Edible native plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province

Abstract

Background

Currently, at the global level, human food is mainly based on a few crops extensively cultivated as monocultures. Climate change, changes in land to agriculture and cattle raising, as well as the scarcity of water all affect and reduce the possibility of cultivating alternative crops. One way to face this global problem is to promote the knowledge, production and consumption of native food species on a regional scale.

For this study, two databases were constructed for the Gulf of Mexico Province: 1) edible plant species with their corresponding common name, category of use, plant organ(s) utilised as food and type of management; 2) distribution records of these edible species. These species, in addition to being part of the biological diversity of Mexico are of high nutritional, cultural and gastronomical value and have been present in the diet of the inhabitants and ethnic groups in the region since pre-Hispanic times.

New information

This study presents the native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province, an area inhabited by 15 ethnic groups. The main novelty of this contribution is the edible plant species database, which includes the records of 482 species that belong to 101 families and 268 genera. We also present information rarely reported in an ethnobotanical inventory: 1) category of food use, 2) category of plant organ used, 3) common name, 4) type of management and 5) the georeferenced distribution of species occurrence in the Gulf of Mexico Province.

Introduction

It is estimated that, of the 374,000 plant species recorded in the planet (Christenhusz and Byng 2016), 30,000 are edible (Garn and Leonard 1989, Corlett 2016). Of these edible plants, only 7,000 have been either cultivated or collected in their original habitats (Collins and Hawtin 1999, Chivenge et al. 2015). Surprisingly, over 60% of man's diet is based mainly on 20 species which meet 90% of the world's food requirements (Bacchetta et al. 2016). There is much interesting documentation of under-utilised edible plants in several regions around the world to promote their cultivation and collection and, more importantly, to emphasise their importance in food security and nutrition (Kang et al. 2013, Sánchez-Mata and Tardío 2016, Bhatia et al. 2018, CEPAL 2018, Ozturk et al. 2018, FAO 2019, Dop et al. 2020, Jacob et al. 2020, Ulian et al. 2020).

Over 15% of the plants consumed as food in the world originated in Mexico (Saruhkán et al. 2009), where of the 7,461 vascular plant species recorded as useful, 2,168 are edible (Mapes and Basurto 2016). The vast majority of these edible plants are wild species, which, in addition to being part of the biological diversity, are also a fundamental part of the culture and history of each of the country’s regions. The richness of wild edible plants is reflected in the great and diverse traditional Mexican cuisine, which UNESCO has listed as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (Silva et al. 2016, Iturriaga 2018).

The biocultural diversity that characterises Mexico is clearly represented across the territory, particularly in the biogeographical province of the Gulf of Mexico where the diverse communities of 15 ethnic groups (Ayapanecos, Chinantecos, Choles, Chontales, Huastecos, Mazatecos, Nahuas, Olutecos, Otomies, Sayultecos, Tepehuas, Tzeltales, Texistepequeños, Totonacas and Zoques) inhabit in an area of 17,350 km², from the State of Tamaulipas in the north to the States of Veracruz and Tabasco in the south (Atlas de los Pueblos Indigenas de México 2020). This Province is characterised by coastal regions on the Gulf of Mexico, diverse ecosystems and elevations that rise from the coastal plains to tall mountains. The native people of this Province have inherited and maintained the use and knowledge of wild edible plants to this day (Hernández et al. 1991, Del Angel-Pérez and Mendoza 2004, Ruíz-Carrera et al. 2004, Lascurain et al. 2010, Sánchez-Trinidad 2017, Centurión-Hidalgo et al. 2019).

Many studies on the native edible plants of Mexico have focused on the Maya of the Yucatan Peninsula (Fedick et al. 2008, Cáceres and Cruz 2019), the Nahua from Central Mexico (Casas et al. 1996, Gutiérrez-­Santillán et al. 2019) and the ethnic groups of desert regions, such as the Tepehuanos and the Yaquis (Narváez-Elizondo et al. 2020, Ramírez García et al. 2020). The focus of this paper is to record the native edible plants used in food preparation and to wrap food in the Province of the Gulf of Mexico, for which studies are scarce. Two databases were compiled based on fieldwork, data from the main herbaria of the region and from the ethnobotanical literature. A checklist of edible species, their location in this Province, based on a georeferenced database, their common names, the type of use and the plant parts utilised are also included.

General description

Purpose

This contribution provides information on the native plants that are used in food preparation in the Gulf of Mexico Province. These species, in addition to representing a biological resource, are of great historical and cultural value in the gastronomy of 15 ethnic groups and the rural and urban inhabitants of the Gulf of Mexico region. The data are expected to increase awareness about the immense potential that wild edible plants offer as a food resource and to promote the conservation of the species that grow in areas under strong anthropogenic pressure.

Project description

Study area description

According to biogeographic studies, the Province of the Gulf of Mexico, located in the Neotropical Region, extends as a continuous strip along the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico, covering the States of Veracruz and Tabasco and the southern part of the State of Tamaulipas that borders the Tropic of Cancer (Morrone 2005, Morrone 2010). Small areas of the States San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas and Campeche, as well as northern Belize and Guatemala, are also part of the Gulf of Mexico Province (Morrone 2005). As most of the territory of this Province lies in Tamaulipas, Veracruz and Tabasco, our study focuses on this area. The climate in the Gulf of Mexico Province is variable and ranges from tropical warm (in the lowlands and coastal areas) and temperate (in the central lands), to cold (in the highlands and mountainous areas), with an average annual temperature of 25ºC and an average annual rainfall of 1,500 mm (Soto et al. 2001, Soto-Esparza and Giddings-Berger 2011). The coastal strip of the Gulf of Mexico Province increases in orographic complexity towards the interior of the continent, with its highest elevations reaching around 2,000 m in the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in Tamaulipas (Steinberg et al. 2014) and 3,500 m a.s.l. in Veracruz, close to the Cofre de Perote and Pico de Orizaba volcanoes, which have elevations of 4,282 and 5,747 m a.s.l., respectively (Jáuregui and Soto 1975). The elevation gradient of the Gulf of Mexico Province has allowed six types of vegetation to establish: coniferous forest, xerophilic scrub, cloud forest, deciduous tropical forest, evergreen tropical forest and aquatic and underwater vegetation (Challenger and Soberón 2008). The Gulf of Mexico Province is one of the regions with the greatest diversity of vascular plants with 5000 species in Veracruz (Victoria Sosa, com. pers), 4667 species in Tamaulipas (Arturo Mora-Olivo, com. pers) and 3500 in Tabasco (Carlos M. Burelo, com. pers). This region is considered one of the best areas for agricultural activities (Córdoba y Ordóñez 2004). The intensive cultivation of corn, sorghum, cotton, rice, sugar cane, coffee, banana, citrus fruits, pineapples and livestock are the main economic activities of the region (Travieso-Bello et al. 2006). However, the high impact of land use change has drastically altered and reduced ecosystems to mostly degraded environments and secondary forests (Mendoza-González et al. 2012, Steinberg et al. 2014).

Sampling methods

Sampling description

Data were obtained from fieldwork carried out for a project on the edible plants of the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanical Garden, by consulting the specimen database of the XAL Herbarium of the Instituto de Ecología A.C. and the biodiversity database of the National Biodiversity Commission (CONABIO), as well as an exhaustive literature search of ethnobotanical, agronomic, ethnographical and floristic studies. With these data, we compiled a checklist of the food plant species for the three States within the Gulf of Mexico Province: Tabasco, Tamaulipas and Veracruz. In the supplementary files (Suppl. material 3), the 125 bibliographical sources consulted here, published from 1979 to 2020, are included.

For this study, we only recorded species native to the Gulf of Mexico Province; introduced plants were not considered. Based on Roullier et al. (2013) who indicated the evolution of populations of Ipomoeabatatas, we decided to include this species. The majority of the plant species utilised for food are native and often collected in the wild, while some other species, such as those of the central region of the Gulf of Mexico, in Veracruz, are locally cultivated on a small scale or in home gardens to facilitate their accessibility to rural families and ethnic groups (Chablé-Pascual et al. 2015, Cruz and López 2018, Rooduijn et al. 2018, López-Santiago et al. 2019, Aguilar Vásquez et al. 2019, Avilez-López et al. 2020).

Category of use and plant organ utilised as food. Several categories have been proposed to identify the use of plants and represent artificial divisions originating from an ethnocentric perspective. Here, the following are used: edible, spicy, medicinal, utilised in religious ceremonies and ornamental (Bye and Linares 1983). In this study, plants used as food are divided into four categories:

1. species eaten raw or after some preparation process, such as cooking, food colourants, drinks, etc.,

2. species added to food as seasoning due to their pleasant taste or aromatic qualities or flavouring properties,

3. species used as packaging to wrap or contain food (solid and/or liquid) for cooking, transportation and/or tasting and

4. a multipurpose category assigned to species reported in more than one category (edible, seasoning and packaging).

