	6.1E-15	3.7E-14	1.3E-15	1.3E-15	1.1E-09	2.1E-08	1.3E-15	3.7E-14	2.7E-09
	3.7E-14	1.3E-15	1.3E-15	1.3E-15	1.3E-15	1.3E-15	1.3E-15	2.3E-15
Inhalation AMAD 1 μm, Type S
0–1	8.3E-13	7.4E-12	4.9E-13	4.9E-13	3.9E-09	7.1E-08	4.9E-13	1.1E-11	1.3E-08
	2.1E-11	4.9E-13	4.9E-13	4.9E-13	4.9E-13	4.9E-13	3.3E-08	4.9E-13
1–2	5.6E-13	5.6E-12	3.0E-13	3.0E-13	2.1E-09	4.6E-08	3.0E-13	7.3E-12	8.9E-09
	1.2E-11	3.0E-13	3.0E-13	3.0E-13	3.0E-13	3.0E-13	2.6E-08	3.0E-13
3–7	3.9E-13	3.6E-12	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	8.5E-10	1.9E-08	1.4E-13	3.4E-12	4.2E-09
	5.2E-12	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	1.5E-08	1.4E-13
8–12	3.0E-13	2.0E-12	8.0E-14	8.0E-14	4.9E-10	1.2E-08	8.0E-14	2.2E-12	2.7E-09
	2.7E-12	8.0E-14	8.0E-14	8.0E-14	8.0E-14	8.0E-14	1.1E-08	8.1E-14
13–17	2.4E-13	1.1E-12	4.7E-14	4.7E-14	2.8E-10	5.4E-09	4.7E-14	1.4E-12	1.8E-09
	1.6E-12	4.7E-14	4.7E-14	4.7E-14	4.7E-14	4.7E-14	9.2E-09	4.8E-14
Adult	1.9E-13	1.2E-12	4.0E-14	4.0E-14	2.2E-10	4.4E-09	4.0E-14	1.1E-12	1.5E-09
	1.2E-12	4.0E-14	4.0E-14	4.0E-14	4.0E-14	4.0E-14	7.9E-09	4.0E-14
Inhalation AMAD 5 μm, Type S
0–1	8.1E-13	7.3E-12	4.8E-13	4.8E-13	5.9E-09	1.1E-07	4.8E-13	1.1E-11	1.5E-08
	2.1E-11	4.8E-13	4.8E-13	4.8E-13	4.8E-13	4.8E-13	1.3E-08	4.9E-13
1–2	5.2E-13	5.2E-12	2.7E-13	2.7E-13	3.2E-09	6.9E-08	2.7E-13	6.7E-12	1.0E-08
	1.1E-11	2.7E-13	2.7E-13	2.7E-13	2.7E-13	2.7E-13	1.1E-08	2.8E-13
3–7	4.1E-13	3.8E-12	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	1.5E-09	3.3E-08	1.4E-13	3.5E-12	5.3E-09
	5.4E-12	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	1.4E-13	9.0E-09	1.4E-13
8–12	3.2E-13	2.1E-12	8.5E-14	8.5E-14	8.4E-10	2.0E-08	8.5E-14	2.3E-12	3.3E-09
	2.9E-12	8.5E-14	8.5E-14	8.5E-14	8.5E-14	8.5E-14	6.8E-09	8.7E-14
13–17	2.8E-13	1.3E-12	5.6E-14	5.6E-14	5.7E-10	1.1E-08	5.6E-14	1.7E-12	2.3E-09
	1.9E-12	5.6E-14	5.6E-14	5.6E-14	5.6E-14	5.6E-14	7.8E-09	5.6E-14
Adult	2.1E-13	1.3E-12	4.4E-14	4.4E-14	4.3E-10	8.7E-09	4.4E-14	1.3E-12	1.8E-09
	1.3E-12	4.4E-14	4.4E-14	4.4E-14	4.4E-14	4.4E-14	5.9E-09	4.5E-14

