Abstract
Primary joint replacements are performed increasingly often worldwide, driven by an aging population, improvement in surgical techniques, and advancements in implant designs. While more attention has traditionally been focused on weight-bearing joints such as the hip and knee, shoulder replacement surgeries have gained increasing attention in recent years due to the population's demand for a better quality of life. Thus far, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of shoulder arthroplasty-related publications using the Scopus database has not yet been conducted. This bibliometric analysis aims to fill this gap by reviewing the Scopus database from its inception until 2023 to examine the literature on shoulder arthroplasty. A total of 5300 publications meeting the selection criteria were included in this analysis. The turn of the century marked a significant turning point for the field of shoulder arthroplasty, with an increasing number of publications produced annually. This trend can be attributed to the improvement of implant designs, which have become more consistent and reliable over time. While the majority of articles were authored by researchers and clinicians from the United States of America (USA), publications by French authors had a higher scholarly impact in the field. There is a noticeable gap in research on shoulder arthroplasty in developing countries, possibly due to the prohibitively high cost of implants and the prioritization of other healthcare sectors. This bibliometric analysis, utilizing Scopus data, serves as a guiding light for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers, potentially fostering collaborative projects and guiding the development of future studies to further advance the field of shoulder arthroplasty, particularly in developing countries.
Keywords: shoulder arthroplasty/ replacement, research trend, bibliometric analyis, anatomical hemi shoulder arthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty, reverse shoulder arthroplasty
Introduction and background
Thanks to advancements in technology and healthcare systems, the lifespan of humans has extended, leading to an estimated 22% of the global population being aged over 60 [1-3]. As individuals age, there is a corresponding increase in the incidence of osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease, commonly seen in weight-bearing joints such as the hip and knee [4-8]. It is estimated that up to 240 million people are suffering from degenerative joint diseases worldwide [1-3]. Consequently, there is a projected rise in the demand for replacement surgeries such as hip and knee surgeries [3-5]. Nevertheless, degenerative disease of synovial joints can also affect non-weight-bearing joints such as the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint [1,2]. Caucasian populations, female patients, individuals with increasing weight, and those who engaged in manual labor are at a higher risk of developing shoulder osteoarthritis [2]. In fact, it is the most common cause of shoulder pain in elderly patients, leading to loss of shoulder function, depression, and reduced quality of life [2].
Since Neer's groundbreaking development of the first anatomic shoulder replacement using a vitallium prosthesis in the 1950s, the technology of shoulder replacement has advanced steadily [2,9-12]. This progress has rendered it a viable option for treating patients with severe shoulder osteoarthritis. Currently, hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty (both anatomic and reverse) have demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating pain and enhancing shoulder function among patients with severe shoulder arthritis [9-12]. In 2017, it was estimated that over 800,000 patients were living in the United States with shoulder replacements, and this figure is anticipated to rise owing to the increasing life expectancy of the global population [9,10]. Reports on the incidence of shoulder osteoarthritis are scarce in the literature, but it is estimated that 16% of patients aged 65 and above have radiographic evidence of shoulder osteoarthritis [1,9-12].
Recently, data mining has significantly facilitated the review process in research. Data collected from platforms such as Google Trends can provide valuable insights into the interests of the population and aid in making informed predictions [13,14]. Similarly, the availability of software and databases has streamlined bibliometric analysis [15-18]. Bibliometric analysis serves multifaceted purposes within a research field. It not only summarizes research interests but also evaluates academic quality and impact through metrics such as publication counts and citations [16-18]. Additionally, it measures relationships and clustering within the field, unveiling collaboration between authors, institutions, and countries. Moreover, bibliometric analysis aids in identifying research gaps, providing valuable insights for further research and advancement within the field [17-20]. While bibliometric analyses of shoulder arthroplasty have been conducted, these analyses have relied solely on the Web of Science Core Collection database for review [19,20]. Our review aims to perform a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the literature on shoulder arthroplasty using the Scopus database.
Review
Literature search and search strategy
The literature on shoulder arthroplasty was sourced from the Scopus database. The search strategy was formulated using the following keywords: (shoulder OR glenohumeral) AND (arthroplasty OR replacement). The search spanned from the inception of the database to 31 December 2023. The retrieved articles underwent screening by the two principal authors for suitability. Only English-language articles related to robotic-assisted hip and knee arthroplasty were included. Other types of publications, such as conference proceedings, book chapters, trade journals, and errata, were excluded. Arthroplasty of other joints, such as the hip, knee, elbow, hand, and ankle, were also excluded. Figure 1 illustrates the flow of the search strategy.
Figure 1. Flowchart of search results.