For instance, Piperauritum, which is known as “acuyo” or “hoja santa”, is considered a multipurpose species because the leaves are utilised as flavouring in soups and for wrapping up certain meals. Zeamays, “maíz,” is another example of a multipurpose species; its fruits and seeds are eaten and its leaves are dried and used to transport food and keep it fresh and its dried leaves are also used to wrap the dough for “tamales”.

Nine edible plant organs were identified: 1) roots or bulbs, 2) stem, 3) bark, 4) wood or trunk, 5) leaves, 6) flowers, 7) fruits, 8) seeds, 9) resin/latex and 10) multipurpose, a category assigned to species for which more than one organ is utilised as food. For instance, in Sechiumedule, different organs are eaten and prepared in different ways. Its growing tendrils are called “guías de chayote” and cooked in sauces, its rhizome is known as “chayotextle” and mainly eaten fried and the fruits are known as “chayote” or “christophine” and eaten as cooked vegetables. For certain beans (Phaseoluscoccineus, P.vulgaris) and squashes or gourds (Cucurbitaargyrosperma, Cucurbitapepo), the fruits, seeds and flowers are cooked and eaten.

Type of management. The categories proposed by Bye (1993) and Caballero et al. (1998) were followed:

1. gathered directly from their ecosystems,

2. incipient management in which plants are tolerated or even promoted and

3. cultivated locally in orchards or home gardens.

Geographic coverage

Description

The Province of the Gulf of Mexico is located in the Neotropical Region, it extends from sea level to 3,500 m above sea level and is a continuous strip along the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico from the States of Tabasco and Veracruz in the south to the southern portion of the State of Tamaulipas in the north of Mexico (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Map showing the location of the Gulf of Mexico Province and the distribution of the occurrence records of edible native species of the four most diverse families. The map is based on herbarium and GBIF data. A Leguminosae; B Solanaceae; C Cactaceae; D Asparagaceae.

Coordinates

17.143085 and 27.682536 Latitude; -100.142119 and -17.256033 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

Description

The classification of families and orders follows APG IV (2016). The species names were reviewed, based on the World Flora Online (Borsch et al. 2020) and for those species that are not on this list, the name is cited as given in the corresponding reference or herbarium specimen. All the specimens collected in the field were identified to the species level and their vouchers deposited in the XAL Herbarium, curated by the Instituto de Ecología, A.C. in Xalapa, Mexico. The geographic coordinates of native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province (Suppl. material 2) were obtained from GBIF.org (2021) using the gbif function in the dismo package for R (Hijmans et al. 2017, R Core Team 2020). We acknowledge there is some variation regarding coordinate precision, even though the records downloaded from GBIF were either original or interpreted, we only considered the records taken from herbarium specimens. Many herbarium specimens were collected in the past centuries; therefore, they did not include coordinate systems. However, these historical records that did not include precise georeferences were considered when they were added precisely, because they indicated the precise locality.

Usage licence

Usage licence

Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)

Data resources

Data package title

Data package of Edible native plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province.

Number of data sets

2

Data set 1.

Data set name

Categories of use, plant organ utilised and management of native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexico.

Description

Database with information about categories of use, plant organ utilised and categories of management of native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province. Available as Suppl. material 1.

Data set 1.

Column label	Column description
Family	Scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified.
Species	Full scientific name of the taxon.
Category of use (Edibles)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Category of use (Seasonings)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Category of use (Packaging)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Category of use (Multipurpose by category of use)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Root or bulb)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Stem)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Bark)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Wood or trunk)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Leaf)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Flower)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Fruits)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Seed)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Resin or latex)	use = 1, not used = 0.
Plant organ utilised (Multipurpose by plant organ used)	use = 1, not used = 0.
No data of plant organ used	Out data = 1, with data = 0.
Management	category or categories of management.

Data set 2.

Data set name

Geographical coordinates of edible native plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province

Description

Geographical coordinates of edible native plants distributed in the Gulf of Mexico Province. Available as Suppl. material 2.

Data set 2.

Column label	Column description
Family	The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified.
Genus	The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified.
Species	The scientific name of the specie.
Decimal Lat	Geographical coordinates in decimal (latitude).
Decimal Lon	Geographical coordinates in decimal (longitude).
gbifID	Reference number of gbif database.

Additional information

Results

Edible species by group. We recorded a total of 482 of plants species used as food in the Gulf of Mexico Province and belonging to 101 families and 268 genera (Table 1). The families with the highest number of native edible species were Leguminosae (48 species), Solanaceae (28 species), Cactaceae (25 species), Asparagaceae (23 species), Arecaceae (16 species), Araceae (14 species), Malvaceae (13 species), Euphorbiaceae (12 species) and Annonaceae, Myrtaceae, Rosaceae and Sapotaceae (10 species) (Fig. 2a). These 12 families comprise 219 species, representing 45% of the native edible plants recorded for the Gulf of Mexico Province. The other 55% are distributed unevenly amongst the remaining 88 families. The most important genera were Agave (13 species), Physalis (12 species), Inga (10 species), Annona (8 species), Chamaedorea and Solanum (7 species), Acaciella, Diospyros, Peperomia, Rubus and Smilax (6 species) (Fig. 2b). These 11 genera include 87 species, representing 18% of the native edible plants recorded for the Gulf of Mexico. The other 82% are distributed unevenly amongst the remaining 257 genera.

Table 1.

Table 1. Alphabetic arrangement by family and species and common names of native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province. The families correspond to those proposed by APG IV (2016).