Age group (y)	Bladder w^a	Bone surf^c	Brain	Breast	ST wall^d	Colon	Kidneys	Liver	Effective dose
Age group (y)	RBM^b	Skin	Testes	Oesophagus	Thyroid	Uterus	Lungs	Ovaries	Effective dose
Ingestion, f₁ (0–1 y) = 1.0E-04, f₁ (>1 y-adult) = 1.0E-05
0–1	8.2E-12	3.4E-11	1.2E-12	1.7E-12	8.9E-09	2.2E-07	3.8E-12	4.9E-11	2.8E-08
	8.7E-11	2.2E-12	4.1E-12	1.5E-12	1.4E-12	1.1E-11	1.9E-12	2.1E-11
1–2	5.4E-12	4.0E-12	1.2E-13	5.2E-13	4.8E-09	1.4E-07	2.1E-12	5.5E-12	1.8E-08
	7.0E-12	8.6E-13	2.2E-12	3.5E-13	2.3E-13	7.7E-12	6.6E-13	1.5E-11
3–7	2.8E-12	2.5E-12	5.6E-14	2.5E-13	2.3E-09	7.1E-08	1.3E-12	2.9E-12	8.8E-09
	3.8E-12	4.8E-13	1.3E-12	1.9E-13	1.1E-13	4.3E-12	3.1E-13	8.6E-12
8–12	2.0E-12	1.5E-12	3.2E-14	1.6E-13	1.3E-09	4.2E-08	8.3E-13	1.8E-12	5.2E-09
	2.3E-12	2.9E-13	7.3E-13	1.0E-13	5.9E-14	2.9E-12	1.9E-13	5.8E-12
13–17	1.2E-12	9.0E-13	1.8E-14	7.7E-14	9.0E-10	2.4E-08	5.3E-13	1.1E-12	3.0E-09
	1.5E-12	1.9E-13	4.5E-13	6.2E-14	2.9E-14	1.8E-12	1.1E-13	4.2E-12
Adult	9.8E-13	8.4E-13	1.4E-14	5.9E-14	7.0E-10	1.9E-08	4.4E-13	8.7E-13	2.4E-09
	1.2E-12	1.6E-13	3.2E-13	4.7E-14	2.1E-14	1.4E-12	7.7E-14	3.2E-12
Inhalation AMAD 1 μm, Type S
0–1	1.3E-11	2.7E-10	1.0E-11	2.3E-11	2.8E-09	6.9E-08	1.7E-11	3.8E-10	4.3E-08
	6.8E-10	1.3E-11	1.1E-11	2.3E-11	1.6E-11	1.4E-11	2.9E-07	1.7E-11
1–2	1.0E-11	2.4E-10	8.1E-12	1.9E-11	1.5E-09	4.5E-08	1.3E-11	3.1E-10	3.4E-08
	4.9E-10	1.0E-11	8.1E-12	1.9E-11	1.4E-11	1.1E-11	2.4E-07	1.3E-11
3–7	5.3E-12	1.7E-10	4.2E-12	1.2E-11	6.4E-10	1.9E-08	6.9E-12	1.6E-10	1.9E-08
	2.4E-10	5.4E-12	4.1E-12	1.2E-11	7.3E-12	5.4E-12	1.4E-07	6.6E-12
8–12	3.3E-12	9.0E-11	2.5E-12	8.0E-12	3.7E-10	1.2E-08	4.2E-12	1.0E-10	1.3E-08
	1.2E-10	3.3E-12	2.4E-12	7.8E-12	4.4E-12	3.2E-12	9.6E-08	4.1E-12
13–17	2.2E-12	5.7E-11	1.7E-12	5.0E-12	2.2E-10	5.6E-09	2.8E-12	7.2E-11	1.0E-08
	7.9E-11	2.2E-12	1.5E-12	5.8E-12	2.9E-12	2.0E-12	8.0E-08	2.6E-12
Adult	1.8E-12	6.0E-11	1.5E-12	4.6E-12	1.7E-10	4.6E-09	2.4E-12	6.0E-11	8.9E-09
	6.0E-11	2.0E-12	1.3E-12	5.1E-12	2.5E-12	1.7E-12	6.9E-08	2.1E-12
Inhalation AMAD 5 μm, Type S
0–1	9.3E-12	1.6E-10	6.1E-12	1.1E-11	3.9E-09	9.8E-08	9.0E-12	2.3E-10	2.6E-08
	4.1E-10	7.3E-12	7.0E-12	1.3E-11	8.3E-12	1.1E-11	1.1E-07	1.5E-11
1–2	6.8E-12	1.3E-10	4.4E-12	8.6E-12	2.2E-09	6.4E-08	6.9E-12	1.7E-10	2.0E-08
	2.7E-10	5.4E-12	4.9E-12	9.8E-12	6.4E-12	7.8E-12	9.7E-08	1.1E-11
3–7	4.1E-12	1.1E-10	2.8E-12	6.7E-12	1.0E-09	3.1E-08	4.4E-12	1.1E-10	1.3E-08
	1.6E-10	3.5E-12	3.0E-12	7.0E-12	4.3E-12	4.5E-12	7.8E-08	6.5E-12
8–12	2.7E-12	6.2E-11	1.7E-12	4.5E-12	5.8E-10	1.8E-08	2.7E-12	7.0E-11	9.2E-09
	8.5E-11	2.2E-12	1.8E-12	4.6E-12	2.7E-12	2.8E-12	5.7E-08	4.2E-12
13–17	2.0E-12	4.4E-11	1.3E-12	3.3E-12	3.9E-10	1.0E-08	2.1E-12	5.6E-11	8.9E-09
	6.1E-11	1.6E-12	1.3E-12	3.9E-12	2.1E-12	1.9E-12	6.3E-08	3.0E-12
Adult	1.6E-12	4.4E-11	1.1E-12	2.9E-12	3.0E-10	8.2E-09	1.7E-12	4.4E-11	6.9E-09
	4.4E-11	1.4E-12	1.0E-12	3.2E-12	1.7E-12	1.5E-12	4.9E-08	2.3E-12