The retrieved data were processed using R Studio 2021 for Windows ((R Foundation, Vienna, Austria)) with the "bibliometrix" package installed in R [21]. Information such as authorship, title, publication, number of citations, affiliations, journal source, references and keywords were extracted using the R software. Data presentation, including illustrative graphs, was completed using "bibliometrix", while Microsoft Excel 2019 (Microsoft, Redmond, Washington) was employed for data organization.
Results
Annual Scientific Production and Journal
A total of 10,970 articles were retrieved from the Scopus database using the keywords presented. After screening by the lead authors, only 5108 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and they were included in this review. As shown in Figure 2, the first article related to this topic was published in 1974, and the number of annual publications remained low until 2011, where it started to increase slowly. The number of annual publications increased exponentially from 2017 onwards, reaching a peak of 646 publications per year in 2023.
Figure 2. Number of publications over the years.
Figure made by authors
All the 5108 articles were published in various journals. Table 1 summarises the top 10 journals with the highest number of publications in the field of shoulder arthroplasty. The Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (JSES) leads the table with 1445 articles. This was followed by Seminars in Arthroplasty JSES (410 articles), Shoulder and Elbow (171 articles), JSES International (165 articles), International Orthopaedics (142 articles), Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (132 articles), Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (112 articles), Orthopedics (109 articles), Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery (96 articles), and Orthopaedics and Traumatology: Surgery and Research (80 articles). Unsurprisingly, the four top journals with the highest number of publications are primarily dedicated to shoulder and elbow research.
Table 1. Top 10 journals with the highest number of publications.
JSES - Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
| Journal | Number of publications | Percentage |
| Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery | 1445 | 28.3 |
| Seminars in Arthroplasty JSES | 410 | 8.0 |
| Shoulder and Elbow | 171 | 3.3 |
| JSES International | 165 | 3.2 |
| International Orthopaedics | 142 | 2.8 |
| Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery | 132 | 2.6 |
| Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research | 112 | 2.2 |
| Orthopedics | 109 | 2.1 |
| Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery | 96 | 1.9 |
| Orthopaedics and Traumatology: Surgery and Research | 80 | 1.6 |
Authors And Their Affiliations
Table 2 presents the top 10 authors with the highest number of publications in the field of shoulder arthroplasty. Among all the authors, Sperling JW published the highest number of articles, totaling 186 articles. This was followed by Wright TW (144 articles), Walch G (139 articles), Cofield RH (135 articles), Zuckerman JD (126 articles), Namdari S (93 articles), Boileau P (92 articles), Romeo AA (90 articles) Denard PJ (88 articles), and Dines DM (88 articles).
Table 2. Top 10 authors with the highest number of publications.
| Institution | Number of articles | Percentage |
| Sperling JW | 186 | 3.6 |
| Wright TW | 144 | 2.8 |
| Walch G | 139 | 2.7 |
| Cofield RH | 135 | 2.6 |
| Zuckerman JD | 126 | 2.5 |
| Namdari S | 93 | 1.8 |
| Boileau P | 92 | 1.8 |
| Romeo AA | 90 | 1.7 |
| Denard PJ | 88 | 1.7 |
| Dines DM | 88 | 1.7 |
Table 3 summarizes the top 10 institutions with the highest number of publications in the field of shoulder arthroplasty. Authors from Mayo Clinic contributed the highest number of publications, with a total of 847 publications. This was followed by Hospital for Special Surgery (501 publications), University of Florida (496 publications), Rush University Medical Center (435 publications), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (245 publications), Balgrist University Hospital (202 publications), University of California (199 publications), Medical University of South Carolina (190 publications), University of Washington (188 publications), and Duke University Medical Center (172 publications).
Table 3. Top 10 institutions with the highest number of publications.
| Institution | Number of articles | Percentage |
| Mayo Clinic | 847 | 16.6 |
| Hospital for Special Surgery | 501 | 9.8 |
| University of Florida | 496 | 9.7 |
| Rush University Medical Center | 435 | 8.5 |
| Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai | 245 | 4.8 |
| Balgrist University Hospital | 202 | 4.0 |
| University of California | 199 | 3.9 |
| Medical University of South Carolina | 190 | 3.7 |
| University of Washington | 188 | 3.7 |
| Duke University Medical Center | 172 | 3.4 |
Authors' Country and International Collaboration
Table 4 shows the top 10 countries with the highest number of publications in the field of shoulder arthroplasty. Authors from the United States of America (USA) had the highest number of publications in this research field, totaling 2456 publications authored by researchers and clinicians from the USA. This was followed by Germany with 271 publications, the United Kingdom with 233 publications, France with 232 publications, Switzerland with 170 publications, Italy with 146 publications, Canada with 132 publications, Australia (95 publications), Korea (94 publications), and Spain with 56 publications. Among the top 10 contributing countries, more than half of them (six countries) had extensive collaboration with other countries, wherein more than twenty percent of the publications were results of multi-countries collaboration. Up to 42 percent of the publications produced by authors from Switzerland were products of multinational collaboration. This was followed by France (33.3 percent), Australia (30.3 percent), Germany (29.1 percent), Canada (27.4 percent), and Italy (25.8 percent).
Table 4. Author's country with the highest number of publications.
SCP - single country production; MCP - multiple country production
| Country | Number of publications | Percentage | SCP | MCP | MCP percentage |
| USA | 2456 | 48.1 | 2201 | 255 | 10.7 |
| Germany | 271 | 5.3 | 642 | 70 | 29.1 |
| United Kingdom | 233 | 4.6 | 191 | 80 | 14.0 |
| France | 232 | 4.5 | 201 | 32 | 33.3 |
| Switzerland | 170 | 3.3 | 153 | 79 | 42.0 |
| Italy | 146 | 2.9 | 98 | 72 | 25.8 |
| Canada | 132 | 2.6 | 108 | 38 | 27.4 |
| Australia | 95 | 1.9 | 96 | 36 | 30.3 |
| Korea | 94 | 1.8 | 84 | 11 | 12.1 |
| Spain | 56 | 1.1 | 67 | 27 | 16.1 |
Table 5 summarizes the number of publications from collaboration between two countries. Collaboration between USA and France produced the highest number of publications, measuring at 176 publications. This was followed by France-Switzerland collaboration (62 publications), USA-Canada collaboration (57 publications), USA-Switzerland collaboration (56 publications), Germany-Switzerland collaboration (51 publications), USA-Germany collaboration (44 publications), France-Germany collaboration (41 publications), USA-Italy collaboration (30 publications), France-United Kingdom collaboration (27 publications), and Germany-Austria collaboration (25 publications).
Table 5. The number of publications from collaboration between two countries.
Only international collaborations with more than 10 publications are listed in this table
| Collaboration between countries | Number of publications | Percentage | |
| USA | France | 176 | 3.4 |
| France | Switzerland | 62 | 1.2 |
| USA | Canada | 57 | 1.1 |
| USA | Switzerland | 56 | 1.1 |
| Germany | Switzerland | 51 | 1.0 |
| USA | Germany | 44 | 0.9 |
| France | Germany | 41 | 0.8 |
| USA | Italy | 30 | 0.6 |
| France | United Kingdom | 27 | 0.5 |
| Germany | Austria | 25 | 0.5 |
| USA | United Kingdom | 23 | 0.5 |
| France | Australia | 20 | 0.4 |
| USA | Japan | 18 | 0.4 |
| France | Canada | 17 | 0.3 |
| Switzerland | Australia | 17 | 0.3 |
| Switzerland | Austria | 16 | 0.3 |
| USA | Australia | 15 | 0.3 |
| France | Italy | 14 | 0.3 |
| United Kingdom | Australia | 14 | 0.3 |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 13 | 0.3 |
| USA | Korea | 13 | 0.3 |
| USA | Spain | 13 | 0.3 |
| France | Belgium | 12 | 0.2 |
| USA | Belgium | 12 | 0.2 |
| Germany | Australia | 11 | 0.2 |
| USA | Austria | 11 | 0.2 |
| France | China | 10 | 0.2 |
| Germany | Canada | 10 | 0.2 |
| Germany | United Kingdom | 10 | 0.2 |
| United Kingdom | Switzerland | 10 | 0.2 |
Top 10 Publications With the Highest Number of Citations
Table 6 outlines the top ten publications with the highest number of citations within the study period. The article titled "Grammont inverted total shoulder arthroplasty in the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis with massive rupture of the cuff. Results of a multicentre study of 80 shoulders" received the highest number of citations with a total of 1213 citations [22]. "Treatment of painful pseudoparesis due to irreparable rotator cuff dysfunction with the Delta III reverse-ball-and-socket total shoulder prosthesis" had the second-highest number of citations (856 citations) [23]. This was followed by "Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a review of results according to etiology" (851 citations), "Neer Award 2005: The Grammont reverse shoulder prosthesis: results in cuff tear arthritis, fracture sequelae, and revision arthroplasty" (837 citations), "Increasing incidence of shoulder arthroplasty in the United States" (763 citations), "The reverse shoulder prosthesis for glenohumeral arthritis associated with severe rotator cuff deficiency. A minimum two-year follow-up study of sixty patients" (668 citations), "Complications of total shoulder arthroplasty" (649 citations), "Problems, complications, reoperations, and revisions in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review" (634 citations), "Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Survivorship analysis of eighty replacements followed for five to ten years" (607 citations), and "Stress shielding and bone resorption in shoulder arthroplasty" (588 citations) [24-31].