Famillia	Scientific name	Common name
Acanthaceae	Justiciaspicigera Schltdl.	añil de piedra, flor de azulillo, hierba púrpura, hierba tinta, muicle, sangre de cristo
Actinidaceae	Saurauiacana B.T.Keller & Breedlove	ixtlahuatl, moco blanco, moquillo, pipicho
Adoxaceae	Sambucuscanadensis L.	sauco, saúco, sauco colorado, sauco extranjero, sauco rojo, xómetl
Amaranthaceae	Amaranthuscruentus L.	quelite blanco, tsaw juki (Totonaco)
Amaranthaceae	Amaranthushybridus L.	quelite, quelite morado, quintonil
Amaranthaceae	Amaranthushypochondriacus L.	quelite quintonil, tsaw (Totonaco)
Amaranthaceae	Amaranthuspalmeri S.Watson	quelite blanco, quintonil
Amaranthaceae	Atriplexcanescens (Pursh) Nutt	quelite blanco, quintonil
Amaranthaceae	Chenopodiumincisum Poir.	epazote morado
Amaranthaceae	Chenopodiumberlandieri Moq.	huazontle
Amaranthaceae	Dysphaniaambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants	epazote, Ihkgna (Totonaco)
Amarylidaceae	Alliumglandulosum Link & Otto.	cebolla de monte, cebolleja
Amarylidaceae	Alliumlongifolium (Kunth) Spreng.	cebollín, cebollina blanca, chunacate
Anacardiaceae	Pistaciamexicana Kunth	lentisco
Anacardiaceae	Rhusaromatica Aiton	agrito
Anacardiaceae	Rhusmicrophylla Engelm.	agrito, correosa
Anacardiaceae	Rhuspachyrrhachis Hemsl.	agrito
Anacardiaceae	Rhusvirens Lindh. ex A.Gray	lantrisco
Anacardiaceae	Spondiasmombin L.	ciruela, jamsinpichcuy (Núntaha’yi), jobo, xípa (Totonaco)
Anacardiaceae	Spondiaspurpurea L.	ciruela criolla, ciruela roja, ciruelo, skgatán, tuxpana
Anacardiaceae	Tapiriramexicana Marchand	bienvenido, cacao, caobilla, jobo, nompi
Annonaceae	Annonaglabra L.	anona, anona blanca, anona de corcho
Annonaceae	Annonaglobiflora Schltdl.	anona del monte, chirimolla, chirimoyito, anonasilvestre, ashiwitmusni (Totonaco), guanabanilla
Annonaceae	Annonamuricata L.	guanábana, guanábano
Annonaceae	Annonapurpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal	cabeza de negro, ilama, ilana, chincua, chincuya, soncuaya, zapote ilama
Annonaceae	Annonareticulata L.	akxitkiwi (Totonaco), anona, anona colorada, anona morada, anona roja, anonillo, anono, chirimoya, corazón de buey, ilama, morada, yati (Núntaha’yi)
Annonaceae	Annonarensoniana Standl.	ND
Annonaceae	Annonascleroderma Saff.	chirimuya
Annonaceae	Annonasquamosa L.	anona blanca, surumuya
Annonaceae	Mosannonadepressa (Baill.) Chatrou	nazareno prieto
Annonaceae	Rolliniamucosa (Jacq.) Baill.	chirimoya, akxitkiwi (Totonaco), chirimoyo, anona, anona montaña
Apiaceae	Daucusmontanus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Spreng.	culantrillo
Apiaceae	Eryngiumfoetidum L.	cilantro cimarrón, cilantro de espina, cilantroespinudo, extranjero, huitzcolanto, perejil, perejil criollo, strankgeyu (Totonaco)
Apocynaceae	Gonolobusbarbatus Kunth	tlayote
Apocynaceae	Gonolobusniger (Cav.) R.Br. ex Schult.	cahuayote, chompipe, chupipe, chupipi, papullo, talayote, uyk
Apocynaceae	Marsdeniacoulteri Hemsl.	talayote
Apocynaceae	Marsdeniamacrophylla (Humb. & Bonpl.) Fourn.	talayote
Apocynaceae	Plumeriarubra L.	cacalosúchil, cacalote, cacaloxochitl, floramarilla, flor de corpus, flor de cuervo, flor de mayo, flor de la Santa Cruz, flor de templo, gagaloxuchit, jacalos chil, kakaloxochitl, pu’uchmooya, súchel, súchil, xanath spiritu
Apocynaceae	Tabernaemontanaalba Mill.	cojón de gato
Apocynaceae	Tabernaemontanalitoralis Kunth	ND
Apocynaceae	Vallesiaglabra (Cav.) Link	mahuira
Araceae	Anthuriumschlechtendalii Kunth	panizbatl, tisbatl
Araceae	Anthuriumscandens (Aubl.) Engl.	ND
Araceae	Monsteradeliciosa Liebm.	piñanona
Araceae	Monsteratuberculatavar.tuberculata Lundell	ND
Araceae	Philodendronradiatumvar.radiatum Schott	ND
Araceae	Philodendronsagittifolium Liebm.	ND
Araceae	Philodendrontripartitum (Jacq.) Schott	ND
Araceae	Pistiastratiotes L.	ND
Araceae	Spathiphyllumfriedrichsthalii Schott	flor chile de gato, flor de gato, flor de San Lorenzo, oloxochitl, súchil, tolancaxochitl
Araceae	Spathiphyllumphryniifolium Schott	flor de chile, flor de chilillo, cuchijec
Araceae	Syngoniumangustatum Schott, Oesterr.	ND
Araceae	Syngoniumneglectum Schott	ND
Araceae	Syngoniumpodophyllum Schott	ND
Araceae	Xanthosomarobustum Schott	lokg, malvarón, oreja de elefante, rejalgar
Araliaceae	Dendropanaxarboreus (L.) Decne & Planch.	palo de agua, palo santo
Araliaceae	Hydrocotyleumbellata L.	pesetilla
Araliaceae	Oreopanaxcapitatus (Jacq.) Decne & Planch.	caballero, cabellera de palo, coamatl, choco, tablilla
Araliaceae	Oreopanaxechinops (Schldtl. & Cham.) Decne. & Planch.	caballero, cinco hojas, macuilillo, pata de gallo, siete hojas
Araliaceae	Oreopanaxflaccidus Marchal	choco, hoja de queso
Arecaceae	Acrocomiaaculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.	cocoyol, coyol, coyol redondo, guacoyul
Arecaceae	Astrocaryummexicanum Liebm. ex Mart.	chapay, chapaya, chichón, chipi, chocho, chocón, flor de chocho
Arecaceae	Attalearostrata Oerst.	corozo, coyol real, coyolito real, palma real
Arecaceae	Bactrismajor Jacq.	coyolillo, guiscoyol, jahuacté, jahuactillo
Arecaceae	Bactrismexicana Mart.	chiquiyul, jahuacté
Arecaceae	Braheadulcis (Kunth) Mart.	palma de abanico, palma de sombrero, palmilla, palmito
Arecaceae	Chamaedoreaalternans H.Wendl.	guaya de cerro, pampi, tepejilote
Arecaceae	Chamaedoreacataractarum Mart.	guaya de río, guayita de río
Arecaceae	Chamaedoreaelegans Mart.	jilote de cerro, tepejilote, tepexilotl
Arecaceae	Chamaedoreaoblongata Mart.	litámpa (Totonaco), tepejilote
Arecaceae	Chamaedoreapinnatifrons (Jacq.) Oerst.	guaya de cerro, pacaya
Arecaceae	Chamaedoreaseifrizii Burret	palmita bambu
Arecaceae	Chamaedoreatepejilote Liebm.	chive, jilote de cerro, joma, guaya, tepejilote, tepexilotl
Arecaceae	Cryosophilastauracantha (Heynh.) R.Evans	guano coba
Arecaceae	Reinhardtiagracilisvar.gracilior (Burret) H.E.Moore	coquillo
Arecaceae	Sabalmexicana Mart.	aptas, guano, palma, palma apachite, palmareal, palma redonda, palmito
Asparagaceae	Agaveamericana L.	maguey, maguey cenizo
Asparagaceae	Agavefourcroydes Lem.	ND
Asparagaceae	Agavegentryi B.Ullrich	agave, bayusa, cacaya, flor dejiote, flor de gigante, flor de henequén, flor de maguey, flor de mezcal, flor de pitol, flor de sotol, golumbos, gualumbos, hualumbos, huexote, kakaya, machete, maguey, quiote
Asparagaceae	Agavelechuguilla Torr.	maguey verde
Asparagaceae	Agaveatrovirens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck	lechuguilla
Asparagaceae	Agavemapisaga Trel.	maguey manso
Asparagaceae	Agavemitis Mart.	ND
Asparagaceae	Agavemontana Villarreal	maguey chino
Asparagaceae	Agavemontium-sancticaroli García-Mend.	jarcia
Asparagaceae	Agavesalmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck	maguey manso
Asparagaceae	Agavestriata Zucc.	espadín
Asparagaceae	Agaveweberi Cels ex Poisson	maguey verde
Asparagaceae	Beschorneriaseptentrionalis García-Mend.	ND
Asparagaceae	Beschorneriayuccoidessubsp.dekosteriana (K.Koch) García-Mend.	gasparito
Asparagaceae	Dasylirionlongissimum Lem.	aracuete, padillo, vara
Asparagaceae	Dasyliriontexanum Scheele	sotol, sotol chino
Asparagaceae	Manfredascabra (Ortega) McVaugh	maguey, maguey cenizo
Asparagaceae	Millabiflora Cav.	azúcar de campo, azucena del campo, azucena, silvestre, estrella, flor de mayo, flor de San Juan, flor de San Nicolas, jacinto de monte
Asparagaceae	Yuccacarnerosana (Trel.) McKelvey	palma barreta, palma loca, palma samandoca
Asparagaceae	Yuccafilifera Chabaud	palma, palma barreta, palma china, palma samandoca, pita, pita amarilla
Asparagaceae	Yuccagigantea Lem.	akgalukut, cardum, chochas, chocho, flor de palma, flor de palmo, iksoxochitl, izote, izotl, izxote, kardum, palma, palmito, palmito guaya, yuca
Asparagaceae	Yuccapericulosa Baker	izote, palmito
Asparagaceae	Yuccatreculeana Carriere	palma, palma de d tiles, palma pita, pita verde
Asteraceae	Dahliaimperialis Roezl ex Ortgies	dalia
Asteraceae	Helianthusannuus L.	girasol, maíz de texas
Asteraceae	Porophyllumruderale (Jacq.) Cass.	papaloquelite, tepehua, venadilla
Asteraceae	Senecioroseus Sch.Bip.	lechuguilla
Asteraceae	Tageteserecta L.	cempasúchil, cempaxúchil, cempoal, cempoalxóchitl, flor de muerto
Asteraceae	Tageteslucida Cav.	hierbanis
Asteraceae	Tagetesmicrantha Cav.	anisillo
Asteraceae	Tamaulipaazurea (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.	limpia tuna
Asteraceae	Thymophyllapentachaeta (DC.) Small	limoncillo, parraleña
Bassellaceae	Anrederavesicaria (Lam.) C.F.Gaertn.	sacasil
Bataceae	Batismaritima L.	saladilla
Begoniaceae	Begoniagracilis Kunth	ND
Begoniaceae	Begoniaheracleifolia Schltdl. & Cham.	xocoyole, xkutn (Totonaco)
Begoniaceae	Begoniamultistaminea Burt-Utley	chucuyul, chucuyule
Begoniaceae	Begonianelumbonifolia Schltdl. & Cham.	begonia, quelite agrio, xocoyole
Berberidaceae	Berberistrifoliolata Moric.	palo amarillo
Bignoniaceae	Amphitecnatuxtlensis A.H.Gentry	ND
Bignoniaceae	Crescentiaalata Kunth	guaje, jícaro
Bignoniaceae	Crescentiacujete L.	guaje, tecomate
Bignoniaceae	Parmentieraaculeata (Kunth) Seem.	cuajilote, chote, chayote, guachilote, guajilote, pepino silvestre
Bignoniaceae	Tecomastans Kunth	San pedro
Bixaceae	Bixaorellana L.	achiote, axiote
Boraginaceae	Cordiaalliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken	aguardientillo, bajón, baria, hormiguillo,hormiguero, huitl, sochicahua, sochíchi, solecillo, solerillo, suchil, tepesuchi, xulaxuchilt
Boraginaceae	Cordiaboissieri A.DC.	nacahua
Boraginaceae	Cordiadentata Poir.	baboso, gravel, gulaber, moquillo, olavere, zazamil
Boraginaceae	Cordiadodecandra A.DC.	cópite, trompillo
Boraginaceae	Ehretiaanacua (Teran & Berl) I.M.Johns	anácua, manzanilla
Boraginaceae	Ehretiatinifolia L.	beec, capulín cimarrón, frutillo, manzana, manzanilla, manzano, nandimbo, palo verde, roble, sauco, pingüico
Boraginaceae	Tournefortiahirsutissima L.	nigua, tlachichinole
Brassicaceae	Lepidiumcostaricense Thell.	lentejilla
Brassicaceae	Lesquerellafendleri (A.Gray) S.Watson	lesquerella
Bromeliaceae	Aechmeamagdalenae (André) André ex Baker	pita
Bromeliaceae	Bromeliakaratas L.	chichipo, chiyol, guapilla, piñuela
Bromeliaceae	Bromeliapinguin L.	borregos, borreguitos, cardo, cardón, guapilla
Bromeliaceae	Catopsisnutans (Sw.) Griseb.	gallitos
Bromeliaceae	Greigiavan-hyningii L.B.Sm.	piña cimarrona, piña de monte
Bromeliaceae	Hechtiaglomerata Zucc.	guapilla china
Burseraceae	Burserasimaruba (L.) Sarg.	chaca
Burseraceae	Protiumcopal (Schltdl. & Cham.) Engl.	copalillo, shewin'shan (Totonaco)
Cactaceae	Acanthocereustetragonus (L.) Hummelinck	cruceta, jacube, jacubo
Cactaceae	Cylindropuntiaimbricata (Haw.) F.M.Knuth	cardón
Cactaceae	Echinocactusplatyacanthus Link & Otto.	biznaga burra
Cactaceae	Echinocereuscinerascensvar.tulensis (Bravo) N.P.Taylor	alicoche San Juanero, pitaya San Juanera
Cactaceae	Echinocereusenneacanthus Engelm.	alicoche, biznaga
Cactaceae	Echinocereuspentalophus (DC.) Ruempler	alicoche
Cactaceae	Echinocereusstramineus (Engelm.) F.Seitz	alicoche, alicoche verde, pitahaia deagosto, pitahaya, pitahaya de agosto, pitaya, sanjuanera
Cactaceae	Ferocactushamatacanthus (Weber) Britton & Rose	biznaga de tuna
Cactaceae	Ferocactuspilosus (Salm-Dyck) Werderman	biznaga, biznaga roja
Cactaceae	Hylocereusundatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose	pitahaya, pitajaya, pitaya, pitaya orejona
Cactaceae	Mammillariahemisphaerica Engelm.	pichilingos
Cactaceae	Mammillariaheyderi Muehlenpf.	biznaga de chilitos
Cactaceae	Marginatocereusmarginatus (DC.) Backeb.	órgano
Cactaceae	Myrtillocactusgeometrizans (Mart. ex Pfeiff.) Console	garambullo
Cactaceae	Neomammillariacandida (Scheidw.) Britton & Rose.	biznagita blanca
Cactaceae	Nopaleadejecta Salm-Dyck	nopal, nopal chamacuero
Cactaceae	Opuntiacantabrigiensis Lynch	arrastradillo
Cactaceae	Opuntiaengelmannii Salm-Dyck ex Engelm.	nopal cuijo
Cactaceae	Opuntiaficus-indica (L.) Mill.	tuna, nopal blanco
Cactaceae	Opuntialeucotricha DC.	nopal duraznillo, duraznillo
Cactaceae	Opuntiastenopetala Engelm	arrastradilla
Cactaceae	Pereskiopsisaquosa (Weber) Britton & Rose	nopal de la punzada
Cactaceae	Rhipsalisbaccifera (Miller) Stearn	ND
Cactaceae	Selenicereustestudo (Karw. ex Zucc.) Buxb.	cruzeta
Cactaceae	Stenocereusgriseus (Haw.) Buxb.	pitayo
Calophyllaceae	Mammeaamericana L.	akgchixitjak (Totonaco), mamey amarillo, mamey santo domingo, zapote cabello, zapote domingo
Campanulaceae	Lobeliaxalapensis Kunth	berro silvestre, hierba loca
Cannabaceae	Aphananthemonoica (Hemsl.) J.-F.Leroy	chilesmin, cuachichile, cuerillo, pipín, quebrache, tomatillo, varilla
Cannabaceae	Celtiscaudata Planch.	carboncillo
Cannabaceae	Celtisiguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.	cuerétaro, granjeno, tontu, uña de gato
Cannabaceae	Celtislaevigata Willd.	palo blanco
Cannabaceae	Celtispallida Torr.	granjeno
Cannabaceae	Tremamicrantha (L.) Blume	togalapoli
Cannaceae	Cannaindica L.	plantanilla
Capparidaceae	Morisoniaamericana L.	bandera, chachalaca, chilalaga, chimalaga, papatla, platanillo, papata
Caricaceae	Caricapapaya L.	papaya
Caricaceae	Jacaratiadolichaula (Donn.Sm.) Woodson	palo de agua, palo de pan, papaya cimarrona
Caricaceae	Jacaratiamexicana A.DC.	bonete, coalsuayote, cuaguayote, papaya demontaña, papaya orejona
Caricaceae	Vasconcelleacauliflora (Jacq.) A.DC.	melocotón, papayita, papaya cimarrona, papaya de monte, papaya oreja de mico
Caryophyllaceae	Drymariacordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult.	berro cimarrón, lengua de pájaro
Cecropiaceae	Cecropiaobtusifolia Bertol.	hormiguillo
Celastraceae	Hippocrateavolubilis L.	tecolote
Celastraceae	Mygindalatifolia Sw.	ND
Celastraceae	Salaciacordata (Miers) Mennega	gogo, tegualala
Celastraceae	Salaciaimpressifolia (Miers) A.C.Sm	bejuco zapote, tenguale
Celastraceae	Wimmeriaconcolor Cham. & Schltdl.	cuyuxquihui
Chrysobalanaceae	Chrysobalanusicaco L.	caimito, caco, ciruela de paloma, icaco, icaco de playa, jicaco, uva de mar
Chrysobalanaceae	Couepiapolyandra (Kunth) Rose	gurupillo, olo sapo, olozapote, uspi, zapote niño
Chrysobalanaceae	Hirtellaracemosavar.hexandra (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Prance	bejuco limón, escobilla, tallepo
Chrysobalanaceae	Licania platypus (Hemsl.) Fritsch	cabeza de mono, caca de niño, huicume, menso zapote, zapote amarillo, zapote cabello, zapote de mono
Cleomaceae	Cleomemagnifica Briq.	chichiquelite
Clusiaceae	Clusiaguatemalensis Hemsl.	higo
Clusiaceae	Garciniaintermedia (Pittier) Hammel	guo-guo, limoncillo, naranjillo, wuowo
Combretaceae	Terminalia amazonia (J.F.Gmel.) Exell	canshán
Commelinaceae	Tinantiaerecta (Jacq.) Fenzl	hierba del pollo
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoeabatatas (L.) Lam.	camote, camote blanco, camote morado, coshlapa, mánta, quiebraplato
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoeabracteata Cav.	azalea de la barranca, bejuco blanco, camoteblanco, catispa, chile pato, papada de gallo
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoeadumosa (Benth.) L.O.Williams	campanilla, chonequi, corazón de la virgen, quiebraplato, xonequi
Cucurbitaceae	Cucurbitaargyrosperma Huber	calabaza, calabaza pipián, chigua, nipx (Totonaco)
Cucurbitaceae	Cucurbitafoetidissima Kunth	calabacilla loca
Cucurbitaceae	Cucurbitamoschata Duchesne	calabaza [fruit], calabaza criolla, pipián [seed]
Cucurbitaceae	Cucurbitapepo L.	ayoxochitl, ayoxochquilitl, calabacita, calabaza, puntas de calabaza [leaves], flor de calabaza [flowers], flor de pipiana, pipiana
Cucurbitaceae	Cyclantheralangaei Congn.	cincoquelites
Cucurbitaceae	Melothriapendula L.	pepinillo silvestre, sandía, sandía de ratón, sandía silvestre