Age group (y)	Bladder w^a	Bone surf^c	Brain	Breast	ST wall^d	Colon	Kidneys	Liver	Effective dose
Age group (y)	RBM^b	Skin	Testes	Oesophagus	Thyroid	Uterus	Lungs	Ovaries	Effective dose
Ingestion, f₁ (0–1 y) = 1.0E-04, f₁ (>1 y-adult) = 1.0E-05
0–1	4.5E-11	1.7E-11	7.0E-13	9.1E-12	1.8E-08	3.1E-08	3.5E-11	4.2E-11	5.9E-09
	1.5E-11	1.0E-11	1.6E-11	5.4E-12	2.8E-12	1.0E-10	1.2E-11	1.4E-10
1–2	3.3E-11	1.2E-11	4.1E-13	6.5E-12	9.8E-09	2.0E-08	2.6E-11	3.0E-11	3.6E-09
	1.2E-11	7.3E-12	1.1E-11	3.8E-12	1.8E-12	7.7E-11	8.4E-12	1.0E-10
3–7	1.8E-11	5.8E-12	2.0E-13	3.3E-12	4.7E-09	9.9E-09	1.7E-11	1.7E-11	1.8E-09
	9.2E-12	4.0E-12	6.2E-12	2.1E-12	8.5E-13	4.4E-11	4.3E-12	6.0E-11
8–12	1.2E-11	3.8E-12	1.0E-13	2.0E-12	2.7E-09	5.9E-09	1.1E-11	1.0E-11	1.0E-09
	7.4E-12	2.6E-12	3.5E-12	1.2E-12	4.6E-13	2.9E-11	2.7E-12	4.1E-11
13–17	7.1E-12	2.6E-12	4.8E-14	1.1E-12	1.8E-09	3.3E-09	7.4E-12	5.4E-12	6.2E-10
	5.7E-12	1.6E-12	1.9E-12	7.6E-13	2.0E-13	1.8E-11	1.7E-12	2.8E-11
Adult	5.5E-12	2.1E-12	2.7E-14	8.2E-13	1.4E-09	2.6E-09	6.2E-12	4.3E-12	5.0E-10
	4.8E-12	1.3E-12	1.4E-12	5.9E-13	1.2E-13	1.4E-11	1.2E-12	2.2E-11
Inhalation AMAD 1 μm, Type S
0–1	1.3E-11	9.7E-12	3.0E-12	1.0E-11	4.7E-09	8.2E-09	1.2E-11	1.7E-11	1.9E-09
	8.3E-12	6.0E-12	4.9E-12	2.8E-11	5.7E-12	2.8E-11	3.0E-09	3.8E-11
1–2	9.4E-12	7.2E-12	2.2E-12	8.0E-12	2.6E-09	5.3E-09	9.5E-12	1.2E-11	1.2E-09
	6.5E-12	4.4E-12	3.3E-12	2.0E-11	4.3E-12	2.1E-11	2.3E-09	2.8E-11
3–7	4.2E-12	3.5E-12	1.4E-12	4.6E-12	1.0E-09	2.2E-09	4.9E-12	6.2E-12	5.5E-10
	3.9E-12	2.1E-12	1.5E-12	8.4E-12	2.5E-12	9.9E-12	1.4E-09	1.4E-11
8–12	2.9E-12	2.3E-12	1.1E-12	3.0E-12	6.0E-10	1.3E-09	3.2E-12	3.8E-12	3.5E-10
	3.0E-12	1.4E-12	8.6E-13	5.0E-12	1.8E-12	6.6E-12	9.5E-10	9.3E-12
13–17	1.4E-12	1.4E-12	7.6E-13	1.6E-12	3.3E-10	6.0E-10	1.8E-12	2.2E-12	2.1E-10
	2.0E-12	8.2E-13	3.8E-13	2.5E-12	1.2E-12	3.3E-12	8.1E-10	5.1E-12
Adult	1.1E-12	1.3E-12	7.3E-13	1.4E-12	2.7E-10	5.0E-10	1.6E-12	1.7E-12	1.8E-10
	1.8E-12	7.3E-13	2.8E-13	2.1E-12	1.1E-12	2.7E-12	7.0E-10	4.2E-12
Inhalation AMAD 5 μm, Type S
0–1	1.9E-11	1.2E-11	4.6E-12	1.1E-11	7.4E-09	1.3E-08	1.7E-11	2.1E-11	2.6E-09
	1.1E-11	8.2E-12	7.2E-12	4.3E-11	6.2E-12	4.3E-11	1.2E-09	5.8E-11
1–2	1.4E-11	9.0E-12	3.3E-12	8.1E-12	4.0E-09	8.2E-09	1.3E-11	1.5E-11	1.6E-09
	8.4E-12	6.0E-12	5.0E-12	3.0E-11	4.6E-12	3.2E-11	1.0E-09	4.3E-11
3–7	7.4E-12	5.0E-12	2.4E-12	4.8E-12	1.9E-09	3.9E-09	7.5E-12	8.5E-12	8.0E-10
	5.8E-12	3.1E-12	2.6E-12	1.3E-11	3.2E-12	1.7E-11	8.4E-10	2.4E-11
8–12	5.0E-12	3.4E-12	2.0E-12	3.1E-12	1.1E-09	2.3E-09	5.0E-12	5.1E-12	4.9E-10
	4.5E-12	2.1E-12	1.5E-12	7.1E-12	2.4E-12	1.2E-11	6.3E-10	1.6E-11
13–17	2.9E-12	2.3E-12	1.5E-12	1.8E-12	6.9E-10	1.3E-09	3.2E-12	3.0E-12	3.6E-10
	3.4E-12	1.4E-12	7.7E-13	3.4E-12	1.8E-12	6.8E-12	7.4E-10	1.1E-11
Adult	2.2E-12	2.0E-12	1.4E-12	1.4E-12	5.4E-10	1.0E-09	2.7E-12	2.3E-12	2.9E-10
	2.9E-12	1.2E-12	5.5E-13	2.6E-12	1.7E-12	5.4E-12	5.6E-10	8.4E-12

