Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Immunology logoLink to Immunology
. 1986 Feb;57(2):171–180.

Duct-associated lymphoid tissue (DALT) of minor salivary glands and mucosal immunity.

P N Nair, H E Schroeder
PMCID: PMC1453952  PMID: 3512423

Abstract

Minor salivary glands (MSG) play a substantial role in the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)-mediated immunity of the oral cavity. There are two possibilities for the induction of this immunity: (i) an explicitly local antigenic stimulus, or (ii) a remote stimulus as part of the so-called 'common mucosal immune system'. This communication is an attempt to consolidate available evidence in support of both possibilities and to address the former in detail. Although there is strong circumstantial evidence supporting the feasibility of MSG functioning as a part of the common mucosal immune system, direct experimental evidence is yet to emerge. On the other hand, there is increasing structural and physiological evidence in support of MSG serving as a local immunological organ. The purely local response is attributed to the presence of MSG duct-associated lymphoid tissue (DALT), which is comparable to gut- or bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT or BALT) in origin, tissue organization and function. DALT is accessible to oral antigens by retrograde passage through MSG ducts. Repeated topical antigenic challenging via the oral mucosa may result in the appearance of interacinar plasma cells carrying specific homologous antibodies in MSG. Gut or enteric priming of the same antigen, by passing the oral mucosa by gastric intubation, need not evoke a remote immune response in MSG. Since DALT is more likely to occur in healthy, young growing individuals, who are less likely to undergo bioptic examination of MSG, it has not yet been documented in humans. The physiologically induced DALT is apt to be confused with focal accumulations of lymphoid tissue in pathologically altered MSG, as a consequence of local and some systemic autoimmune diseases. An attempt is made to demarcaate healthy and pathological MSG on the basis of currently available clinical, serological, immunological and genetic evidence.