Cucurbitaceae	Sechiumedule (Jacq.) Sw.	chayote, chayotli, erizo, güisquil, huisquil, jerizo, jurita, mayakg (Totonaco), usquil
Cyperaceae	Schoenoplectustabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) Palla	popoque, tule
Ebenaceae	Diospyrosacapulcensissubsp.verae-crucis (Standl.) Provance, I.García & A.C.Sanders	techona, zapotillo
Ebenaceae	Diospyroscampechiana Lundell	zapotito
Ebenaceae	Diospyrosconzattii Standl.	chapote, zapotillo
Ebenaceae	Diospyrosnigra (J.F.Gmel.) Perrier	zapote negro, zapote prieto, sawalh (Totonaco)
Ebenaceae	Diospyrospalmeri Eastw.	chapote
Ebenaceae	Diospyrostexana Scheele	chapote, chapote prieto
Ericaceae	Arbutusxalapensis Kunth	madroño, madrón
Ericaceae	Comarostaphylisglaucescens (Kunth) Zucc. ex Klotzsch	macuate
Ericaceae	Comarostaphylispolifolia (Kunth) Zucc. ex Klotzsch	macuate
Ericaceae	Vacciniumleucanthum Schltdl.	cahuiche, huicapol, huicapola, xoxocotzi
Euphorbiaceae	Adeliabarbinervis Cham. & Schltdl.	espinaca blanca
Euphorbiaceae	Bernardiadodecandra (Sessé ex Cav.) Govaerts	lisutkiwi
Euphorbiaceae	Cnidoscolusaconitifolius (Mill.) I.M.Johnst.	chaya
Euphorbiaceae	Cnidoscolusmultilobus (Pax) I.M.Johnst.	chaya, chaya amarilla, chaya brava, chaya mansa, chaya verde, mala mujer, pipian
Euphorbiaceae	Cnidoscolustubulosus (Miell.Sarg.) Johnst.	chaya, chaya amarilla, chaya brava, chaya mansa, chaya pica, chaya verde
Euphorbiaceae	Crotonincanus Kunth	salvia
Euphorbiaceae	Crotonlindheimerianus Scheele	salvia
Euphorbiaceae	Crotonniveus Jacq.	vara blanca
Euphorbiaceae	Jatrophacurcas L.	ashté, axté, chote, chút, pichoco, pipián, piñón, piñoncillo
Euphorbiaceae	Jatrophadioica Sessé	piñón
Euphorbiaceae	Manihotpringlei S.Wats.	yuca
Euphorbiaceae	Manihotsubspicata Rogers & Appan	papagallo
Fagaceae	Fagusgrandifoliasubsp.mexicana (Martínez) A.E.Murray	haya
Fagaceae	Quercuscandicans Née	almaizeoque, encino blanco, hoja china
Fagaceae	Quercusemoryi Torr.	encino prieto
Fagaceae	Quercuspolymorpha Schltdl. & Cham.	encino blanco
Fouquieriaceae	Fouquieriasplendens Engelm.	cardo santo
Gunneraceae	Gunneramexicana Brandegee	capa de pobre
Heliconiaceae	Heliconialatispatha Benth.	plantanillo
Heliconiaceae	Heliconiaschiedeana Klotzsch	costilla de ratón, papatla, papatlilla, plantanillo
Heliconiaceae	Heliconiauxpanapensis C.Gut.Báez.	plantanillo
Icacinaceae	Oecopetalummexicanum Greenm. & C.H.Thomps.	cacaté, cachichín
Iridaceae	Tigridiapavonia (L.f.) DC.	carcomeca
Juglandaceae	Caryaillinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch	nogal, nogal criollo, nuez de cáscara de papel, nuez fina [fruits]
Juglandaceae	Caryaovata (Mill.) K.Koch	nogal, nogal americano
Juglandaceae	Juglansmollis Engelm.	nogal, nogal cimarrón
Juglandaceae	Juglansolanchana Standl. & L.O.Williams	cedro blanco, cedro nogal
Juglandaceae	Juglanspyriformis Liebm.	cedro nogal, nogal, nogal cimarrón
Lamiaceae	Volkamerialigustrina Jacq.	orégano
Lamiaceae	Poliominthalongiflora A.Gray	crespa
Lamiaceae	Salviaballotiflora Benth.	moste, musté
Lauraceae	Beilschmiediaanay (S.F.Blake) Kosterm.	aguacate de puerco, anay, anáy, anayo, escalán
Lauraceae	Cinnamomumgrisebachii Lorea-Hern.	canela
Lauraceae	Litseaglaucescens Kunth	laurel
Lauraceae	Perseaamericana Mill.	aguacate, aguacatillo, kunalhit, kuka'ta
Lauraceae	Persealiebmannii Mez.	agacate silvestre, sasafrás
Lauraceae	Persealongipes (Schltdl.) Meisn.	pahua
Lauraceae	Perseaschiedeana Nees	aguacatillo, chinin, chinín, chinine, lhpaw, pagua, pahua
Leguminosae	Acaciellaacatlensis Benth.	árbol de borrego, borreguitos, chindata, chivos, chondata, cornizuelo, cuernosuelo, guayalote, guayote, tlahuitole, yepaquilitl
Leguminosae	Acaciellaangustissima (Miller) Kuntze	framboyancillo
Leguminosae	Acaciellacornigera (L.) Willd.	cuerno de toro
Leguminosae	Acaciellagreggii Gray	gatuño
Leguminosae	Acaciellasphaerocephala Schlecht.	cornezuelo
Leguminosae	Acaciellawrightii Benth	uña de gato negra
Leguminosae	Caesalpiniapulcherrima (L.) Schwartz	tabachín
Leguminosae	Canavaliaglabra (M.Martens & Galeotti) J.D.Saue	flor de sacramento, pillo, sacalamente, sacramento, xokichay
Leguminosae	Canavaliavillosa Benth.	gallo
Leguminosae	Cerciscanadensis L.	duraznillo, palo de judas, pata de vaca
Leguminosae	Crotalarialongirostrata Hook. & Arn.	chipil, chipilan, chipile, chipilín, chipilino
Leguminosae	Crotalariamaypurensis HBK	chipilín
Leguminosae	Dialiumguianense (Aubl.) Sandwith	guach, guapaque, guapiqui, palo lacandón palo de lacandón, paque, paquí, tamarindo silvestre, uach
Leguminosae	Diphysaamericana (Mill.) M.Sousa	amarillo, camaroncillo, chipilcoi, chipilcoite, chipilín, coachepil, guachipilín, matansiyat, quebrancha, quebranche, quebrancho, quibrancha, rambai, tenquiques
Leguminosae	Ebenopsisebano (Bernand) Barneby & Grimes	ébano
Leguminosae	Enterolobiumcyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb	guanacastle, nacaste, nacastle, nacaxtle, parota
Leguminosae	Erythrinaamericana Mill.	alcaparra, chontal, colorín, equimexóchitl, equimite, gasparito, lhalhni, madre, madre del cacao, mote, pichoco, pito
Leguminosae	Erythrinafolkersii Krukoff & Moldenke	alcaparra, chiil, chocolín, chumpancle, colorín, equimite, espadita, flor de pita, flor de pitillo, flor de pito, gallitos, gasparita, gasparito, gásparo, lalhni, machetito, madre, patol, pemuche, pemuchi, permuche, pichocho, pichoco, pichojo, pispirique, poró, quemique, tlalhne, tsentse tsentse, tzonpantli, xompantli, zacapemucho
Leguminosae	Erythrinalanata Rose	colorín
Leguminosae	Erythrinaherbacea L.	alcaparra, chiil, chocolín, chumpancle, colorín, equimite, espadita, flor de pita, flor de pitillo, flor de pito, gallitos, gasparita, gasparito, gásparo, lalhni, machetito, madre, patol, pemuche, pemuchi, permuche, pichocho, pichoco, pichojo, pispirique, poró, quemique, tlalhne, tsentse tsentse, tzonpantli, xompantli, zacapemucho
Leguminosae	Gliricidiasepium (Jacq.) Walp.	cacahuananche, chuchunuc, cocohuite, cocomuite, cocuite, cocuitle, flor de San José, flor de sol, gallitos, mataratón, muiti, palo de sol, xab-yaab
Leguminosae	Hymenaeacourbaril L.	cuapinol, guapinol, guapinole
Leguminosae	Ingaacrocephala Steud.	vaina
Leguminosae	Ingabrevipedicellata Harms	ND
Leguminosae	Ingajinicuil Schltdl.	algodoncillo, chalahuite, chalahuitillo, cuajinicuil, jinicuil, kalam (Totonaco), xinicuil, vaina
Leguminosae	Ingalaurina (Sw.) Willd.	chelele
Leguminosae	Ingapaterno Harms.	aguatope, chalahuite, cuil machetón, jinicuil, jinicuil de vaina ancha, paterna, paterno, pepeto, vainillo
Leguminosae	Ingapunctata Willd.	chelele, taastk (Núntaha’yi), vaina
Leguminosae	Ingasapindoides Willd.	guatope
Leguminosae	Ingasemialata (Vell.) Mart.	ND
Leguminosae	Ingavera Willd.	vaina peluda
Leguminosae	Ingasinacae M.Sousa & Ibarra-Maríquez	chalahuite, cuajinicuil, guatope, jacanicuil, jinicuile
Leguminosae	Leucaenaglauca L.	lileac (Totonaco), liliaqui
Leguminosae	Leucaenaleucocephala (Lam.) de Wit	cola de zorro, guaje, guaje blanco, guajeverde, huaje, huashe, liliaque, slalak (Totonaco)
Leguminosae	Leucaenapulverulenta (Schltdl.) Benth.	guajillo, tepehuaje
Leguminosae	Macroptiliumgibbosifolium (Ortega) A.Delgado	frijol chichimeque
Leguminosae	Pachyrhizuserosus L.Urb	jícama
Leguminosae	Phaseoluscoccineus L.	ayacote, chichimeque, frijol boti, frijol burro, frijol de monte, frijol gordo, chachan, chachana, flor de bótil, flor de frijol, flor de quelite, hachana, mahtlaketl, xaxan, xaxana, xochikilitl, xochimaríah
Leguminosae	Phaseolusvulgaris L.	ashlañ bu’ul, ejote, frijol negro, sic (Núntaha’yi), stapu (Totonaco)
Leguminosae	Pithecellobiumdulce (Roxb.) Benth	cuamuchil, guamoche, guamuche, guamúchil, guaymochile, huamuchil, humo, nempa, pinzán, tucuy, umon
Leguminosae	Pithecellobiumlanceolatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth	guamúchil ahogador, peleple
