Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor producing cervical cancer with elevated levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein: a case report and literature review

Abstract

Systemic effects associated with hormones and cytokines secreted by tumor cells can cause paraneoplastic syndrome. Leukemoid reactions and hypercalcemia are relatively common manifestations of paraneoplastic syndrome. Here, we describe the case of a 90-year-old woman who presented with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia and was diagnosed with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-producing cervical cancer with elevated levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). The patient visited our hospital complaining of general fatigue and anorexia. On admission, she presented with marked leukocytosis, hypercalcemia, and an increase in C-reactive protein level. On the basis of abdominal magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological examination, the patient was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Additional tests confirmed elevated plasma levels of G-CSF, PTHrP, and serum interleukin-6. Immunostaining of pathological specimens of the uterine cervix showed expression of G-CSF in tumor cells. The patient was diagnosed with G-CSF-producing cervical cancer accompanied by elevation of PTHrP levels. As a treatment for hypercalcemia, discontinuation of oral vitamin D derivative and administration of saline and elcatonin were ineffective, and therapeutic intervention with zoledronic acid hydrate was required. Considering the patient’s advanced age, surgical resection of cervical cancer was not performed. She died from congestive heart failure approximately 3 months after hospitalization. This case was indicated to be a paraneoplastic syndrome in which G-CSF and PTHrP-induced leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of G-CSF-producing cervical cancer with elevated PTHrP levels, and our case is the first report.

Introduction

Leukocytosis is a common paraneoplastic syndrome reported in various organs, particularly the lungs [1, 2]. Serum granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) concentrations are elevated in many cases, and it is assumed that G-CSF-producing tumors are involved in pathogenesis [2]. Hypercalcemia is another common paraneoplastic syndrome. Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH) can be broadly classified into four types [3]. The first is humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) caused by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which is overproduced by tumor cells. Hypercalcemia is induced through mechanisms such as the promotion of bone resorption and increased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys. The second type is local osteolytic hypercalcemia (LOH), which is an osteolytic metastasis with the local release of cytokines. The third type, which is rarer than the two above, is a pattern in which the tumor releases 1, 25-(OH)2 vitamin D. The fourth type recently proposed is ectopic parathyroid hormone secretion. Although rare, concomitant manifestations of hypercalcemia and leukocytosis have been observed in the same tumor. They have been proposed to be classified as a single clinical entity, termed hypercalcemia-leukocytosis syndrome [4].

In this paper, we report a case of cervical cancer presenting with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia, which was finally diagnosed as a G-CSF-producing tumor accompanied by elevation of PTHrP levels. To date, very few articles have been published on G-CSF-producing tumors with elevated levels of PTHrP. In particular, no case reports on cervical cancer have been published. We present an extremely rare case with a clinical course and a review of the literature.

Case report

A 90-year-old woman visited our facility with chief complaints of general malaise and anorexia. As part of her medical history, she was treated for hypertension, osteoporosis, and reflux esophagitis. On admission, she had a blood pressure of 133/61 mmHg, a heart rate of 80 beats/min, and a body temperature of 36.2 °C. The Glasgow coma scale score was E4V5M6, with no apparent disturbance of consciousness. Physical examination revealed a slight tenderness of the upper abdomen. No abnormal findings were observed in the head, neck, lungs, or heart. No obvious skin rashes, edema, or bedsores were observed in the extremities or trunk. Hematological tests indicated leukocytosis with a white blood cell (WBC) count of 27,000/μL. The hemoglobin level and platelet counts were 11.3 g/dL and 30.5 × 10⁴/μL, respectively. Laboratory investigations revealed hypercalcemia and elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), with a corrected calcium concentration of 14.0 mg/dL and CRP level of 7.69 mg/dL. As a test related to hypercalcemia, parathyroid hormone levels were suppressed at 12 pg/mL (normal range 15–65 pg/mL), and 1, 25-(OH)2 vitamin D concentration was 29 pg/mL (normal range 20–60 pg/mL), which were within the normal range. Elevation of serum angiotensin I-converting enzyme levels and monoclonal protein was not detected. Tuberculosis-specific interferon-γ assay was negative. No acute renal injury or liver dysfunction was observed. Details of the clinical laboratory data are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Clinical laboratory findings on admission