Full text

PDF
171

Images in this article

173Figure 1
on p.173
174Figure 2
on p.174

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ahlstedt S., Carlsson B., Fällström S. P., Hanson L. A., Holmgren J., Lidin-Janson G., Lindblad B. S., Jodal U., Kaijser B., Solh-Akerlund A. Antibodies in human serum and milk induced by enterobacteria and food proteins. Ciba Found Symp. 1977 Apr 26;(46):115–134. doi: 10.1002/9780470720288.ch6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Akizuki M., Powers R., Holman H. R. A soluble acidic protein of the cell nucleus which reacts with serum from patients with systemic lupus erythermatosus and Sjögren's syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1977 Feb;59(2):264–272. doi: 10.1172/JCI108637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Allardyce R. A., Shearman D. J., McClelland D. B., Marwick K., Simpson A. J., Laidlaw R. B. Appearance of specific colostrum antibodies after clinical infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Br Med J. 1974 Aug 3;3(5926):307–309. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5926.307. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Alspaugh M. A., Talal N., Tan E. M. Differentiation and characterization of autoantibodies and their antigens in Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1976 Mar-Apr;19(2):216–222. doi: 10.1002/art.1780190214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderson L. G., Tarpley T. M., Talal N., Cummings N. A., Wolf R. O., Schall G. L. Cellular-versus-humoral autoimmune responses to salivary gland in Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 1973 Mar;13(3):335–342. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Arnold R. R., Mestecky J., McGhee J. R. Naturally occurring secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies to Streptococcus mutans in human colostrum and saliva. Infect Immun. 1976 Aug;14(2):355–362. doi: 10.1128/iai.14.2.355-362.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. BERTRAM U., HALBERG P. A SPECIFIC ANTIBODY AGAINST THE EPITHELIUM OF THE SALIVARY DUCTS IN SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH SJOEGREN'S SYNDROME. Acta Allergol. 1964;19:458–466. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1964.tb03284.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. BLOCH K. J., BUCHANAN W. W., WOHL M. J., BUNIM J. J. SJOEGREN'S SYNDROME. A CLINICAL, PATHOLOGICAL, AND SEROLOGICAL STUDY OF SIXTY-TWO CASES. Medicine (Baltimore) 1965 May;44:187–231. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bienenstock J., Befus A. D. Mucosal immunology. Immunology. 1980 Oct;41(2):249–270. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bienenstock J., Johnston N., Perey D. Y. Bronchial lymphoid tissue. II. Functional characterisitics. Lab Invest. 1973 Jun;28(6):693–698. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bienenstock J., McDermott M., Befus D., O'Neill M. A common mucosal immunologic system involving the bronchus, breast and bowel. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1978;107:53–59. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3369-2_7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brandtzaeg P. Immunology of inflammatory periodontal lesions. Int Dent J. 1973 Sep;23(3):438–454. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Brandtzaeg P. Mucosal and glandular distribution of immunoglobulin components: differential localization of free and bound SC in secretory epithelial cells. J Immunol. 1974 Apr;112(4):1553–1559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bratthall D., Gibbons R. J. Antigenic variation of Streptococcus mutans colonizing gnotobiotic rats. Infect Immun. 1975 Dec;12(6):1231–1236. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.6.1231-1236.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. CHAN W. C. EXPERIMENTAL SIALO-ADENITIS IN GUINEA-PIGS. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1964 Oct;88:592–595. doi: 10.1002/path.1700880227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Calman H. I., Reifman S. Sjögren's syndrome. Report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966 Feb;21(2):158–162. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(66)90236-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Challacombe S. J., Lehner T. Salivary antibody responses in rhesus monkeys immunized with Streptococcus mutans by the oral, submucosal or subcutaneous routes. Arch Oral Biol. 1979;24(12):917–925. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(79)90217-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chipperfield E. J., Evans B. A. Effect of local infection and oral contraception on immunoglobulin levels in cervical mucus. Infect Immun. 1975 Feb;11(2):215–221. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.2.215-221.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Chisholm D. M., Mason D. K. Labial salivary gland biopsy in Sjögren's disease. J Clin Pathol. 1968 Sep;21(5):656–660. doi: 10.1136/jcp.21.5.656. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Chisholm D. M., Mason D. K. Salivary gland function in Sjögren's syndrome: a review. Br Dent J. 1973 Nov 6;135(9):393–399. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4803096. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chisholm D. M., Waterhouse J. P., Mason D. K. Lymphocytic sialadenitis in the major and minor glands: a correlation in postmortem subjects. J Clin Pathol. 1970 Nov;23(8):690–694. doi: 10.1136/jcp.23.8.690. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Chomette G., Auriol M., Van Cat N., Szpirglas H., Tranbaloc P., Vaillant J. M. Biopsie des glandes salivaires labials dans le syndrome de Gougerot-Sjögren. Etude clinico-pathologique, histoenzymologique et ultrastructurale. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1981;392(3):339–354. doi: 10.1007/BF02155670. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Chused T. M., Hardin J. A., Frank M. M., Green I. Identification of cells infiltrating the minor salivary glands in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. J Immunol. 1974 Feb;112(2):641–648. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Chused T. M., Kassan S. S., Opelz G., Moutsopoulos H. M., Terasaki P. I. Sjögren's syndrome association with HLA-Dw3. N Engl J Med. 1977 Apr 21;296(16):895–897. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197704212961602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cifarelli P. S., Bennett M. J., Zaino E. C. Sjogren's syndrome. A case report with an additional diagnostic aid. Arch Intern Med. 1966 Mar;117(3):429–431. doi: 10.1001/archinte.117.3.429. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Cook P. M., Olson G. F. Ingested mineral fibers: elimination in human urine. Science. 1979 Apr 13;204(4389):195–198. doi: 10.1126/science.219478. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Crawford J. M., Taubman M. A., Smith D. J. Minor salivary glands as a major source of secretory immunoglobin A in the human oral cavity. Science. 1975 Dec 19;190(4220):1206–1209. doi: 10.1126/science.1198107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Daniels T. E. Labial salivary gland biopsy in Sjögren's syndrome. Assessment as a diagnostic criterion in 362 suspected cases. Arthritis Rheum. 1984 Feb;27(2):147–156. doi: 10.1002/art.1780270205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Elzay R. P., Frable W. J. "Accessory oral tonsils"--a cytologic dilemma. Acta Cytol. 1974 Mar-Apr;18(2):125–129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Emmings F. G., Evans R. T., Genco R. J. Antibody response in the parotid fluid and serum of Irus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after local immunization with Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun. 1975 Aug;12(2):281–292. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.2.281-292.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Feltkamp T. E., van Rossum A. L. Antibodies to salivary duct cells, and other autoantibodies, in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and other idiopathic autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 1968 Jan;3(1):1–16. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Fossum S., Smith M. E., Bell E. B., Ford W. L. The architecture of rat lymph nodes. III. The lymph nodes and lymph-borne cells of the congenitally athymic nude rat (rnu). Scand J Immunol. 1980;12(5):421–432. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00086.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Fossum S. The architecture of rat lymph nodes. II. Lymph node compartments. Scand J Immunol. 1980;12(5):411–420. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00085.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Friedman H., Kilmar V., Galletta V. P., Cossermelli W. Lip biopsy in connective tissue diseases. A review and study of seventy cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1979 Mar;47(3):256–262. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(79)90150-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Frost P., Lance E. M. The cellular origin of the lymphochte trap. Immunology. 1974 Jan;26(1):175–186. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Fye K. H., Terasaki P. I., Moutsopoulos H., Daniels T. E., Michalski J. P., Talal N. Association of Sjögren's syndrome with HLA-B8. Arthritis Rheum. 1976 Sep-Oct;19(5):883–886. doi: 10.1002/art.1780190508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. GORLIN R. J. Heterotopic lymphoid tissue; a diagnostic problem. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1957 Jan;10(1):87–89. doi: 10.1016/s0030-4220(57)80119-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. GOWANS J. L., KNIGHT E. J. THE ROUTE OF RE-CIRCULATION OF LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1964 Jan 14;159:257–282. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1964.0001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Giunta J., Cataldo E. Lymphoepithelial cysts of the oral mucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1973 Jan;35(1):77–84. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(73)90096-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Goldblum R. M., Ahlstedt S., Carlsson B., Hanson L. A., Jodal U., Lidin-Janson G., Sohl-Akerlund A. Antibody-forming cells in human colostrum after oral immunisation. Nature. 1975 Oct 30;257(5529):797–798. doi: 10.1038/257797a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Gratwohl A. A., Gratwhol A. A., Moutsopoulos H. M., Chused T. M., Akizuki M., Wolf R. O., Sweet J. B., Deisseroth A. B. Sjögren-type syndrome after allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med. 1977 Dec;87(6):703–706. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-87-6-703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Greenspan J. S., Daniels T. E., Talal N., Sylvester R. A. The histopathology of Sjögren's syndrome in labial salivary gland biopsies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974 Feb;37(2):217–229. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(74)90417-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Griscelli C., Vassalli P., McCluskey R. T. The distribution of large dividing lymph node cells in syngeneic recipient rats after intravenous injection. J Exp Med. 1969 Dec 1;130(6):1427–1451. doi: 10.1084/jem.130.6.1427. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Hall J. G., Smith M. E. Homing of lymph-borne immunoblasts to the gut. Nature. 1970 Apr 18;226(5242):262–263. doi: 10.1038/226262a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Howie J. B., Helyer B. J. The immunology and pathology of NZB mice. Adv Immunol. 1968;9:215–266. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60444-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Jackson D. E., Lally E. T., Nakamura M. C., Montgomery P. C. Migration of IgA-bearing lymphocytes into salivary glands. Cell Immunol. 1981 Sep 1;63(1):203–209. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(81)90042-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. KRAUS F. W., KONNO J. Antibodies in saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1963 Mar 30;106:311–329. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. KRAUS F. W., KONNO J. THE SALIVARY SECRETION OF ANTIBODY. Ala J Med Sci. 1965 Jan;2:15–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Kassan S. S., Akizuki M., Steinberg A. D., Reddick R. L., Chused T. M. Antibody to a soluble acidic nuclear antigen in Sjögren's syndrome. Am J Med. 1977 Sep;63(3):328–335. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(77)90269-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Klaus G. G., Humphrey J. H., Kunkl A., Dongworth D. W. The follicular dendritic cell: its role in antigen presentation in the generation of immunological memory. Immunol Rev. 1980;53:3–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1980.tb01038.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Klein P. B., Weilemann W. A., Schroeder H. E. Structure of the soft palate and composition of the oral mucous membrane in monkeys. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1979 Jun 5;156(2):197–215. doi: 10.1007/BF00300015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Knapp M. J. Oral tonsils: location, distribution, and histology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970 Jan;29(1):155–161. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(70)90422-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Krasse B., Gahnberg L., Bratthall D. Antibodies reacting with Streptococcus mutans in secretions from minor salivary glands in humans. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1978;107:349–354. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3369-2_40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Lamey P. J., Macfarlane T. W., Patton D. W., Samaranayake L. P., Ferguson M. M. Bacteraemia consequential to sialography. Br Dent J. 1985 Mar 23;158(6):218–220. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4805574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Lemaitre-Coelho I., Jackson G. D., Vaerman J. P. Relevance of biliary IgA antibodies in rat intestinal immunity. Scand J Immunol. 1978;8(5):459–463. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1978.tb00542.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. MARCHESI V. T., GOWANS J. L. THE MIGRATION OF LYMPHOCYTES THROUGH THE ENDOTHELIUM OF VENULES IN LYMPH NODES: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1964 Jan 14;159:283–290. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1964.0002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. MORGAN W. S., CASTLEMAN B. A clinicopathologic study of Mikulicz's disease. Am J Pathol. 1953 May-Jun;29(3):471–503. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. MacSween R. N., Goudie R. B., Anderson J. R., Armstrong E., Murray M. A., Mason D. K., Jasani M. K., Boyle J. A., Buchanan W. W., Williamson J. Occurrence of antibody to salivary duct epithelium in Sjogren's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and other arthritides. A clinical and laboratory study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1967 Sep;26(5):402–411. doi: 10.1136/ard.26.5.402. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Mandel T. E., Phipps R. P., Abbot A., Tew J. G. The follicular dendritic cell: long term antigen retention during immunity. Immunol Rev. 1980;53:29–59. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1980.tb01039.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. McDermott M. R., Clark D. A., Bienenstock J. Evidence for a common mucosal immunologic system. II. Influence of the estrous cycle on B immunoblast migration into genital and intestinal tissues. J Immunol. 1980 Jun;124(6):2536–2539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Mestecky J., McGhee J. R., Michalek S. M., Arnold R. R., Crago S. S., Babb J. L. Concept of the local and common mucosal immune response. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1978;107:185–192. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3369-2_22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Michalek S. M., Morisaki I., Harmon C. C., Hamada S., McGhee J. R. Effective immunity to dental caries: gastric intubation of Streptococcus mutans whole cells or cell walls induces protective immunity in gnotobiotic rats. Infect Immun. 1983 Feb;39(2):645–654. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.2.645-654.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Montgomery P. C., Connelly K. M., Cohn J., Skandera C. A. Remote-site stimulation of secretory IgA antibodies following bronchial and gastric stimulation. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1978;107:113–122. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3369-2_14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Montgomery P. C., Rosner B. R., Cohn J. The secretory antibody response. Anti-DNP antibodies induced by dinitrophenylated type 3 pneumococcus. Immunol Commun. 1974;3(2):143–156. doi: 10.3109/08820137409055752. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Moore A. R., Hall J. G. Evidence for a primary association between immunoblasts and small gut. Nature. 1972 Sep 15;239(5368):161–162. doi: 10.1038/239161a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Moutsopoulos H. M., Chused T. M., Mann D. L., Klippel J. H., Fauci A. S., Frank M. M., Lawley T. J., Hamburger M. I. Sjögren's syndrome (Sicca syndrome): current issues. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Feb;92(2 Pt 1):212–226. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-92-2-212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Nair P. N., Rossinsky K. Organization of lymphoid tissue in the tonsilla lingualis. An ultrastructural study in Macaca fascicularis (Primates, Cercopithecoidea). Cell Tissue Res. 1985;240(1):233–242. doi: 10.1007/BF00217579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Nair P. N., Schroeder H. E. Architecture of associations of minor salivary gland ducts and lymphoid follicles in Macaca fascicularis. An ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res. 1985;240(1):223–232. doi: 10.1007/BF00217578. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Nair P. N., Schroeder H. E. Local immune response to repeated topical antigen application in the simian labial mucosa. Infect Immun. 