Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann logoLink to Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann
. 1993 Dec;84(12):1223–1229. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1993.tb02826.x

Prognostic Significance of Selected Lifestyle Factors in Urinary Bladder Cancer

Kenji Wakai 1, Yoshiyuki Ohno 1, Kohji Obata 2, Kunio Aoki 3
PMCID: PMC5919112  PMID: 8294212

Abstract

To examine the prognostic significance of lifestyle factors in urinary bladder cancer, we conducted a follow‐up study of 258 incident bladder cancer patients, who were originally recruited in a case‐control study in metropolitan Nagoya. Information on individual survivals was obtained from the computer data‐file of the tumor registry of the Nagoya Bladder Cancer Research Group. Univariate analyses revealed significant associations of 5‐year survivorship with educational attainment, marital status, drinking habits and consumption of green tea in males, and age at first consultation, histological type and grade of tumor, stage and distant metastasis in both sexes. After adjustment for age, stage, histology (histological type and grade) and distant metastasis by means of a proportional hazards model, drinking of alcoholic beverages was significantly associated with the prognosis of bladder cancer in males. Its adjusted hazard ratio was 0.46 (95% confidence interval: 0.26–0.79), favoring patients who had taken alcoholic beverages. In detailed analysis, ex‐drinkers and all levels of current drinkers demonstrated hazard ratios smaller than unity, although no clear dose‐response relationship was detected. No prognostic significance was found for such lifestyle factors as smoking habit, uses of artificial sweeteners and hairdye, and consumption of coffee, black tea, matcha (powdered green tea) and cola.

Keywords: Bladder cancer, Prognosis, Survival, Lifestyle, Hazard ratio

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (357.1 KB).