Age group (y)	Bladder w^a	Bone surf^c	Brain	Breast	ST wall^d	Colon	Kidneys	Liver	Effective dose
Age group (y)	RBM^b	Skin	Testes	Oesophagus	Thyroid	Uterus	Lungs	Ovaries	Effective dose
Ingestion, f₁ (0–1 y) = 1.0E-04, f₁ (>1 y-adult) = 1.0E-05
0–1	5.0E-11	1.7E-11	6.3E-13	6.9E-12	1.6E-08	9.7E-08	2.9E-11	3.5E-11	1.4E-08
	1.5E-11	9.6E-12	2.0E-11	4.3E-12	2.4E-12	9.3E-11	9.0E-12	1.5E-10
1–2	3.7E-11	1.2E-11	3.5E-13	4.9E-12	8.8E-09	6.3E-08	2.2E-11	2.5E-11	8.6E-09
	1.2E-11	7.0E-12	1.4E-11	2.9E-12	1.6E-12	7.1E-11	6.5E-12	1.1E-10
3–7	2.0E-11	6.0E-12	1.7E-13	2.5E-12	4.3E-09	3.1E-08	1.4E-11	1.4E-11	4.3E-09
	9.3E-12	3.8E-12	7.9E-12	1.6E-12	7.1E-13	4.0E-11	3.2E-12	6.6E-11
8–12	1.4E-11	4.0E-12	8.6E-14	1.5E-12	2.4E-09	1.9E-08	9.4E-12	8.5E-12	2.5E-09
	7.5E-12	2.3E-12	4.7E-12	8.6E-13	3.7E-13	2.7E-11	1.9E-12	4.5E-11
13–17	8.4E-12	2.8E-12	3.8E-14	7.5E-13	1.6E-09	1.0E-08	6.0E-12	4.5E-12	1.5E-09
	5.7E-12	1.5E-12	2.6E-12	5.5E-13	1.6E-13	1.7E-11	1.2E-12	3.1E-11
Adult	6.8E-12	2.2E-12	2.4E-14	5.7E-13	1.3E-09	8.3E-09	5.1E-12	3.6E-12	1.2E-09
	4.8E-12	1.3E-12	1.9E-12	4.1E-13	1.0E-13	1.3E-11	8.2E-13	2.4E-11
Inhalation AMAD 1 μm, Type S
0–1	1.5E-11	1.0E-11	2.6E-12	9.4E-12	4.5E-09	2.7E-08	1.1E-11	1.6E-11	4.6E-09
	1.0E-11	5.6E-12	6.1E-12	2.3E-11	5.3E-12	2.7E-11	6.9E-09	4.3E-11
1–2	1.1E-11	7.7E-12	1.8E-12	7.2E-12	2.4E-09	1.7E-08	8.4E-12	1.2E-11	3.0E-09
	7.4E-12	4.1E-12	4.2E-12	1.7E-11	4.1E-12	2.0E-11	5.3E-09	3.2E-11
3–7	5.1E-12	3.8E-12	1.1E-12	4.2E-12	9.7E-10	7.1E-09	4.4E-12	6.0E-12	1.4E-09
	4.3E-12	2.0E-12	1.9E-12	7.2E-12	2.4E-12	9.4E-12	3.2E-09	1.5E-11
8–12	3.6E-12	2.5E-12	9.1E-13	2.8E-12	5.6E-10	4.3E-09	2.9E-12	3.8E-12	8.6E-10
	3.2E-12	1.3E-12	1.2E-12	4.4E-12	1.6E-12	6.5E-12	2.2E-09	1.1E-11
13–17	1.8E-12	1.6E-12	6.2E-13	1.5E-12	3.1E-10	2.0E-09	1.7E-12	2.2E-12	5.1E-10
	2.2E-12	7.7E-13	5.4E-13	2.4E-12	1.1E-12	3.3E-12	1.9E-09	6.0E-12
Adult	1.5E-12	1.4E-12	6.0E-13	1.4E-12	2.5E-10	1.6E-09	1.4E-12	1.8E-12	4.3E-10
	1.9E-12	6.9E-13	4.0E-13	1.9E-12	9.8E-13	2.6E-12	1.6E-09	4.8E-12
Inhalation AMAD 5 μm, Type S
0–1	2.2E-11	1.3E-11	3.7E-12	9.0E-12	6.9E-09	4.1E-08	1.4E-11	2.0E-11	6.2E-09
	1.2E-11	7.4E-12	9.0E-12	3.4E-11	5.3E-12	4.1E-11	2.8E-09	6.5E-11
1–2	1.6E-11	9.3E-12	2.7E-12	6.7E-12	3.7E-09	2.7E-08	1.1E-11	1.4E-11	4.0E-09
	9.0E-12	5.3E-12	6.3E-12	2.4E-11	3.9E-12	3.1E-11	2.3E-09	4.9E-11
3–7	8.7E-12	5.2E-12	1.9E-12	4.0E-12	1.7E-09	1.3E-08	6.5E-12	7.8E-12	2.0E-09
	6.2E-12	2.9E-12	3.4E-12	1.0E-11	2.7E-12	1.7E-11	1.9E-09	2.7E-11
8–12	6.0E-12	3.5E-12	1.6E-12	2.6E-12	9.8E-10	7.6E-09	4.3E-12	4.8E-12	1.2E-09
	4.7E-12	1.9E-12	2.0E-12	5.8E-12	2.0E-12	1.1E-11	1.4E-09	1.9E-11
13–17	3.6E-12	2.4E-12	1.2E-12	1.5E-12	6.5E-10	4.1E-09	2.8E-12	2.9E-12	7.8E-10
	3.5E-12	1.2E-12	1.1E-12	2.8E-12	1.5E-12	6.7E-12	1.7E-09	1.2E-11
Adult	2.8E-12	2.1E-12	1.2E-12	1.2E-12	5.0E-10	3.3E-09	2.3E-12	2.2E-12	6.1E-10
	3.0E-12	1.1E-12	7.7E-13	2.2E-12	1.4E-12	5.2E-12	1.3E-09	9.5E-12