Leguminosae	Pithecellobiumpachypus Pittier	guamúchil
Leguminosae	Prosopisglandulosa Torr.	mezquite
Leguminosae	Prosopisjuliflora (Sw.) DC.	mezquite
Leguminosae	Prosopislaevigata (Willd.) M.C.Johnston	mezquite de árbol
Leguminosae	Prosopistamaulipana Burkart.	mezquite
Leguminosae	Sennafruticosa (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	quelite
Leguminosae	Sennapapillosa (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	quelite
Loasaceae	Eucnidebartonioides Zucc.	lechuguilla
Magnoliaceae	Magnoliamexicana DC.	aguacote, árbol de corazón, flor de atole, flor de corazón, flor de rosa, kuwi xa’nat, magnolia, moniakuy, moñaykuy-imayak, moynacoy, sochilmoynacoy, súchil, xolochochitl, yolo, yololxochitl, yoloshanat, yolos chil, yolosúchil, yoloxochitl
Magnoliaceae	Magnoliazoquepopolucae A.Vázquez	súchil (Náhuatl), moiñacoi-imayak, moñacoi-imaya, moñacoy, monaikoi-imayak, moniacuy, moñiacuy, mooyniak-cuy, mou-ña-coy, moyñacoi, moynacoy, all meaning “tree with flower coming from an eggshell” (Zoque-popoluca)
Malpighiaceae	Bunchosialindeniana A.Juss.	árbol manchado, zapotillo
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonimacrassifolia (L.) Kunth	nananche, nance, nanche, na chi (Núntaha’yi), nanche, nanche agrio, nance, peraleja
Malpighiaceae	Galphimiaglauca (Cav.) Kuntze	cola de zorro
Malpighiaceae	Malpighiaglabra L.	camaroncito, cereza, ciruela cimarrona, grosella roja, lumbre, nance, manzanita, panecito, palo de tomatillo
Malpighiaceae	Mascagniamacroptera (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Nied	gallinita
Malvaceae	Anodacristata (L.) Schldl.	malvavisco
Malvaceae	Ceibaaesculifolia (Kunth) Britton & Baker f.	ceiba, pochota, pochote
Malvaceae	Ceibapentandra (L.) Gaertn.	ceiba
Malvaceae	Guazumaulmifolia Lam.	acashti, ajillá, aquiche, guácima, guácimo, guazima, guázumo
Malvaceae	Hibiscusmartianus Zucc.	manzanita
Malvaceae	Malvaviscusarboreus Cav.	bejuquillo, catapachat (Totonaco), chanita, chocho, chinina, civil monacillo, farolito, fekom, flor de santos, gagapache, ixwaquelt, ixwaquen, majaguilla, manzanilla, manzanillo, manzanita, mazapan, monacillo rojo, monacillo, obelisco de la sierra, panelita, paniqueso, plumagillo, teresita, totopotzin, totopatzín, totopoxin, tulipán, tulipancito del monte, sibil, xtut-quene
Malvaceae	Malvaviscusoaxacanus Standl.	chocho, tulipancillo
Malvaceae	Pachiraaquatica Aubl.	acamoyote, apompo, axilochóchitl, chanacol blanco, clavellina blanca, zapote de agua, zapote bobo, zapote reventador, zapotón
Malvaceae	Pseudobombaxellipticum (Kunth) Dugand	flor de mota, juanjilón
Malvaceae	Quararibeafunebris (La Llave) Vischer	árbol canelo, árbol de funeral, árbol de molinillo, cacahuaxochitl, cacaoxochitl, canela, canelita, flor de cacao, huacanelo, kiwi pobostatli, madre de cacao, maricacao, molinillo, palo de canela, palo de chocolate, palo volador, rosa de cacao, rosita de cacao
Malvaceae	Quararibeayunckerisubsp.sessiliflora Standl.	ND
Malvaceae	Sterculiaapetala (Jacq.) H.Karst.	castañas, castaño, pepetaca
Malvaceae	Sterculiamexicana R.Br	bellota
Marantaceae	Calathealutea (Aubl.) E.Mey. ex Schult.	berijo, berijado, berijao, hoja de berijado, hojablanca, hoja de té, hoja de verijado, tho
Marantaceae	Calatheamacrosepala K.Schum. (Aubl.) Lindl.	chochogo, chogo, chogogo, sauco, shuco, suco, xuco
Marantaceae	Calatheamarantifolia Standl.	chochogo, chonegue, choschogo, lechuga, shuco, suco, xoxogo, xuco
Marantaceae	Goeppertiamisantlensis (Lascurain) Borchs. & S.Suárez	hoja redonda, papelillo
Marantaceae	Goeppertiaovandensis (Matuda) Borchs. & S.Suárez	plantanillo
Marantaceae	Marantaarundinacea L.	apichillo, azafrán, chancla, hierba martina, hua-ja (Popoluca), papatilla, platanillo, t'aau' (Huasteco), sagú, yuquilla
Marantaceae	Stromanthemacrochlamys (Woodson & Standl.) H.A.Kenn. & Nicolson	hoja de piedra, malintzi, tompimil, tonpimil
Martyniaceae	Martyniaannua L.	ND
Melastomataceae	Conostegiaicosandra (Sw. ex Wikstr.) Urb.	ojo de venado
Melastomataceae	Conostegiaxalapensis (Bonpl.) D.Don ex DC.	capulín, capulín de cotorro, chicab, cinco negritos, hojalatillo blanco, sedita, serita, tecapulín, teshuate, tezhualillo
Melastomataceae	Heterocentronsubtriplinervium (Link & Otto) A.Braun & C.D.Bouché	caña de león
Menispermaceae	Cocculuscarolinus (L.) DC.	hierba de ojo
Moraceae	Brosimumalicastrum Sw.	apomo, nazareno, ocoxiltli, ojite, ojoche, osh, ramón, samaritano
Moraceae	Ficusaurea Nutt.	higo
Moraceae	Ficuscotinifolia Kunth	higuerón
Moraceae	Ficuspertusa L.f.	amate
Moraceae	Macluratinctoria (L.) D.Don ex Steud.	chichiti, mora, moradilla, moral, moral amarillo, palo amarillo
Moraceae	Poulseniaarmata (Miq.) Standl.	abasbabi, ababábite, agabasgabi, aguatoso, carnepescado, carne de pescado, carnero, carnero blanco, chagane, chirimoya, huichilama, masamorro
Moraceae	Pseudolmediaglabrata (Liebm.) C.C.Berg	ojoche colorado, ramón colorado, ramón de mico, tepetomate, tomatillo
Moraceae	Pseudolmediaoxyphyllaria Donn.Sm.	manash, tepetomate, tomatillo, wáxax (Totonaco)
Moraceae	Trophisracemosa (L.) Urb.	campanilla, ramón, ramón colorado, ramoncillo, papelillo
Muntingiaceae	Muntingiacalabura L.	capulín, capulín real, capulincillo, cerezo, nigua, nigüito, poan, puam, puan, puan capulín, puyam (Totonaco)
Myrtaceae	Calyptranthesschiedeana O.Berg.	guayabillo
Myrtaceae	Eugeniaacapulcensis Steud.	capulín
Myrtaceae	Eugeniacapuli (Schltdl. & Cham) Hook. & Arn.	capulín, capulín agarroso, capulín de zorrillo, frutilla, escobilla, escobillo, guayabillo cimarrón, palo de temazate, pimientilla
Myrtaceae	Eugeniaoerstediana O.Berg	capulín guinda, escobilla, rainjan
Myrtaceae	Eugeniaxalapensis Kunth	gallito
Myrtaceae	Myrciariafloribunda (H.West ex Willd.) O.Berg	arrayán
Myrtaceae	Mosieraehrenbergii (O.Berg) Landrum	chepucuy, escobilla
Myrtaceae	Pimentadioica (L.) Merr.	pimienta, pimenta gorda, u'cun (Totonaco), uc-suc (Popoluca), xocoxo'chitl (Nahuatl)
Myrtaceae	Psidiumfriedrichsthalianum (O.Berg) Niedenzu	guayaba cimarrona, guayaba agria, guayabo agrio, guayabo de monte
Myrtaceae	Psidiumsartorianum (O.Berg) Nied.	arrayán, 'cales'ni (Misanteco), capulín, guayaba de tejón, guayabillo
Nelumbonaceae	Nelumbolutea (Willd.) Pers.	ayacastle, flor de agua amarilla, malacate, pulul
Olacaceae	Ximeniaamericana L.	ciruelillo
Oleaceae	Forestieraangustifolia Torrey	panalero
Orchidaceae	Vanillaplanifolia Jacks. ex Andrews	vainilla
Orchidaceae	Vanillapompona Schiede	vainilla pompona
Orobanchaceae	Escobedialaevis Schltdl. & Cham.	azafran de raíz, azafrancillo
Oxalidaceae	Oxalislatifolia Kunth.	agrito
Passifloraceae	Passifloraambigua Hemsl.	gagapache, jujo
Passifloraceae	Passifloracookii Killip	ND
Passifloraceae	Passifloramexicana Juss.	ND
Passifloraceae	Passifloraserratifolia L.	granada del monte, pasión
Passifloraceae	Turneradiffusa Wilid.	damiana, hierba del venado, venadita
Phytolaccaceae	Phytolaccaamericana L.	jabonera
Phytolaccaceae	Phytolaccaicosandra L.	cóngora, jabonera, jabonero, jorja, tonga
Phytolaccaceae	Phytolaccarivinoides Kunth & Bouché	guanchaparrón, jaboncillo, jorga, quelite rojo, joklhkgk (Totonaco)
Picramniaceae	Picramniateapensis Tul.	muste, mutza
Pinaceae	Pinuscembroides Zucc.	pino piñonero [plant], piñón [seed]
Pinaceae	Pinusnelsonii Shaw	pino piñonero [plant], piñón duro [seed]
Pinaceae	Pinuspinceana Gordon	pino piñonero
Piperaceae	Peperomiaasarifolia Schltdl.	ND
Piperaceae	Peperomiaberlandieri Miq.	ND
Piperaceae	Peperomiahobbitoides T.Wendt	ND
Piperaceae	Peperomiamaculosa (L.) Hook.	cilantro de monte, cilantro macho, najashuio macho
Piperaceae	Peperomiapeltilimba C.DC. ex Trel.	cilantro cimarrón, cilantro de monte, nacazgüillo, limonascagüillo, oreja de burro, tequelite
Piperaceae	Peperomiarotundifolia (L.) Kunth	caminante