Table 6. Top ten publications with the highest number of citations.
Mean citation - total number of citations divided by the number of years since the article was published
| Number | Year | Journal | Author | Country | Title | Citation | Mean citation |
| 1 | 2004 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British volume) | Sirveaux et al. [22] | France | Grammont inverted total shoulder arthroplasty in the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis with massive rupture of the cuff. Results of a multicentre study of 80 shoulders | 1213 | 57.76 |
| 2 | 2005 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume) | Werner et al. [23] | Switzerland | Treatment of painful pseudoparesis due to irreparable rotator cuff dysfunction with the Delta III reverse-ball-and-socket total shoulder prosthesis | 856 | 42.80 |
| 3 | 2007 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume) | Wall et al. [24] | France | Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a review of results according to etiology | 851 | 47.28 |
| 4 | 2006 | Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery | Boileau et al. [25] | France | Neer Award 2005: The Grammont reverse shoulder prosthesis: results in cuff tear arthritis, fracture sequelae, and revision arthroplasty | 837 | 44.05 |
| 5 | 2011 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume) | Kim et al. [26] | USA | Increasing incidence of shoulder arthroplasty in the United States | 763 | 54.50 |
| 6 | 2005 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume) | Frankle et al. [27] | USA | The reverse shoulder prosthesis for glenohumeral arthritis associated with severe rotator cuff deficiency. A minimum two-year follow-up study of sixty patients | 668 | 33.40 |
| 7 | 2006 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume) | Bohsali et al. [28] | USA | Complications of total shoulder arthroplasty | 649 | 34.16 |
| 8 | 2011 | Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery | Zumstein et al. [29] | France | Problems, complications, reoperations, and revisions in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review | 634 | 45.29 |
| 9 | 2006 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume) | Guery et al. [30] | France | Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Survivorship analysis of eighty replacements followed for five to ten years | 607 | 31.95 |
| 10 | 2003 | Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery | Nagels et al. [31] | Netherlands | Stress shielding and bone resorption in shoulder arthroplasty | 588 | 26.73 |
Types of Articles
Table 7 shows the breakdown of the type of shoulder arthroplasty-related articles. Upon analysis, the majority of the articles were related to reverse shoulder total arthroplasty (RTSA), with up to 37% of the articles focusing solely on RTSA. Additionally, 1.1% and 7.4% of the articles compared RTSA with hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), respectively. This was followed by TSA-related articles, which accounted for 30.6%. On top of that, 2.7% compared TSA with hemiarthroplasty. Approximately 3.8% of the articles compared all three types: hemiarthroplasty, TSA, and RTSA. The remaining 11.5% of the articles did not fit into any of these categories; these mostly consisted of non-specific review articles.
Table 7. Types of articles.
TSA - total shoulder arthroplasty; RTSA - reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
| Type of articles | Number of publications | Percentage |
| General | 586 | 11.5 |
| Hemiarthroplasty and TSA | 136 | 2.7 |
| Hemiarthroplasty and RTSA | 56 | 1.1 |
| Hemiarthroplasty, TSA, and RTSA | 192 | 3.8 |
| TSA and RTSA | 381 | 7.4 |
| Hemiarthroplasty | 303 | 5.9 |
| TSA | 1562 | 30.6 |
| RTSA | 1892 | 37.0 |
| Total | 5108 | 100 |
Discussion
Developed by Elsevier, the Scopus database contains an extensive collection of peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and patents from a variety of fields, such as science, technology, medicine, social sciences, arts, and humanities [15,16]. This database is appreciated for its broad scope, which encompasses research outputs from multiple disciplines, making it a valuable research resource for interdisciplinary research and collaboration. Researchers can access millions of articles and other scholarly documents, allowing them to stay ahead of the latest developments and trends in their respective fields. This database also provides citation analysis tools, making assessment of the influence and visibility of scholarly publications feasible. Metrics such as the h-index and citation counts enable researchers to gauge the significance of their work and identify influential authors and journals within their field [16]. Besides that, the Scopus database also facilitates collaboration and networking among researchers by providing authors' profile, their affiliations, and collaboration networks. Given that the Scopus database is one of the largest databases available, it is important to examine the nuances of each database, as each database has its own strengths and weaknesses. In this bibliometric analysis, we delve into the analysis of shoulder arthroplasty using the Scopus database.
Upon reviewing all the shoulder arthroplasty-related publications, the number of publications began to increase at the turn of the century. Nevertheless, growth remained slow until 2010, when this field experienced exponential growth. This may be attributed to advancements in reverse shoulder arthroplasty implant design. In the 1990s, the reverse shoulder arthroplasty system introduced by Paul Grammont focused on four key principles: 1) stability of the implant; 2) convex weight-bearing part and concave supporting part; 3) centering of the glenoid sphere at or within the glenoid neck; and 4) medialization and distalization of the center of rotation [32]. This system underwent revisions to reduce complications and enhance implant consistency [32]. In the early 2000s, numerous landmark papers focused on the clinical outcomes of the new Grammont reverse shoulder arthroplasty implant. Three out of the top four publications with the highest number of citations reported the outcomes of the Grammont reverse shoulder arthroplasty implant. The early success of this new system led to its adoption worldwide, resulting in an explosion of shoulder arthroplasty-related publications. In fact, the success of the newer implants expanded the indications for shoulder arthroplasty [9,10]. With the incidence of shoulder arthroplasty increasing every year, it is expected that the number of publications related to shoulder arthroplasty will also follow this upward trend [9,10].
Authors and institutions from the USA significantly contributed to the realm of shoulder arthroplasty research, with up to half (48.1%) of the publications authored by USA researchers and clinicians. Nevertheless, French authors had a higher impact in this field, as five of the top 10 publications with the highest number of citations were authored by French researchers and clinicians. French authors are also heavily involved in multinational collaborations, with up to one-third (33.3%) of their publications being produced in collaboration with others. They had the most collaborative projects with authors from the USA and Switzerland. As discussed previously, this may be attributed to the Grammont-designed reverse shoulder arthroplasty that is being popularized in other parts of the world. Notably, there is a huge vacuum in the developing world in the field of shoulder arthroplasty. This may be due to a combination of the high cost of shoulder arthroplasty implants and the prioritization of other healthcare problems, like infectious diseases, in developing countries [4].
In terms of the breakdown of article types, RTSA-related publications dominated the field of shoulder arthroplasty, accounting for 45.5% of the total publications. The advancement in implant design may be the reason for the high volume of RTSA-related articles. With modern designs, patients who undergo RTSA experience more consistent and better functional outcomes compared to those who undergo hemiarthroplasty or TSA [9,10,32]. Patients with rotator cuff deficiency are better suited for RTSA, as the implant alters the biomechanics of the shoulder, allowing surrounding muscles such as the deltoid to compensate for the loss of rotator cuff muscles [9,10].
Limitations
This bibliometric analysis has several fundamental limitations. Selection bias is present in this review, as only English articles curated from the Scopus database are included. Besides that, the literature search is limited up to the year 2023, potentially underscoring the number of citations received by some of the articles, especially those articles that were published recently. In this bibliometric analysis, all the articles from the time of Scopus database inception to the year 2023 were reviewed and included if they fit the selection criteria. The wide range of publication dates may affect the authors' affiliation and country, as authors may have moved to other institutions or countries. Furthermore, using only the Scopus database may result in variation in citation counts compared to other databases such as Web of Science Core Collection or Google Scholar.
Conclusions
With the improvement of the shoulder arthroplasty implant designs, the results of shoulder arthroplasty are increasingly consistent, leading to more research and publications in this field. The turn of the century marks a turning point in shoulder arthroplasty, as newer implant designs revolutionized the field. This bibliometric analysis examines shoulder arthroplasty-related publications through the lens of the Scopus database, offering insight into research trends and collaboration among authors, institutions, and countries. Despite exponential growth in shoulder arthroplasty-related research and publications, this technology is still confined to developed countries.
Disclosures
Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following:
Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work.
Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work.
Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
Author Contributions
Concept and design: Ren Y. Kow, Khairul Nizam Siron, Chooi L. Low, Azni N. Wahid, Farahiyah Jasni, Mohd R. Abidin, Siti Nor S. Mustfar, Nurul Ain N. Md Amin
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Ren Y. Kow, Chooi L. Low, Nurul Ain N. Md Amin
Drafting of the manuscript: Ren Y. Kow, Khairul Nizam Siron, Chooi L. Low, Nurul Ain N. Md Amin
Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Ren Y. Kow, Khairul Nizam Siron, Chooi L. Low, Azni N. Wahid, Farahiyah Jasni, Mohd R. Abidin, Siti Nor S. Mustfar, Nurul Ain N. Md Amin
Supervision: Ren Y. Kow
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