Radionuclides (Solubility)	f₁ values	Bladder W.		Bone Surf.		RBM		Brain
Radionuclides (Solubility)	Proposed/ ICRP	Proposed (Gy Bq⁻¹)	Proposed/ ICRP	Proposed (Gy Bq⁻¹)	Proposed/ ICRP	Proposed (Gy Bq⁻¹)	Proposed/ ICRP	Proposed (Gy Bq⁻¹)	Proposed/ ICRP
⁸⁹Sr-89 (Type M)	1.5	2.0E-10	1.3	1.8E-09	1.3	1.4E-09	1.3	5.8E-11	1.3
Sr-90 (Type M)	1.5	5.3 E-10	1.3	1.4E-07	1.3	6.1E-08	1.3	2.3E-10	1.3
Sr-91 (Type M)	1.5	6.2E-11	1.1	5.3E-11	1.1	6.0E-11	1.1	1.7E-11	1.1
Sr-92 (Type M)	1.5	3.6E-11	1.3	2.6E-11	1.1	2.4E-11	1.1	9.6E-12	1.1
Y-90 (Type S)	0.1	1.7E-13	0.9	1.0E-12	0.8	1.0E-12	0.8	3.6E-14	0.9
Y-91 (Type S)	0.1	1.1E-12	0.9	2.8E-11	0.9	2.8E-11	0.9	7.2E-13	0.9
Y-92 (Type S)	0.1	2.1E-12	1.0	1.9E-12	1.0	2.8E-12	1.0	1.5E-12	1.0
Y-93 (Type S)	0.1	2.7E-12	1.0	1.9E-12	0.9	2.8E-12	1.0	1.2E-12	1.0
Zr-97 (Type S)	1	7.1E-11	1.0	4.1E-11	1.0	6.7E-11	1.0	2.5E-11	1.0
Nb-97 (Type S)	1	1.4E-12	1.0	1.9E-12	1.0	2.5E-12	1.0	1.7E-12	1.0
Mo-99 (Type M)	2	6.3E-11	1.3	1.2E-10	1.4	7.8E-11	1.4	3.0E-11	1.4
Ru-103 (Type S)	0.1	7.3E-11	0.3	7.5E-11	0.9	1.1E-10	0.9	2.4E-11	0.8
Ru-106 (Type S)	0.1	8.5E-11	0.4	1.6E-10	0.6	2.0E-10	0.6	6.7E-11	0.4
Te-132 (Type F)	0. 7	3.7E-10	1.0	1.5E-09	0.9	7.5E-10	1.0	2.5E-10	1.0
Cs-137 (Type M)	4	3.0E-09	2.5	2.9E-09	2.5	2.9E-09	2.5	2.4E-09	2.5
Ba-140 (Type M)	1.5	1.9E-10	1.1	7.8E-10	1.3	6.2E-10	1.3	8.0E-11	1.1
La-140 (Type S)	0.02	1.7E-10	1.0	9.0E-11	1.0	1.4E-10	1.0	5.2E-11	1.0
La-141 (Type S)	0.02	3.1E-13	1.0	4.2E-13	0.9	4.0E-13	1.0	1.9E-13	1.0
La-142 (Type S)	0.02	5.9E-12	1.0	7.2E-12	1.0	9.6E-12	1.0	6.5E-12	1.0
Ce-143 (Type S)	0.02	2.2E-11	1.0	1.6E-11	0.9	1.8E-11	0.9	5.8E-12	1.0
Ce-144 (Type S)	0.02	3.0E-11	0.8	6.5E-10	0.8	3.8E-10	0.8	2.6E-11	0.8
Pr-143 (Type S)	0.02	3.7E-14	0.6	1.1E-12	0.6	1.1E-12	0.6	7.0E-15	0.6
Pr-144 (Type S)	0.02	6.9E-15	1.0	2.0E-14	1.0	2.1E-14	1.0	2.2E-14	1.0
Pr-145 (Type S)	0.02	3.2E-13	1.0	2.6E-13	0.9	3.7E-13	1.0	1.7E-13	1.0
Np-239 (Type S)a	0.02	2.0E-11	1.0	1.9E-11	1.1	4.4E-12	1.0	4.4E-12	1.0
Np-239 (Type S)b	0.02	2.0E-10	0.8	1.80E-09	0.8	1.4E-09	0.8	5.8E-11	0.8
Pu-239 (Type S)a	0.1	7.6E-12		4.1E-09		8.4E-12		8.4E-12
Pu-239 (Type S)b	0.1	4.7E-09	1.0	2.7E-06	1.0	4.7E-09	1.0	4.7E-09	1.0

	¹⁴³Pr (13.56 d)^a			¹⁴⁴Pr (17.28 min.)^a			¹⁴⁵Pr (5.98 h)^a
	Dose coefficients (Gy Bq^–1)			Dose coefficients (Gy Bq^–1)			Dose coefficients (Gy Bq^–1)
	ICRP	Proposed	Ratio	ICRP	Current	Ratio	ICRP	Current	Ratio
f₁	5.0E-04	1.0E-05	5.0E+01	5.0E-04	1.0E-05	5.0E+01	5.0E-04	1.0E-05	5.0E+01
Bladder Wall	6.0E-14	1.2E-15	5.0E+01	2.3E-14	2.3E-14	1.0E+00	8.1E-13	7.8E-13	1.0E+00
Bone surface	1.7E-12	3.5E-14	4.9E+01	1.6E-14	1.6E-14	1.0E+00	3.1E-13	2.8E-13	1.1E+00
Brain	1.1E-14	2.2E-16	5.0E+01	7.1E-16	6.5E-16	1.1E+00	9.9E-15	2.5E-15	4.0E+00
Breast	1.1E-14	2.2E-16	5.0E+01	1.7E-14	1.7E-14	1.0E+00	8.7E-14	8.0E-14	1.1E+00
Kidneys	2.9E-12	5.7E-14	5.1E+01	6.5E-14	6.5E-14	1.0E+00	8.0E-13	7.1E-13	1.1E+00
Liver	1.4E-11	2.8E-13	5.0E+01	3.9E-14	3.8E-14	1.0E+00	6.8E-13	5.1E-13	1.3E+00
Lungs	1.1E-14	2.2E-16	5.0E+01	2.5E-14	2.5E-14	1.0E+00	1.3E-13	1.2E-13	1.1E+00
Oesophagus	1.1E-14	2.2E-16	5.0E+01	1.3E-14	1.3E-14	1.0E+00	6.4E-14	5.7E-14	1.1E+00
Ovaries	1.1E-14	2.3E-16	4.8E+01	8.1E-14	8.1E-14	1.0E+00	3.1E-12	3.1E-12	1.0E+00
RBM	1.7E-12	3.5E-14	4.9E+01	3.1E-14	3.1E-14	1.0E+00	6.5E-13	6.2E-13	1.1E+00
Skin	1.1E-14	2.2E-16	5.0E+01	1.3E-14	1.3E-14	1.0E+00	1.7E-13	1.6E-13	1.1E+00
Testes	1.1E-14	2.2E-16	5.0E+01	5.8E-15	5.7E-15	1.0E+00	2.1E-13	2.0E-13	1.1E+00
Thyroid	1.1E-14	2.2E-16	5.0E+01	2.4E-15	2.3E-15	1.0E+00	1.9E-14	1.2E-14	1.6E+00
Uterus	1.1E-14	2.3E-16	4.8E+01	6.9E-14	6.8E-14	1.0E+00	1.8E-12	1.8E-12	1.0E+00
ST Wall	3.6E-10	3.6E-10	1.0E+00	4.1E-10	4.1E-10	1.0E+00	7.0E-10	7.0E-10	1.0E+00
Colon	9.4E-09	9.4E-09	1.0E+00	1.1E-11	1.1E-11	1.0E+00	2.6E-09	2.6E-09	1.0E+00

	Absorbed dose contributions from source organs reaching ovaries (Gy Bq⁻¹)
Source organs	¹⁴³Pr	¹⁴⁴Pr	¹⁴⁵Pr
Stomach content or wall	1.5E-20	1.4E-14	2.8E-14
Small intestine content	7.7E-19	6.1E-14	1.0E-12
Upper large intestine content	2.1E-18	5.2E-15	1.1E-12
Lower large intestine content	6.2E-18	2.7E-16	9.1E-13
Liver	2.8E-23	1.1E-22	3.5E-19
Plasma	2.2E-16	1.1E-18	1.5E-16
Sum	2.3E-16	8.1E-14	3.1E-12