1983 Jul;41(1):399–409. doi: 10.1128/iai.41.1.399-409.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Nair P. N., Schroeder H. E. Retrograde access of antigens to the minor salivary glands in the monkey Macaca fascicularis. Arch Oral Biol. 1983;28(2):145–152. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(83)90121-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Nieuwenhuis P., Opstelten D. Functional anatomy of germinal centers. Am J Anat. 1984 Jul;170(3):421–435. doi: 10.1002/aja.1001700315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Ogra P. L., Karzon D. T. The role of immunoglulins in the mechanism of mucosal immunity to virus infection. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1970 May;17(2):385–400. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)32417-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Ogra P. L., Ogra S. S. Local antibody response to poliovaccine in the human female genital tract. J Immunol. 1973 May;110(5):1307–1311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Orlans E., Peppard J., Reynolds J., Hall J. Rapid active transport of immunoglobulin A from blood to bile. J Exp Med. 1978 Feb 1;147(2):588–592. doi: 10.1084/jem.147.2.588. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Perkins J. C., Tucker D. N., Knopf H. L., Wenzel R. P., Kapikian A. Z., Chanock R. M. Comparison of protective effect of neutralizing antibody in serum and nasal secretions in experimental rhinovirus type 13 illness. Am J Epidemiol. 1969 Dec;90(6):519–526. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Rudzik R., Clancy R. L., Perey D. Y., Day R. P., Bienenstock J. Repopulation with IgA-containing cells of bronchial and intestinal lamina propria after transfer of homologous Peyer's patch and bronchial lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1975 May;114(5):1599–1604. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Schall G. L., Anderson L. G., Wolf R. O., Herdt J. R., Tarpley T. M., Jr, Cummings N. A., Zeiger L. S., Talal N. Xerostomia in Sjögren's syndrome. Evaluation by sequential salivary scintigraphy. JAMA. 1971 Jun 28;216(13):2109–2116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Schroeder H. E., Dörig-Schwarzenbach A. Age-related decline of lymphoid-tissue components in the oral mucosa of the lip, cheek and soft palate of Macaca fascicularis. Cell Tissue Res. 1984;235(1):195–199. doi: 10.1007/BF00213740. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Schroeder H. E., Dörig-Schwarzenbach A. Structure and composition of the oral mucous membrane on the lips and cheeks of the monkey, Macaca fascicularis. Cell Tissue Res. 1982;224(1):89–104. doi: 10.1007/BF00217269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Schroeder H. E., Moreillon M. C., Nair P. N. Architecture of minor salivary gland duct/lymphoid follicle associations and possible antigen-recognition sites in the monkey Macaca fascicularis. Arch Oral Biol. 1983;28(2):133–143. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(83)90120-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Scott J. Qualitative and quantitative observations on the histology of human labial salivary glands obtained post mortem. J Biol Buccale. 1980 Sep;8(3):187–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Stephen K. W., Chisholm D. M., Harden R. M., Robertson J. W., Whaley K., Stuart A. Diagnostic value of quantitative scintiscanning of the salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Sci. 1971 Dec;41(6):555–561. doi: 10.1042/cs0410555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. TOMASI T. B., Jr, TAN E. M., SOLOMON A., PRENDERGAST R. A. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IMMUNE SYSTEM COMMON TO CERTAIN EXTERNAL SECRETIONS. J Exp Med. 1965 Jan 1;121:101–124. doi: 10.1084/jem.121.1.101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Takeda Y. Histopathological studies of the labial salivary glands in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Part I: light microscopic study. Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ. 1980 Mar;27(1):9–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. VANSELOW N. A., DODSON V. N., ANGELL D. C., DUFF I. F. A clinical study of Sjogren's syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1963 Jan;58:124–135. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-58-1-124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Volkheimer G., Schulz F. H. The phenomenon of persorption. Digestion. 1968;1(4):213–218. doi: 10.1159/000196856. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. WATERHOUSE J. P. FOCAL ADENITIS IN SALIVARY AND LACRIMAL GLANDS. Proc R Soc Med. 1963 Oct;56:911–918. doi: 10.1177/003591576305601031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Walker W. A., Cornell R., Davenport L. M., Isselbacher K. J. Macromolecular absorption. Mechanism of horseradish peroxidase uptake and transport in adult and neonatal rat intestine. J Cell Biol. 1972 Aug;54(2):195–205. doi: 10.1083/jcb.54.2.195. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Waterhouse J. P., Doniach I. Post-mortem prevalence of focal lymphocytic adenitis of the submandibular salivary gland. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1966 Jan;91(1):53–64. doi: 10.1002/path.1700910107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Weisz-Carrington P., Roux M. E., McWilliams M., PHILLIPS-Quagliata J. M., Lamm M. E. Organ and isotype distribution of plasma cells producing specific antibody after oral immunization: evidence for a generalized secretory immune system. J Immunol. 1979 Oct;123(4):1705–1708. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. van der Valk P., van der Loo E. M., Jansen J., Daha M. R., Meijer C. J. Analysis of lymphoid and dendritic cells in human lymph node, tonsil and spleen. A study using monoclonal and heterologous antibodies. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1984;45(2):169–185. doi: 10.1007/BF02889863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Immunology are provided here courtesy of British Society for Immunology

RESOURCES