Piperaceae	Piperamalago L.	cordoncillo
Piperaceae	Piperauritum Kunth	acoyo, acuyo, aguiyu, alahan, cordón blanco, cordoncillo, hierba de santa maría, hierba santa, hoja santa, homequelite mecaxóchitl, momo, mumu, omequelite, pimienta sagrada, tlanepa quelite, tlanepa, tlanepaquilitl, totzoay
Poaceae	Zeamays L.	cabellos de elote, elote, jilote, maíz, milpa, totomoxtle [dry leaves], hojas de maíz [freshleaves], moc (Núntaha’yi), Kúxi (Totonaco)
Podocarpaceae	Podocarpusmatudae Lundell	palmilla
Polygonaceae	Coccolobabarbadensis Jacq.	tepelcahuite, uvero
Polygonaceae	Coccolobauvifera L.	carnero, uva de playa, uvero de mar
Primulaceae	Ardisiacompressa Kunth	capulín de mayo, capulín de tejón, capulín silvestre, capulincillo, chagalapoli, chico correoso
Primulaceae	Ardisiaescallonioides Schltdl. & Cham.	capulín, matan'kiwi (Totonaco)
Primulaceae	Ardisianigropunctata Oerst.	capulín
Primulaceae	Parathesispsychotrioides Lundell	capulín, chagalapoli, silling, akgtalawat (Totonaco)
Primulaceae	Parathesisserrulata (Sw.) Mez	capulín arribeño, capulín de sabana
Rhamnaceae	Ceanothuscoeruleus Lagasca & Gen	palo colorado
Rhamnaceae	Ceanothusgreggii A.Gray	palo dezorrillo
Rhamnaceae	Colubrinaelliptica (Sw.) Brizicky & Stern	guayacán, manzanita
Rhamnaceae	Colubrinagreggii S.Watson	manzanilla
Rhamnaceae	Condaliahookeri M.C.Johnst.	brasil
Rhamnaceae	Condalialycioides (A.Gray) Weberb	crucillo
Rhamnaceae	Karwinskiamollis Schltdl.	tullidor
Rhamnaceae	Rhamnushumboldtiana Willd. ex Schult.	coyotillo, tullidor
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphusamole (Sessé & Moc.) M.C.Johnst.	naranjillo
Rosaceae	Crataegusmexicana Moc. & Sessé ex DC.	cainúm, chisté, tejocote, manzanilla, manzanillo
Rosaceae	Crataegusrosei Eggl.	tejocote, tejocote cimarrón
Rosaceae	Fragariavesca L.	fresa, fresa cimarrón
Rosaceae	Prunusserotina Ehrh.	capulín
Rosaceae	Rubusadenotrichus Schltdl.	mora, morash, zarza, zarzamora
Rosaceae	Rubusapogaeus L.H.Bailey	zarzamora
Rosaceae	Rubuscoriifolius Liebm	zarzamora silvestre
Rosaceae	Rubushumistratus Steudel	zarzamora
Rosaceae	Rubussapidus Schltdl.	zarzamora, zarzamora silvestre
Rosaceae	Rubustrivialis Michx.	zarzamora
Rubiaceae	Alibertiaedulis (L. Rich.) A.Rich. ex DC.	castarrica blanca
Rubiaceae	Chiococcaalba (L.) Hitch	perlilla
Rubiaceae	Genipaamericana L.	jagua, jagua blanca, jagüe, jahue, maluco, yual, yoale, xagua
Rubiaceae	Hameliapatens Jacq.	hierba de la mula
Rubiaceae	Mitchellarepens L.	mora de codorniz
Rutaceae	Casimiroaedulis La Llave & Lex.	pera mexicana, zapotillo, zapote blanco
Rutaceae	Casimiroagreggii (S.Watson) F.Chiang	chapote amarillo
Rutaceae	Casimiroapringlei (S.Watson) Engl.	limoncillo
Rutaceae	Pteleatrifoliata L.	pinacatillo
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylumfagara (L.) Sarg.	colima
Salicaceae	Xylosmaflexuosa (Kunth) Hemsl.	capulín corona, coronilla, palo de brujo
Sapindaceae	Paulliniatomentosa Jacq.	arete de novia
Sapotaceae	Chrysophyllummexicanum Brandegee ex Standl.	caimito, caimito cimarrón, caimito del monte, caimito silvestre, caimitillo, pistillo
Sapotaceae	Chrysophyllumvenezuelanense (Pierre) T.D.Penn.	chicozapote del monte
Sapotaceae	Manilkarachicle (Pittier) Hammel	chicozapote, zapote chicle, zapote chico, sapotilla, shenc, sculu-jaca (Totonaco)
Sapotaceae	Pouteriacampechiana (Kunth) Baehni	caca de niño, cucumú, kanistú, kukun (Totonaco), mante, nochi, tapa, zapote agrio, zapote amarillo, zapote mante, zapote niño
Sapotaceae	Pouteriaglomerata (Miq.) Radlk.	chocho
Sapotaceae	Pouteriasapota (Jacq.) H.E.Moore & Stearn	atzapotlcuahuitl (Náhuatl), cuyg’ auac (Popoluca), lankájaka (Totonaco), mamey, mamey colorado, zapote, zapote mamey
Sapotaceae	Sideroxyloncelastrinum (Kunth) T.D.Penn.	coma cimarrona, coma resinera
Sapotaceae	Sideroxylonpalmeri (Rose) T.D.Penn.	coma real
Sapotaceae	Sideroxylonpersimile (Hemsl.) T.D.Penn.	ND
Sapotaceae	Sideroxylonsalicifolium (L.) Lam.	sapotillo
Scrophulariaceae	Buddlejamarrubiifolia Benth.	azafrán
Simaroubaceae	Simaroubaglauca DC.	aceituno negrito, gusano, pasaque, rabo de lagarto blanco, zapatero
Smilacaceae	Smilaxaristolochiifolia Mill.	zarzaparilla
Smilacaceae	Smilaxbona-nox L.	zarza, zarzaparilla
Smilacaceae	Smilaxdomingensis Willd.	asquiote, axquiote, azquiote, bejuco de canasta, bejuco de membrillo, bejuco de zarzaparrilla, chiquihuite, cocolmeca, cocolmecate, colcomeca, corcomeca, uut’ ts’aah, zarzaparrilla, bigote de acamayo, kgansalis
Smilacaceae	Smilaxmollis Willd.	zarzaparilla
Smilacaceae	Smilaxmoranensis M.Martens & Galeotti	zarzaparilla
Smilacaceae	Smilaxspinosa Mill.	zarzaparilla
Solanaceae	Capsicumannuum L.	amashito, chile de árbol, chiles de color, chile pico paloma, chile piquín, dulce, jalapeño, pimiento morrón, poblano, serrano, tsílampin (Totonaco)
Solanaceae	Cestrumracemosum Ruiz & Pav.	amargoso
Solanaceae	Jaltomataprocumbens (Cav.) J.L.Gentry	acahualera, chaltotongo, cojudo, equelite, jaltomata, quelite tomaquelite, tomatillo, tompis
Solanaceae	Lyciumberlandieri Dunal	cilindrillo
Solanaceae	Lyciumcarolinianum Walt	saladilla
Solanaceae	Margaranthussolanaceus Schltdl.	ND
Solanaceae	Physalisangulata L.	tomatillo
Solanaceae	Physalisarborescens L.	tomatillo de monte
Solanaceae	Physaliscinerascens (Dunal) Hitch.	tomatillo
Solanaceae	Physalisgracilis Miers	champ lulh (Totonaco), costomate, tomate, tomatillo
Solanaceae	Physalisixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem.	tomate de cáscara, túmat (Totonaco)
Solanaceae	Physalislobata Torrey	tomatillo
Solanaceae	Physalismelanocystis (B.L.Rob.) Bitter	tomate verde
Solanaceae	Physalisorizabae Dunal	juatomate amarillo, tomate de bota
Solanaceae	Physalisphiladelphica Lam.	tomate, tomate verde, tomate de cascara, tomatillo, tomatillo de labor
Solanaceae	Physalispringlei Greenman	tomatillo
Solanaceae	Physalispubescens L.	miltomate, tomate, tomatillo
Solanaceae	Physalisviscosa Gray	ND
Solanaceae	Solandraguttata D.Don	ND
Solanaceae	Solandramaxima (Sessé & Moc.) P.S.Green	copa de oro, pera tetona, tetona
Solanaceae	Solanumamericanum Mill.	hierbamora, hierba mora, mustulut (Totonaco)
Solanaceae	Solanumappendiculatum Dunal	tinguarache
Solanaceae	Solanumlycopersicum L.	jitomate, tomate citlali, tomate coyote, tomate riñon, tomate silvestre
Solanaceae	Solanumnigrescens M.Martens & Galeotti	jitomate, tomate rojo
Solanaceae	Solanumcandidum Lindley	hierba mora, quelite morado, yerbamora
Solanaceae	Solanumoxycarpum Schiede	papa cimarrona
Solanaceae	Solanumverrucosum Schldl.	ND
Solanaceae	Witheringiameiantha (Donn.Sm.) Hunz.	cuña
Talinaceae	Talinumfruticosum (L.) Juss.	verdolaga
Typhaceae	Typhadomingensis Persoon	tule
Ulmaceae	Ampelocerahottlei (Standl.) Standl.	guaya de monte, wayam
Ulmaceae	Phyllostylonrhamnoides (J.Poiss.) Taub.	cerón
Verbenaceae	Citharexylumberlandieri Robb.	negrito, orejuela, revientacabra
Verbenaceae	Citharexylumbrachyanthum A.Gray	agrito
Verbenaceae	Lippiaalba (Miller) N.E.Br.	orégano
Verbenaceae	Lippiagraveolens Kunth	hierba dulce, orégano, orégano hoja chica, oreganillo, salve real
Vitaceae	Vitiscinerea (Engelm) Millardet	uva de monte
Vitaceae	Vitismustangensis Buckley	uva de monte
Vitaceae	Vitistiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.	bejuco de agua, bejuco de parra, parra broncadora, parra silvestre, tecamate, tripas de vaca, sánalo todo, uva, uva de monte, uvilla cimarrona
Zamiaceae	Dioonedule Lindley	chamal, palma de teresita, quiotamal, tiotamal
Zamiaceae	Dioonspinulosum Dyer ex Eichl.	chicalito [seeds], palma de chicalite [plant]
Zingiberaceae	Renealmiaalpinia (Rottb.) Maas	guá
Zingiberaceae	Renealmiamexicana Klotzsch ex Petersen	bex, tapicón, hoja de bexo
Zygophyllaceae	Neoschroeteratridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Briq	gobernadora

Figure 2.

Diversity of the native food species of the Gulf of Mexico Province, classified by family (a) and genus (b).

Categories of native plant use. Edible species were the majority with 448 species (93%), which includes the 86 species (18%) used in the production of drinks, 51 species as seasonings (10%) and 26 species (5%) as packaging. The remaining 39 species (8%) are utilised in more than one category (Fig. 3a, Suppl. material 1).

Figure 3.

Categories of use (a) and plant part used (b) for the native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province.

Edible plant organs. Fruits were the organs most commonly used as food with 292 species (55.7%), followed by leaves with 111 species (21%), flowers with 97 species (18.5%), seeds with 65 species (12.4%), stems with 49 species (9.4%) and roots and bulbs with 30 species (5.7%). Resin or latex, bark and wood had five, five and one species, respectively. For 127 species (24%), more than two organs were utilised as food, seasoning or packaging (Fig. 3b, Suppl. material 1).

Management categories. Most of the species are gathered in the wild (304 species, 59%), with fewer species in the categories of incipient management (12 species, 2.3%) and cultivated (7 species, 1.3%). Interestingly, we found that a notable number of species (159, 33%) are under a combination of two or three different management strategies in the study area (Fig. 4, Suppl. material 1).

Figure 4.

Management categories for the native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary material 1

Categories of use, plant organ utilised and management of native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexicohttps://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80565.suppl1

Eva María Piedra-Malagón, Victoria Sosa, Diego F. Angulo, Milton Díaz-Toribio

Data type

binary data

Brief description

Categories of use (edibles, seasonings, packaging and multipurpose by category of use), plant organ utilised (root or bulb, stem, bark, wood or trunk, leaf, flowers, fruits, seed, resin or latex and multipurpose by plant organ utilised) and categories of management of native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province. The information are encoded as presence = 1 and absence = 0.

File: oo_654412.csv

Supplementary material 2

Geographical coordinates

Eva María Piedra-Malagón, Victoria Sosa, Diego F. Angulo, Milton Díaz-Toribio

Data type

occurrences

Brief description

Geographical coordinates of edible native plants in the Gulf of Mexico Province.

File: oo_654413.csv

Supplementary material 3

Bibliographical sources

Eva María Piedra-Malagón, Victoria Sosa, Diego F. Angulo, Milton Díaz-Toribio

Data type

References

Brief description

List of bibliographical references used to build the database of native edible plants of Gulf of Mexico Province.

File: oo_633856.txt

Author contributions

E.M.P-M, V.S. and M.H.D-T. conceived the study; E.M.P-M. collected and identified specimens, E.M.P-M. designed and built the database, D.A. contributed with the geographical coordinates database and maps. E.M.P-M. and V.S wrote the paper. All the authors commented and approved the manuscript.