	Dose coefficients (Gy Bq⁻¹)			Ratio dose coefficients
Target organs	f₁=0.2	f₁=0.5	f₁=1.0	f₁=1/ f₁=0.5	f₁=1/ f₁=0.2
Bladder Wall	1.4E-10	2.5E-10	4.3E-10	1.74	3.10
Bone Surface	2.2E-10	5.2E-10	1.0E-09	1.97	4.66
Brain	4.7E-11	1.2E-10	2.4E-10	2.02	5.11
Breasts	4.9E-11	1.2E-10	2.4E-10	2.00	4.93
Esophagus	5.2E-11	1.3E-10	2.6E-10	2.01	4.98
St Wall	5.5E-10	6.2E-10	7.4E-10	1.19	1.35
SI Wall	1.1E-09	7.9E-10	3.0E-10	0.38	0.28
Colon	7.9E-09	5.1E-09	4.9E-10	0.10	0.06
Kidneys	6.3E-10	1.6E-09	3.1E-09	2.00	4.93
Liver	5.6E-10	1.4E-09	2.8E-09	2.01	4.97
Ovaries	2.2E-10	2.4E-10	2.8E-10	1.15	1.25
Red Marrow	1.5E-10	3.2E-10	6.1E-10	1.90	4.08
Lungs	5.7E-11	1.4E-10	2.8E-10	2.00	4.87
Skin	5.2E-11	1.2E-10	2.4E-10	1.94	4.48
Testes	6.3E-11	1.3E-10	2.5E-10	1.87	3.87
Thyroid	5.0E-11	1.3E-10	2.5E-10	2.01	5.08
Uterus	1.3E-10	1.8E-10	2.7E-10	1.49	2.09
Effective dose (Sv Bq^–1	1.2E-09	9.4E-10	6.0E-10	0.64	0.53

	Dose coefficients (Gy Bq⁻¹)			Ratio dose coefficients
Target organs	f₁ = 0.01	f₁ = 0.1	f₁ = 1	f_{1 =}1/ f₁ =0.01	f_{1 =}1/ f₁ =0.1
Bladder Wall	1.3E-10	1.9E-10	7.6E-10	5.73	4.00
Bone Surface	3.8E-11	4.6E-11	1.3E-10	3.51	2.86
Brain	1.5E-12	1.4E-11	1.4E-10	96.00	10.00
Breasts	4.4E-12	9.4E-12	5.9E-11	13.22	6.27
Esophagus	4.4E-12	1.8E-11	1.5E-10	34.77	8.60
St Wall	3.3E-10	3.3E-10	3.0E-10	0.92	0.93
SI Wall	8.9E-10	8.1E-10	5.4E-11	0.06	0.07
Colon	6.1E-09	5.5E-09	1.2E-10	0.02	0.02
Kidneys	5.4E-11	5.3E-11	4.6E-11	0.85	0.86
Liver	3.5E-11	3.6E-11	4.9E-11	1.41	1.36
Ovaries	3.9E-10	3.6E-10	5.2E-11	0.13	0.15
Red Marrow	7.3E-11	7.6E-11	1.0E-10	1.38	1.34
Lungs	7.2E-12	1.6E-11	1.0E-10	14.27	6.48
Skin	1.6E-11	2.0E-11	6.9E-11	4.43	3.38
Testes	3.8E-11	3.8E-11	4.0E-11	1.07	1.07
Thyroid	4.3E-09	4.3E-08	4.3E-07	100.23	10.02
Uterus	1.8E-10	1.7E-10	5.9E-11	0.33	0.35
Effective dose (Sv Bq⁻¹)	1.1E-09	3.0E-09	2.2E-08	20.09	7.36

	Particle size: 1 μm		Particle size: 10 μm
Compartment	U _s ^a	Uncertainty^b	U _s ^a	Uncertainty^b
ET₁	10⁴	25	3 x 10⁴	10
ET₂	3 x 10²	15	4 x 10²	10
ET_seq	4 x 10³	40	2 x 10⁴	20
LN_ET	4 x 10⁴	100	10⁵	50
BB₁	10³	5	10²	20
BB₂	2 x10⁴	30	NA^c	NA^c
bb₁	10³	50	10³	60
bb₂	5 x 10³	7	50	100
BB_seq	10⁴	20	NA^c	NA^c
bb_seq	10³	20	2 x 10²	100
AI + LN_TH	10⁷	10	10⁴	1000
LN_TH	10⁶	60	10⁵	100

	Transit time, h
	Pub30	HATM
		Organ or food type	Age group
Organ			Infant	1 – 15 y	Adult male	Adult female	UF^a
Mouth	NC^b		Short (<20 s)				2
Esophagus	NC^b		Short (<1min)				2
Stomach	1	Solids	–	1.25	1.25	1.75	1.5
		Liquids, caloric	1.25	0.75	0.75	0.75	1.5
		Liquids, non-caloric	0.2	0.5	0.5	0.5	1.5
Small Int.	4		4				1.5
Colon	13 (ULI)	Right Colon	8	10	12	16	1.5
	24 (LLI)	Left Colon	8	10	12	16	1.5
		Rectosigmoid	8	10	12	16	1.5

Element	This paper (chronic intakes)	Literature
Element	f₁ value	f₁ value	Uncertainty range	Data^d
Sr	0.3	0.3^a	0.1 – 0.4	H1, A1, A2
Zr	0.01	0.01	0.001 – 0.01	A1, A2
Ru	0.05	0.05	0.005 – 0.1	H1, A1
I	1	1	0.9 – 1	H1
Cs	1	1^b	0.8 – 1	H1, A1
Pu	0.0005	0.0005^c	0.0001 – 0.001	H1, A1

Radio-nuclide	Radiation Type	Exposure pathway	Population	Organ or tissue	GSD	Reference
⁹⁰Sr	β	Ingestion Inhalation Ingestion and inhalation Ingestion Ingestion Inhalation	Infant 1–11 y 11–18 y Adult All H.A.M.^a Children Healthy individual Typical adult male Typical adult male	All All All All All EDE^b EDE^b Bone surfaces Active marrow All other organs Bone surfaces Active marrow Lung Bone surfaces Active marrow	2.2 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.8 ≤1.7 1.7–2.2 2.6 2.4 ≤1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.9	Ng et al. 1990 Anspaugh et al. 2022 NCRP 1998b Apostoaei and Miller 2004 NCRP 2009
¹⁰⁶Ru	β, γ	Ingestion and inhalation Ingestion	H.A.M. Sp, gp.^c Typical adult male	EDE^b EDE^b Colon Kidney Liver Active marrow	2.2–3.2 >3.2 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.2	NCRP 1998b NCRP 2009
¹³¹I	β, γ	Ingestion Inhalation Ingestion and inhalation Ingestion Ingestion Inhalation	All All H.A.M.^a Infants Infants Other Typical adult male	Thyroid Thyroid EDE^b EDE^b Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid	1.8 1.8 ≤1.7 >3.2^d 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4	Ng et al. 1990 NCRP 1998b Apostoaei and Miller 2004 NCRP 2009
¹³⁷Cs	β, γ	Ingestion Inhalation Ingestion and inhalation Ingestion Ingestion Inhalation	Adult Other All H.A.M.^a Children Female Male Typical adult male	All All All EDE^b EDE^b All All Colon Active marrow Lung Colon Active marrow	1.3 1.4 1.8 ≤1.7 1–7–2.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.4	Ng et al. 1990 Anspaugh et al. 2022 NCRP 1998b Apostoaei and Miller 2004 NCRP 2009
¹⁴⁰Ba	β, γ	Ingestion and inhalation	H.A.M.^a Children	EDE^b EDE^b	1–7–2.2 2.2–3.2	NCRP 1998b
¹⁴⁰La	β, γ	Ingestion and inhalation	H.A.M.^a Sp, gp.^c	EDE^b EDE^b	≤1.7 1–7–2.2	NCRP 1998b
¹⁴⁴Ce	β, γ	Ingestion Inhalation Ingestion	H.A.M.^a Infants H.A.M.^a Infants Members of the public	EDE^b EDE^b EDE^b EDE^b St. wall SI wall Colon wall	2.2–3.2 >3.2 1–7–2.2 2.2-3.2 2.7 2.0 2.1	NCRP 1998b Spielmann et al., 2020
²³⁹Pu	α	Ingestion and inhalation Inhalation, ²³⁹PuO₂ Inhalation, ²³⁹PuO₂	H.A.M.^a Sp, gp.^c Adult male Typical adult male	EDE^b EDE^b Lung (1 μm) Lung (10 μm) AI (1 μm) AI (10 μm) Lung Colon Active marrow	2.2–3.2 >3.2 1.7 1.8 3.1 3.2 2.1 3.2 2.7	NCRP 1998 Farfán et al. 2003 NCRP 2009

PERMALINK

Dose Coefficients for Internal Dose Assessments for Exposure to Radioactive Fallout

Dunstana R Melo

Luiz Bertelli

Shawki A Ibrahim

Lynn R Anspaugh

André Bouville

Steven L Simon

Abstract

INTRODUCTION, SCOPE OF STUDY, AND RATIONALE

Bases for committed radiation dose coefficients and methods of derivation

Entry of radionuclides to the body

Table 1.

Table 53.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 7b.

Table 8.

Table 9.

Table 10.

Table 11.

Table 12.

Table 13.

Table 14.

Table 15.

Table 16.

Table 17.

Table 18.

Table 19.

Table 20.

Table 21.

Table 22.

Table 23.

Table 24.

Table 25.

Table 26.

Table 27.

Table 28b.

Table 29.

Table 30.

Table 31.

Table 32.

Table 33.

Table 34b.

Table 35.

Table 36.

Table 37.

Table 38.

Table 43.

Ingestion pathway

Inhalation pathway

Calculation of committed absorbed dose coefficients

Calculation of lung deposition fractions for AMAD = 20 μm

Table 6.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Table 39b.

Embryo and fetal doses from mother’s intake of radionuclides

Embryo and fetal thyroid-dose-coefficients for 131I

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Infant doses from the consumption of mother’s milk

RESULTS

Table 7a.

Table 28a.

Table 34a.

Table 39a.

Embryo and fetal thyroid dose coefficients for 132I, 133I, and 135I

Table 40.

Table 41.

Infant doses from consumption of mother’s milk

Table 42.

DISCUSSION

Table 43.

Table 44.

Praseodymium

Table 45.

Table 46.

Molybdenum

Table 47.

Embryo and fetal thyroid-dose-coefficients for ¹³¹I

Embryo and fetal thyroid dose coefficients for ¹³²I, ¹³³I, and ¹³⁵I