Hematological test			ALT	15	U/L	ACE	8.7
WBC	27,000	/uL	γGTP	23	U/L	Serum immunoelectrophoresis	Negative
Neutro	90	%	ALP	100	U/L	Infection-related survey
Lympho	6	%	LDH	144	U/L	Blood culture (vein)	Negative
Mono	3	%	Amy	37	U/L	Sputum culture	Negative
Eosino	1	%	CK	23	U/L	HBs-Ag	Negative
RBC	356	× 104/uL	CRP	7.69	mg/dL	HCV-Ab	Negative
Hb	11.3	g/dL	Glu	177	mg/dL	IFN-γ release assay	negative
Plt	30.5	× 104/uL	1,25-(OH)2vitaminD	29	pg/mL	β-D glucan	8.5
Laboratory investigation			Endocrine study			Tumor markers
TP	6.9	g/dL	PTH intact	12	pg/mL	CEA	2.3
Alb	2.8	g/dL	TSH	0.55	uIU/mL	CA19-9	7
UN	10.9	mg/dL	Free T3	1.08	pg/mL	CA125	14
Cre	0.73	mg/dL	Free T4	1.46	ng/dL	IL2R	623
eGFR	56	mL/min/1.73 m2	Immunological analysis			Urinalysis
UA	5.2	mg/dL	IgG	1735	mg/dL	pH	6.0
Na	139	mmol/L	IgA	240	mg/dL	Protein	( −)
K	2.7	mmol/L	IgM	148	mg/dL	Occult blood	(+ / −)
Cl	97	mmol/L	C3	127	mg/dL	Glu	( −)
Ca	12.9	mg/dL	C4	28	mg/dL	WBC	(+ / −)
Corrected Ca	14.0	mg/dL	CH50	49	U/mL	Urinary sediment
P	2.8	mg/dL	ANA	40 >		RBC	1–4
T-bil	0.50	mg/dL	MPO-ANCA	0.6	IU/mL	WBC	5–9
AST	22	U/L	PR3-ANCA	0.5 >	IU/mL	24-h urinary protein	0.17

WBC white blood cell, Neutro neutrophil, Lympho lymphocyte, Mono monocyte, Eosino eosinophil, RBC red blood cell, Hb hemoglobin, Plt platelet, TP total protein, Alb albumin, UN urea nitrogen, Cre creatinine, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, UA uric acid, Na sodium, K potassium, Cl chloride, Ca calcium, P phosphorus, T-bil total bilirubin, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, γGTP gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, Amy amylase, CK creatine kinase, CRP C-reactive protein, Glu glucose, PTH parathyroid hormone, TSH thyroid stimulating hormone, T3 triiodothyronine, T4 thyroxine, Ig immunoglobulin, C3 complement component 3, C4 complement component 4, CH50 complement activity, ANA anti-nuclear antibody, MPO myeloperoxidase, PR3 proteinase3, ANCA anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, HBs hepatitis B surface, Ag antigen, HCV hepatitis C virus, Ab antibody, IFN interferon, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, CA carbohydrate antigen, IL2R interleukin-2 receptor, HPF high power field

Drug-induced hypercalcemia was suspected due to an oral vitamin D derivative (eldecalcitol), which was administered for osteoporosis, and the drug was discontinued. Furthermore, saline infusion and elcatonin were administered, but therapeutic efficacy was insufficient and hypercalcemia persisted. A bacterial infection with leukocytosis and increased CRP level was assumed, and antibiotic treatment (tazobactam/piperacillin hydrate) was started. However, its response to antimicrobial treatment is poor. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected in blood and sputum cultures prior to treatment, and fever and infection focus on imaging findings were not detected. Therefore, bacterial infection was ruled out and the antibacterial agent was discontinued. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan was performed as a screening test to find the cause of the high inflammatory response and showed a diffuse low absorption area in the uterus. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated diffuse thickening of the uterine wall and high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging (Fig. 1). Imaging findings suggested gynecological malignancy, and biopsy confirmed cervical cancer. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the specimen revealed necrotic tissue and multinucleated squamous cell carcinoma (Fig. 2). Systemic CT tomography revealed no bone metastasis of the malignancy. The clinical staging of cervical cancer corresponded to stage III.

Fig. 1.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the uterus. a T2-weighted fat-suppressed image showed diffuse thickening of the uterus. Arrows indicate the uterus. b The diffusion-weighted image revealed a diffuse high signal of the uterus

Fig. 2.

Histopathological findings of the cervix. a Necrotic findings are observed in cervical tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, original magnification 100 × . Scale bar = 200 μm. b Arrow heads indicate squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, showing multinucleated cell morphology. HE staining, original magnification 400 × . Scale bar = 50 μm

Refractory leukocytosis, hypercalcemia, and elevated CRP levels indicated a paraneoplastic syndrome based on cervical cancer as a differential diagnosis. Plasma G-CSF and PTHrP and serum interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations were measured at 106 pg/mL (normal range 10.5–57.5 pg/mL), 9.3 pmol/L (normal range 1.1 ≧ pmol/L), and 85 pg/mL (normal range 7.0 ≧ pg/mL), respectively, with abnormally high values. Furthermore, immunostaining of the uterocervical specimen showed G-CSF expression in tumor cells (Fig. 3). Based on these findings, a diagnosis of G-CSF-producing cervical cancer with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia due to paraneoplastic syndrome was made. Although hypercalcemia improved after the administration of zoledronic acid hydrate, no radical treatment for cervical cancer was performed and the patient died approximately 3 months after admission. The clinical course of this case is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 3.

Immunostaining of the cervix with antigranulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) antibody [CSF3/3166R] (Abcam, United Kingdom). a The expression of G-CSF (dark brown area) is observed in the cervical specimen. Original magnification 100 × , Scale bar = 200 μm. b Cervical tumor cells are strongly stained. Original magnification 200 × , Scale bar = 100 μm

Fig. 4.

Clinical course in this case. The antibacterial drug was ineffective and leukocytosis persisted. Hypercalcemia was refractory to the withdrawal of vitamin D derivative and administration of saline and elcatonin. Bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid hydrate) was effective and normalized the corrected calcium level

Discussion

Here, we describe a rare case of cervical cancer with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. Immunohistological staining demonstrated G-CSF secretion in cervical cancer, with elevated plasma levels of G-CSF and PTHrP. These findings indicate that the main pathophysiology, in this case, was paraneoplastic syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a G-CSF-producing cervical cancer with elevated levels of PTHrP.

G-CSF is a glycoprotein that promotes the proliferation and differentiation of neutrophil progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Paraneoplastic production of G-CSF was first reported in a patient with lung cancer [5]. Since then, patients with various types of nonhematologic cancers have been reported [6, 7]. Transplantation of tumor cells into mouse models has been reported to induce neutrophilia caused by tumor cell-derived cytokines [8]. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, have been suggested to be released from tumor cells along with G-CSF [9]. Production of inflammatory substances, such as G-CSF and IL-6, causes leukocytosis and an increase in the inflammatory response, and there are cases in which it is misdiagnosed as an infectious disease. Therefore, the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms can be delayed. Early diagnosis of tumors is important to improve treatment strategies and prognosis. The following diagnostic criteria for G-CSF-producing cancer have been proposed: (a) abnormally high WBC count in peripheral blood without evidence of infection, (b) increased concentration of G-CSF in blood samples, (c) decreased WBC count or G-CSF level after cancer treatment, and (d) expression of G-CSF in tumor tissues [5]. G-CSF-producing squamous cell carcinoma often has multinucleated cell morphology [10]. The findings observed in the present case are as follows: (1) leukocytosis without infectious diseases, (2) high plasma levels of G-CSF with elevated serum IL-6 concentration, and (3) expression of G-CSF in cervical tissue with a pathological image of multinucleated squamous cell carcinoma. In our case, the transition of the WBC count and the G-CSF level after cancer treatment was unknown, but was finally considered consistent with G-CSF-producing cervical cancer.

MAH is classified into four types: HHM associated with the production of PTHrP, LOH mainly composed of osteolysis, 1, 25-(OH)2 vitamin D secretion caused by tumors, and ectopic hyperparathyroidism [3]. The frequency of HHM has been reported to be high, accounting for up to 80% of MAH [11]. Patients with HHM associated with PTHrP often present with tumors of head and neck, lung, breast, kidney, bladder, and adult T-cell leukemia [12]. These patients generally have advanced conditions and are reported to have poor prognosis [13]. The diagnosis of HHM caused by PTHrP requires the exclusion of LOH, 1, 25- (OH) 2 vitamin D-producing tumors, primary or ectopic hyperparathyroidism, drug-induced hypercalcemia, and granulomatous diseases. In this case, the improvement in hypercalcemia was insufficient even with discontinuation of vitamin D derivative (eldecalcitol), and no imaging studies suggesting bone metastasis, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis were observed. Furthermore, based on clinical laboratory findings, HHM caused by elevated PTHrP levels was diagnosed. PTHrP-related HHM cases generally have higher serum calcium levels and more severe hypercalcemic-related clinical symptoms than primary hyperparathyroidism [14]. In our case, the patient was refractory to discontinuation of vitamin D derivative, saline infusion, and the use of calcitonin; however, hypercalcemia improved after administration of bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid hydrate). Bisphosphonates, which inhibit osteoclast differentiation and function, are an effective treatment option for MAH. In particular, zoledronic acid has been shown to be useful for MAH in randomized-controlled clinical trials [15].

G-CSF-producing tumors with elevated PTHrP levels have been reported in the glossopharynx, lung, bile duct, gallbladder, pancreas, and urinary organs [16–23]. Although G-CSF or PTHrP production has been reported in gynecological malignancies [2, 24], there have been no case reports of coproduction. Yoneda et al. reported that of 225 patients with oral malignancies, five (2.2%) presented with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. Unfortunately, G-CSF and PTHrP levels have not yet been reported. The occurrence of these two distinct paraneoplastic syndromes in the same patient was greater than expected by chance alone. Although its frequency is relatively uncommon, its association with hypercalcemia–leukocytosis syndrome has been reported [4]. In patients with lung cancer, both G-CSF and PTHrP-producing cancer cells have K-ras codon12 mutations, suggesting that this gene regulates the secretion of these two cytokines [25]. A literature review of case reports on G-CSF-producing tumors with elevated levels of PTHrP has been performed in the last decade (Table 2). Including our case, only eight cases have been reported [17–23]. Sex differences were more common in women (62.5%), with a mean age of 65.4 ± 15.9 years. The mean of each clinical laboratory data set was 36,650 ± 30,217 /μL of WBC, 15.1 ± 2.0 mg/dL of serum calcium, 140.8 ± 89.0 pg/mL of plasma G-CSF, and 12.1 ± 5.3 pmol/L of plasma PTHrP. Our case is the oldest compared to other reports, and the clinical laboratory findings were similar. Bisphosphonates are administered in most cases of hypercalcemia. All patients died during the clinical course, and the causes of death were primarily related to cancer progression. The prognosis for G-CSF- producing tumors with elevation of PTHrP levels is extremely poor. MAH associated with PTHrP is common in patients with advanced cancer [12], and it has been suggested that the tumor growth effect mediated by the autocrine mechanism of G-CSF may be associated with a poor prognosis [17]. Cachexia may also contribute to the poor prognosis. In addition to inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, PTHrP has been suggested to induce browning of white adipocytes, resulting in increased cachexia [26, 27].

Table 2.

Literature review of case reports on G-CSF-producing tumors with elevated levels of PTHrP

No [reference]	Sex	Age	Primary tumor	Pathology	WBC (/µL)	Ca (mg/dL)	CRP (mg/dL)	G-CSF (pg/mL) (normal range)	PTHrP (pmol/L) (≦ 1.1)	Therapeutic intervention for hypercalcemia	Cause of death
1 [17]	Female	76	Gallbladder	SCC	13,700	11.8	12.2	126 (≦ 39.0)	6.9	Fluid infusion, diuretic, and bisphosphonate	Progression of primary disease
2 [18]	Male	78	Bile duct	Adeno carcinoma	14,190	14.6	9.3	333.4 (≦ 39)	6.0	Bisphosphonate	Carcinomatous lymphangiomatosis
3 [19]	Male	65	Pancreas	Anaplastic carcinoma	13,000	14.3	N/A	N/A	13.0	Fluid infusion, diuretic, steroid, elcatonin, and bisphosphonate	Cancerous peritonitis
4 [20]	Male	57	Tongue	SCC	22,770	16.3	N/A	60 (< 39)	12.2	Fluid infusion, steroid, elcatonin, and bisphosphonate	Cancerous pleuritis
5 [21]	Female	38	Bladder	UC	107,000	14.4	15.2	77.1 (≦ 39)	11.1	Elcatonin and bisphosphonate	Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction
6 [22]	Female	71	Bladder	UC	37,000	18.6	N/A	198 (< 30)	24.4	Denosumab	N/A
7 [23]	Female	48	Pancreas	Adeno carcinoma	58,540	17.1	13.8	85.1 (< 39)	13.7	Fluid infusion, diuretic, elcatonin, and bisphosphonate	Progression of primary disease
This case	Female	90	Uterine cervix	SCC	27,000	14.0	7.7	106 (10.5–57.5)	9.3	Fluid infusion, elcatonin, and bisphosphonate	Congestive heart failure

G-CSF granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, PTHrP parathyroid hormone-related protein, WBC white blood cells, Ca calcium, CRP C-reactive protein, SCC squamous cell carcinoma, UC urothelial carcinoma, N/A not available

In this paper, we reported a rare case of G-CSF-producing cervical cancer with elevated levels of PTHrP. In refractory and unidentified leukocytosis and hypercalcemia, it is important to make a differential diagnosis considering the possibility of paraneoplastic syndrome. Immediate initiation of therapeutic strategies, including surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, is required based on early diagnosis to improve prognosis.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare they have no competing interests in relation to this work.

Human and animal rights

This article does not contain studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

No information identifying individual patients was published, and personal information was protected. The patient’s family provided informed consent for the publication of this case report.