REFERENCES

  • 1).Nilsson , B. , Wahren , B. , Esposti , P. L. and Edsmyr , F.Prediction of survival and recurrence in bladder carcinoma . Urol. Res. , 10 , 109 – 113 ( 1982. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2).Narayana , A. S. , Loening , S. A. , Slymen , D. J. and Culp , D. A.Bladder cancer: factors affecting survival . J. Urol. , 130 , 56 – 60 ( 1983. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3).Takashi , M. , Murase , T. , Mizuno , S. , Hamajima , N. and Ohno , Y.Multivariate evaluation of prognostic determinants in bladder cancer patients . Urol. Int. , 42 , 368 – 374 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4).Co‐operative Urological Cancer Group . Prognostic factors in a T3 bladder cancer trial . Br. J. Cancer , 59 , 441 – 444 ( 1989. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5).Wahren , B. , Nilsson , B. O. and Zimmerman , R.Urinary CEA for prediction of survival time and recurrence in bladder cancer . Cancer , 50 , 139 – 145 ( 1982. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6).Nakatsu , H. , Kobayashi , I. , Onishi , Y. , Igawa , M. , Ito , H. , Tahara , E. and Nihira , H.ABO (H) blood group antigens and carcinoembryonic antigens as indicators of malignant potential in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder . J. Urol. , 131 , 252 – 257 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7).Tachibana , M. , Deguchi , N. , Baba , S. , Jitsukawa , S. , Hata , M. and Tazaki , H.Multivariate analysis of flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid parameters and histological features for prognosis of bladder cancer patients . J. Urol. , 146 , 1530 – 1534 ( 1991. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8).Hug , E. B. , Donnelly , S. M. , Shipley , W. U. , Heney , N. M. , Kaufman , D. S. , Preffer , F. I. , Schwartz , S. M. , Colvin , R. B. and Althausen , A. F.Deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry in invasive bladder carcinoma: a possible predictor for successful bladder preservation following transurethral surgery and chemotherapy‐radiotherapy . J. Urol. , 148 , 47 – 51 ( 1992. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9).Vågerö , D. and Persson , G.Cancer survival and social class in Sweden . J. Epidemiol. Community Health , 41 , 204 – 209 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10).Goodwin , J. S. , Hunt , W. C. , Key , C. R. and Samet , J. M.The effect of marital status on stage, treatment, and survival of cancer patients . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 258 , 3125 – 3130 ( 1987. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11).Michalek , A. M. , Cummings , K. M. and Pontes , J. E.Cigarette smoking, tumor recurrence and survival from bladder cancer . Prev. Med. , 14 , 92 – 98 ( 1985. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12).Johnston‐Early , A. , Cohen , M. H. , Minna , J. D. , Paxton , L. M. , Fossieck , B. E. , Ihde , D. C. , Bunn , P. A. , Matthews , M. J. and Makuch , R.Smoking abstinence and small cell lung cancer survival: an association . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 244 , 2175 – 2179 ( 1980. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13).Koh , H. K. , Sober , A. J. , Day , C. L. , Lew , R. A. and Fitzpatrick , T. B.Cigarette smoking and malignant melanoma: prognostic implications . Cancer , 53 , 2570 – 2573 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14).Kucera , H. , Enzelsberger , H. , Eppel , W. and Weghaupt , K.The influence of nicotine abuse and diabetes mellitus on the results of primary irradiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix . Cancer , 60 , 1 – 4 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15).Archimbaud , E. , Maupas , J. , Lecluze‐Palazzolo , C. , Fiere , D. and Viala , J.‐J.Influence of cigarette smoking on the presentation and course of chronic myelogenous leukemia . Cancer , 63 , 2060 – 2065 ( 1989. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16).Browman , G. P. , Wong , G. , Hodson , I. , Sathya , J. , Russell , R. , McAlpine , L. , Skingley , P. and Levine , M. N.Influence of cigarette smoking on the efficacy of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer . N. Engl. J. Med. , 328 , 159 – 163 ( 1993. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17).Kato , I. , Tominaga , S. and Ikari , A.Lung cancer prognostic factors from the Aichi Cancer Registry . Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. , 20 , 238 – 245 ( 1990. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18).Ewertz , M. , Gillanders , S. , Meyer , L. and Zedeler , K.Survival of breast cancer patients in relation to factors which affect the risk of developing breast cancer . Int. J. Cancer , 49 , 526 – 530 ( 1991. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19).Gregorio , D. I. , Emrich , L. J. , Graham , S. , Marshall , J. R. and Nemoto , T.Dietary fat consumption and survival among women with breast cancer . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 75 , 37 – 41 ( 1985. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20).Attali , P. , Prod'homme , S. , Pelletier , G. , Papoz , L. , Ink , O. , Buffet , C. and Etienne , J.‐P.Prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: attempts for the selection of patients with prolonged survival . Cancer , 59 , 2108 – 2111 ( 1987. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21).Ohno , Y. , Aoki , K. , Obata , K. and Morrison , A. S.Case‐control study of urinary bladder cancer in metropolitan Nagoya . Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. , 69 , 229 – 234 ( 1985. ). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22).Union International Centre le Cancer . “ TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors ” ( 1974. ). Union International Contre le Cancer; , Geneva . [Google Scholar]
  • 23).Mostofi , F. K. , Sobin , L. H. and Torloni , H.Histological typing of urinary bladder tumours . In “ International Histological Classification of Tumors, No. 10 ”, pp . 9 – 34 ( 1973. ). World Health Organization; , Geneva . [Google Scholar]
  • 24).Kaplan , E. L. and Meier , P.Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations . J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , 53 , 457 – 481 ( 1958. ). [Google Scholar]
  • 25).Peto , R. and Peto , J.Asymptotically efficient rank invariant test procedures . J. R. Stat. Soc. A , 135 , 185 – 207 ( 1972. ). [Google Scholar]
  • 26).Cox , D. R.Regression models and life tables . J. R. Stat. Soc. B , 34 , 187 – 220 ( 1972. ). [Google Scholar]
  • 27).Morrison , A. S. , Buring , J. E. , Verhoek , W. G. , Aoki , K. , Leek , L. , Ohno , Y. and Obata , K.An international study of smoking and bladder cancer . J. Urol. , 131 , 650 – 654 ( 1984. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28).Lopez‐Abente , G. , González , C. A. , Errezola , M. , Escolar , A. , Izarzugaza , I. , Nebot , M. and Riboli , E.Tobacco smoke inhalation pattern, tobacco type, and bladder cancer in Spain . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 134 , 830 – 839 ( 1991. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29).Chyou , P.‐H. , Nomura , A. M. Y. and Stemmermann , G. N.A prospective study of the attributable risk of cancer due to cigarette smoking . Am. J. Public Health , 82 , 37 – 40 ( 1992. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30).Klatsky , A. L. , Armstrong , M. A. and Friedman , G. D.Alcohol and mortality . Ann. Intern. Med. , 117 , 646 – 654 ( 1992. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31).Farchi , G. , Fidanza , F. , Mariotti , S. and Menotti , A.Alcohol and mortality in the Italian rural cohorts of the seven countries study . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 21 , 74 – 82 ( 1992. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32).Scherr , P. A. , LaCroix , A. Z. , Wallace , R. B. , Berkman , L. , Curb , J. D. , Cornoni‐Huntley , J. , Evans , D. A. and Hennekens , C. H.Light to moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in the elderly . J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. , 40 , 651 – 657 ( 1992. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33).Saxena , Q. B. , Mezey , E. and Adler , W. H.Regulation of natural killer activity in vivo. II. The effect of alcohol consumption on human peripheral blood natural killer activity . Int. J. Cancer , 26 , 413 – 417 ( 1980. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34).Nakachi , K. and Imai , K.Environmental and physiological influences on human natural killer cell activity in relation to good health practices . Jpn. J. Cancer Res. , 83 , 798 – 805 ( 1992. ). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35).Matanoski , G. M. and Elliott , E. A.Bladder cancer epidemiology . Epidemiol. Rev. , 3 , 203 – 229 ( 1981. ). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES