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. 2023 Mar 20;18(15):1244–1253. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-22-00654

Ticagrelor or prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic coronary syndromes

Anoop N Koshy 1,2, Gennaro Giustino 3, Samantha Sartori 4, Amit Hooda 5, Yihan Feng, Clayton Snyder 6, Shabitri Dasgupta 7, Kartik R Kumar 8, Parasuram Krishnamoorthy-Melarcode 9, Joseph Sweeny 10, Sahil Khera 11, Gregory W Serrao 12, Raman Sharma 13, George Dangas 14, Annapoorna S Kini 15, Roxana Mehran 16,17, Samin K Sharma 18,*
PMCID: PMC10018287  PMID: 36660810

Abstract

Background

Potent P2Y12 inhibitors such as ticagrelor and prasugrel are superior to clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Whether this benefit extends to a patient population with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) is unclear.

Aims

We sought to compare the safety and efficacy of prasugrel and ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients undergoing PCI for CCS.

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing PCI for CCS at a tertiary centre between 2014 and 2019 who were discharged on prasugrel or ticagrelor were compared with those on clopidogrel. The primary endpoint was the composite of death and myocardial infarction (MI), with secondary outcomes including rates of bleeding, stroke, and target vessel revascularisation at 1 year.

Results

Overall, 11,508 patients were included in the study (ticagrelor/prasugrel n=2,860 [24.9%], clopidogrel n=8,648 [75.1%]) with an increasing frequency of potent P2Y12 inhibitor use over the study period (ptrend<0.001). Clopidogrel was used more frequently in patients with multimorbid risk factors, whereas anatomical or procedural complexity was associated with ticagrelor/prasugrel use (left main PCI, bifurcation PCI, number of lesions, rotational atherectomy). No difference in the incidence of death or MI was noted across the groups (ticagrelor/prasugrel vs clopidogrel: 2.7% vs 3.1%, adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR] 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62-1.17; p=0.33) or secondary outcomes including bleeding (adjHR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.46-1.21; p=0.23) on propensity score stratification analysis. Additionally, no difference in the primary outcome was observed across subgroups, including those undergoing complex PCI.

Conclusions

Ticagrelor and prasugrel are increasingly used in patients with CCS undergoing PCI with similar 1-year efficacy and safety when compared to clopidogrel. Whether use of these agents can be beneficial in patients undergoing PCI for CCS with a high thrombotic and low bleeding risk warrants further study.

Introduction

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor is the standard of care in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)1. In acute coronary syndromes (ACS), guidelines recommend the use of the newer, more potent P2Y12 inhibitors such as ticagrelor and prasugrel due to their rapid onset of action, potency and reduced interindividual variability, with a resultant reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)1,2,3. However, in patients undergoing PCI for chronic coronary syndromes (CCS), clopidogrel is the preferred agent with a class I level of evidence supporting its use2. Despite this, recent administrative data indicate that ticagrelor and prasugrel are increasingly prescribed off-label in patients undergoing PCI for non-ACS indications4. Factors affecting the real-world, off-label use of these agents, as well as their comparative efficacy and safety when compared to clopidogrel, remain unclear. While the incidence of MACE is lower in patients undergoing PCI for CCS, the use of these more potent agents has the potential to reduce the risk of periprocedural and long-term cardiovascular events, particularly in high-risk patients. This is important to ascertain given the increased hazard of bleeding, the lower rates of adherence and the higher out-of-pocket costs in patients prescribed the newer P2Y12 agents5,6. Although randomised trials have been performed, they are limited by differences in study inclusion criteria and the patient populations assessed, as well as by a short duration of follow-up7,8,9,10. As such, we sought to compare the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel versus ticagrelor or prasugrel in a real-world population undergoing PCI for CCS.

Methods

Study population and design

A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients undergoing PCI at a large tertiary hospital (Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA) between 2014 and 2019 were enrolled in the institutional catheterisation laboratory registry and assessed for inclusion in this study. Patients undergoing PCI for CCS who were prescribed aspirin in addition to clopidogrel or a newer P2Y12 agent (either prasugrel or ticagrelor) were included. Patients presenting with ACS, cardiogenic shock and those on oral anticoagulants prior to PCI were excluded. PCI was performed according to standard techniques, and stent choice was per operator preference. Likewise, the DAPT duration and regimen was based on aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor according to the treating physician’s preference. The study was approved by the institutional review board.

Data collection

Informed consent was given for anonymised data collection and systematic follow-up by all patients. Clinical, laboratory and angiographic data were systematically obtained from electronic medical records by using standardised forms at the time of index hospitalisation for PCI. All patients were followed up by clinic visits or telephone interviews by experienced research personnel with a medical record review of recurrent hospitalisations up to 1 year post-PCI.

Antiplatelet regimen

Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the type of P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel vs ticagrelor/or prasugrel) prescribed at discharge from hospital. All patients presenting to the catheterisation laboratory routinely received 325 mg aspirin >90 minutes prior to angiography with a maintenance dose of 81 mg daily. Therapy with ticagrelor was started at a loading dose of 180 mg and continued at a maintenance dose of 90 mg twice daily. Prasugrel therapy was commenced with a loading dose of 60 mg followed by a maintenance dose of 10 mg daily in patients with a body weight ≥100 kg or if 3 stents were deployed in the same vessel, as per our institutional protocol. The remainder of the patients received a dose of 5 mg daily. Clopidogrel was initiated at a loading dose of 600 mg with a maintenance dose of 75 mg daily. The timing of P2Y12 inhibitor initiation at our centre is typically following angiography and prior to undertaking PCI, and is continued for a period of 12 months in the absence of any contraindications. Routine escalation or de-escalation of antiplatelet therapy is not undertaken at our centre.

Study definitions and endpoints

The primary endpoint of the study was the composite of all-cause death or myocardial infarction (MI; Type 1) at 1 year following PCI. Secondary endpoints included rates of target lesion revascularisation (TLR), stent thrombosis, bleeding, stroke, and the incidence of the individual components of the primary endpoint. MI was defined according to the third universal definition of MI11. TLR was defined as repeat revascularisation within the 5 mm margin proximal and distal to the stent. Bleeding was defined as per the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry (version 4.4), which included any bleeding occurring during hospitalisation for the index PCI associated with a haemoglobin decrease of >3 g/dL, blood transfusion, or requiring procedural intervention or surgery at the bleeding site, or a bleeding event requiring either hospitalisation or a blood transfusion. PCI was considered complex if fulfilling any of the following criteria: total stent length ≥60 mm, total number of stents implanted ≥3, total number of lesions ≥3, total number of target vessels ≥3, bifurcation lesion with ≥2 stents, or chronic total occlusion (CTO)12.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are reported as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and were compared using the Student’s t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test or the Wilcoxon test on the basis of normality. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Trends in the use of antiplatelets over the study duration were estimated using the Cochran-Armitage test. Predictors of antiplatelet prescription were analysed by stepwise logistic regression with backward selection (p<0.10 for inclusion in the multivariate model andp>0.20 for exclusion) with risk estimates presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Clinical follow-up was censored at the date of death or latest available follow-up. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test.

To account for baseline differences between patients prescribed the different antiplatelet regimens, propensity score stratification analysis was performed. Propensity scores were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression model with the dependent outcome as treatment with clopidogrel (vs prasugrel or ticagrelor). The propensity model was generated in an iterative fashion using the method of Rosenbaum et al13. Propensity score stratification was then used to analyse outcomes using cause-specific Cox proportional hazards regression models to account for the time-to-event nature of the data and stratified by the propensity to receive clopidogrel versus prasugrel or ticagrelor. The following variables were used for multivariate adjustment for propensity score stratification: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), race, smoker, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, cerebrovascular disease, prior MI, prior coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG), left ventricular ejection fraction, calcification, chronic total occlusion (CTO), and complex PCI as per Giustino’s criteria. Additionally, high bleeding risk (HBR) characteristics as per the Academic Research Consortium (ARC) criteria were also included in the propensity score stratification14. Patients were defined to be at HBR if they fulfilled at least 1 major or 2 minor criteria as recommended in the ARC-HBR definition. All other patients, including those presenting with only 1 minor criterion, were classified as not at HBR. The distribution of propensity scores for the entire cohort and each treatment group were visually examined. Mutually exclusive strata were then generated based on the propensity scores for the entire cohort, a process that was blinded to any outcome data in order to avoid bias in selection. The number of strata and their respective cut-off points were based on fulfilling previously established criteria and adequate balance in baseline covariates. All reported p-values are 2-tailed with p<0.05 considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata version 15.1 (StataCorp).

Results

During the study period, 30,675 PCI were performed. After the exclusion of patients who did not meet the study inclusion criteria (n=13,090), those undergoing repeat procedures (n=4,151), and those lost to follow-up (n=1,107), a total of 11,508 patients were included in the final analysis (Supplementary Figure 1). The mean age was 66±11 years, and 26.8% were female. Clopidogrel was used in the majority of patients (8,648 [75.1%]), followed by ticagrelor (1,717 [14.9%]) and prasugrel (1,143 [10.0%]). Baseline and procedural characteristics of the cohort are summarised in Table 1 and Table 2. Femoral access was utilised in the majority of patients (80.9%), and 35.7% of interventions met the criteria for complex PCI.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics, stratified by P2Y12 inhibitor prescribed at discharge.

Ticagrelor or prasugrel (n=2,860) Clopidogrel (n=8,648) p-value
Age, years 62.3±10.2 67.2±10.8 <0.001
Female sex 613 (21.4%) 2,470 (28.6%) <0.001
Race <0.001
White 1,170 (43.8%) 3,677 (44.5%)
African American 222 (8.3%) 883 (10.7%)
Asian 616 (23.0%) 1,573 (19.0%)
Hispanic 490 (18.3%) 1,728 (20.9%)
Other 175 (6.5%) 404 (4.9%)
BMI, kg/m2 29.1±5.4 28.6±5.5 <0.001
Clinical history
Hypertension 2,674 (93.5%) 8,121 (93.9%) 0.468
Hyperlipidaemia 2,692 (94.1%) 8,111 (93.8%) 0.517
Family history of coronary artery disease 768 (26.9%) 1,941 (22.4%) <0.001
Diabetes mellitus 1,472 (51.5%) 4,196 (48.5%) 0.006
Insulin-dependent diabetes 517 (35.1%) 1,399 (33.3%) 0.214
Prior MI 850 (29.7%) 1,894 (21.9%) <0.001
Prior PCI 1,707 (59.7%) 3,962 (45.8%) <0.001
Prior CABG 425 (14.9%) 1,445 (16.7%) 0.02
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) 200 (7.0%) 869 (10.0%) <0.001
Prior cerebrovascular disease (CVA) 151 (5.3%) 994 (11.5%) <0.001
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 560 (19.6%) 2,562 (29.6%) <0.001
Dialysis 54 (1.9%) 346 (4.0%) <0.001
Anaemia 1,030 (37.0%) 3,383 (40.1%) 0.004
Neoplastic disease 143 (5.0%) 695 (8.0%) <0.001
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) N/A
LVEF, % 55.6±9.6 55.7±9.8 0.816
Laboratory values
Total cholesterol, mmol/L 135.5±42.5 138.5±40.8 0.002
LDL, mmol/L 76.8±31.0 78.0±29.8 0.067
HDL, mmol/L 38.9±10.9 41.1±12.2 <0.001
Haemoglobin, baseline, g/dL 13.2±1.6 12.9±1.7 <0.001
Platelet, baseline, 109/L 202.0 [171.0-242.0] 196.0 [161.0-234.0] <0.001
Socioeconomic parameters (insurance)
Medicare 720 (26.5%) 2,964 (36.1%) <0.001
Medicaid 285 (10.5%) 844 (10.3%) 0.762
Private 1,614 (59.4%) 4,250 (51.8%) <0.001
Military 4 (0.1%) 2 (0.0%) 0.037
None 150 (5.5%) 347 (4.2%) 0.005
Values are n (%), mean±SD or median [interquartile range]. BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI myocardial infarction; N/A: not applicable; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SD: standard deviation
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Table 2. Procedural characteristics by P2Y12 inhibitor use at discharge.

Ticagrelor or prasugrel (n=2,860) Clopidogrel (n=8,648) p-value
Radial access 604 (21.1%) 1,441 (16.7%) <0.001
Femoral access 2,226 (77.8%) 7,086 (81.9%) <0.001
Other access 3 (0.1%) 14 (0.2%) 0.779
LM 201 (7.0%) 374 (4.3%) <0.001
LAD 1,687 (59.0%) 4,494 (52.0%) <0.001
LCx 1,191 (41.6%) 3,230 (37.4%) <0.001
RCA 1,057 (37.0%) 3,131 (36.2%) 0.473
LIMA 14 (0.5%) 43 (0.5%) 0.959
SVG 70 (2.4%) 244 (2.8%) 0.287
Multivessel 1,878 (65.7%) 5,518 (63.8%) 0.072
B2C lesion 2,107 (73.7%) 5,993 (69.3%) <0.001
Bifurcation 684 (23.9%) 1,553 (18.0%) <0.001
Calcification, moderate or severe 625 (21.9%) 1,962 (22.8%) 0.345
Chronic total occlusion (CTO) 264 (9.2%) 754 (8.7%) 0.403
In-stent restenosis (ISR) 614 (21.5%) 1,179 (13.6%) <0.001
Stent implanted 2,602 (91.0%) 7,994 (92.4%) 0.012
First generation DES 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) N/A
Second generation DES 2,588 (90.5%) 7,795 (90.1%) 0.582
Bare metal stent 17 (0.6%) 208 (2.4%) <0.001
Total stent length, mm 51.6±44.9 39.8±32.0 <0.001
Minimum stent diameter, mm 2.9±0.5 2.9±0.5 0.731
IVUS or OCT 363 (12.7%) 1,000 (11.6%) 0.105
Rotational atherectomy 477 (16.7%) 1,297 (15.0%) 0.031
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) 27 (0.9%) 55 (0.6%) 0.09
Impella 37 (1.3%) 80 (0.9%) 0.089
Complex PCI 1,198 (44.9%) 2,669 (32.7%) <0.001
Values are n (%) or mean±SD. DES: drug-eluting stent; IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; LAD: left anterior descending; LCx: left circumflex; LIMA: left internal mammary artery; LM: left main; OCT : optical coherence tomography; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA: right coronary artery; SD: standard deviation; SVG: saphenous vein grafts
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Trends in P2Y12 inhibitor prescription

Trends in the rates of P2Y12 inhibitor use are shown in Figure 1. Prescription rates for clopidogrel reduced significantly from 76.0% in 2012 to 67.7% in 2019, with ticagrelor increasing from 8.2% to 21.9% (both ptrend<0.001), while the rates of prasugrel prescription were stable (~10%).

Figure 1. Trends in prescription of P2Y12 agents on discharge between 2012-2019.

Figure 1

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Graph illustrates a significant reduction in the use of clopidogrel and increase in the use of the potent P2Y12 inhibitors over the study period (ptrend<0.001).

Factors affecting P2Y12 therapy choice

Table 3 summarises the multivariate predictors affecting P2Y12 therapy choice. Patients prescribed ticagrelor or prasugrel were more likely male and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) with prior PCI. Those discharged on clopidogrel tended to be older, have a greater prevalence of prior cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery bypass grafts, chronic kidney disease, and a history of cancer (all p<0.05). However, markers of anatomic complexity (left main PCI: OR 1.80, 95% CI: 1.48-2.19; p<0.001), lesion-specific complexity (bifurcation: OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.17-1.46; p<0.001; lesion length: OR 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.01; p<0.001) and procedural complexity (number of lesions treated: OR 1.22, 95% CI: 1.12-1.33; p<0.001; rotational atherectomy: OR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.00-1.30; p=0.04) were all significantly higher in patients prescribed ticagrelor or prasugrel (Table 3).

Table 3. Factors associated with being discharged on ticagrelor or prasugrel over clopidogrel.

Variable Multivariable adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) p-value
Age, years 0.96 (0.95-0.96) <0.001
Female sex 0.84 (0.76-0.94) 0.002
Diabetes mellitus 1.16 (1.06-1.27) 0.002
Prior cerebrovascular disease 0.48 (0.40-0.58) <0.001
Neoplastic disease 0.79 (0.65-0.96) 0.018
Dialysis 0.36 (0.27-0.49) <0.001
Prior PCI 1.89 (1.72-2.07) <0.001
Prior CABG 0.86 (0.75-0.98) 0.019
Bifurcation 1.31 (1.17-1.46) <0.001
PCI vessel – left main 1.80 (1.48-2.19) <0.001
Number of lesions treated 1.22 (1.12-1.33) <0.001
Total lesion length, mm 1.01 (1.00-1.01) <0.001
Chronic total occlusion 0.71 (0.60-0.84) <0.001
Rotational atherectomy 1.14 (1.00-1.30) 0.043
CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CI: confidence interval; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention
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Periprocedural outcomes

No differences in the rates of periprocedural complications including side branch closure, slow-flow/no reflow and abrupt vessel closure were noted when comparing the 2 groups (p=ns) (Supplementary Table 1). Despite vascular access being predominantly femoral, the rates of access complications were low with no significant difference when stratified by the type of P2Y12 inhibitor used.

Clinical outcomes

Clinical outcomes at 1 year are reported in Table 4. The distribution of propensity scores for the entire cohort and treatment group were visually examined, demonstrating good overlap between the groups (Supplementary Figure 2). The primary endpoint of death or MI occurred in 68 (2.7%) and 223 (3.1%) of patients discharged with ticagrelor or prasugrel and clopidogrel, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR] 1.19, 95% CI: 0.84-1.66; p=0.325) (Central illustration). When evaluating key secondary endpoints, no difference in stroke or stent thrombosis was noted (Table 4). Clinically indicated target vessel revascularisation occurred in 159 (6.4%) and 359 (5.1%) patients treated with ticagrelor/prasugrel and clopidogrel, respectively (adjHR 0.99, 95% CI: 0.74-1.31; p=0.92). Unadjusted (unadj) rates of bleeding were higher in patients on clopidogrel, although this was not statistically significant after propensity score stratification (adjHR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.54-1.58; p=0.76) (Central illustration). Sensitivity analyses were performed comparing clopidogrel to ticagrelor and prasugrel individually (Table 5, Table 6). A trend towards a lower rate of the primary outcome was noted when comparing prasugrel and clopidogrel (2.1% vs 3.1%, unadjHR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.43-1.05; p=0.08), although this was attenuated after propensity adjustment (adjHR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.38-1.13; p=0.13). A comparison of patients who received 10 mg and 5 mg of prasugrel versus clopidogrel also demonstrated similar results (Supplementary Table 2). Further, subgroup analysis was performed when stratified by ARC-HBR risk. While the incidence of ischaemic and bleeding outcomes was numerically higher in the HBR versus non-HBR patients, no significant difference was noted on propensity score stratification analysis across subgroups without evidence of interaction (Supplementary Table 3).

Table 4. Kaplan-Meier estimates, unadjusted & propensity score-stratified hazard ratios, stratified by P2Y12 inhibitor use.

Outcome Ticagrelor or prasugrel
(n=2,860) 		Clopidogrel
(n=8,648) 		Unadjusted hazard ratio
(95% CI) 		p-value PS-stratified
hazard ratio* 		p-value
Primary composite 68 (2.7%) 223 (3.1%) 0.89 (0.67-1.16) 0.378 1.19 (0.84-1.66) 0.325
Death 25 (1.0%) 108 (1.5%) 0.67 (0.43-1.03) 0.07 1.01 (0.57-1.78) 0.972
Myocardial infarction 39 (1.6%) 104 (1.4%) 1.09 (0.75-1.58) 0.644 1.36 (0.86–2.15 0.189
Stroke 5 (0.2%) 19 (0.3%) 0.77 (0.29-2.06) 0.599 1.17 (0.42–3.28) 0.762
Definite or probable stent thrombosis 11 (0.4%) 20 (0.3%) 1.62 (0.78-3.39) 0.197 2.17 (0.95–4.98) 0.066
Bleeding (follow-up) 25 (1.0%) 115 (1.5%) 0.64 (0.41-0.98) 0.04 0.92 (0.54-1.58) 0.764
Target lesion revascularisation 159 (6.4%) 359 (5.1%) 1.29 (1.07-1.56) 0.007 0.99 (0.74-1.31) 0.929
*Propensity score (PS) was generated using the following variables: age2, age, gender, BMI (kg/m2), current smoking status, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, cerebrovascular disease, prior MI, prior CABG, LVEF, acute coronary syndrome, moderate/severe calcification, chronic total occlusion, and complex PCI as per Giustino’s criteria, anaemia, malignancy, CKD, diabetes mellitus, planned surgery, thrombocytopaenia, age greater than 75 years, prior CVA, and prior bleeding.
Complex PCI is defined as having one of the following criteria: total stent length ≥60 mm, total number of stents ≥3, number of lesions ≥3, number of vessels ≥3, bifurcation with ≥2 stents, or chronic total occlusion.
BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CI: confidence interval; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CVA: cerebrovascular disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention
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Central illustration. Efficacy and safety of ticagrelor/prasugrel versus clopidogrel.

Central illustration

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A) Primary efficacy outcome comparing the composite of death and myocardial infarction; B) Primary safety outcome: bleeding. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; MI: myocardial infarction

Table 5. Kaplan-Meier estimates, unadjusted & PS-stratified hazard ratios, stratified by clopidogrel or ticagrelor prescribed at discharge.

Outcome Ticagrelor (n=1,717) Clopidogrel (n=8,648) Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) p-value PS-stratified hazard ratio* p-value
Death or MI 47 (3.1%) 223 (3.1%) 1.03 (0.75-1.41) 0.849 0.96 (0.68-1.38) 0.844
Death 16 (1.1%) 108 (1.5%) 0.72 (0.43-1.22) 0.221 0.60 (0.31-1.17) 0.132
Myocardial infarction 27 (1.8%) 104 (1.4%) 1.27 (0.83-1.94) 0.267 1.25 (0.78 - 1.98) 0.354
* Propensity score was generated using the following variables: age2, age, gender, BMI (kg/m2), current smoking status, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, cerebrovascular disease, prior MI, prior CABG, LVEF, acute coronary syndrome, calcification-moderate/severe, chronic total occlusion, and complex PCI. MI: myocardial infarction; PS: propensity score
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Table 6. Kaplan-Meier estimates, unadjusted, & PS-stratified hazard ratios, stratified by clopidogrel or prasugrel use.

Outcome Prasugrel (n=1,143) Clopidogrel (n=8,648) Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) p-value PS-stratified hazard ratio* p-value
Death or MI 21 (2.1%) 223 (3.1%) 0.67 (0.43-1.05) 0.082 0.66 (0.38-1.13) 0.13
Death 9 (0.9%) 108 (1.5%) 0.59 (0.30-1.17) 0.133 0.57 (0.23-1.44) 0.236
Myocardial infarction 12 (1.2%) 104 (1.4%) 0.83 (0.45-1.50) 0.533 0.85 (0.44-1.67) 0.64
* Propensity score was generated using the following variables: age2, age, gender, BMI (kg/m2), current smoking status, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, cerebrovascular disease, prior MI, prior CABG, LVEF, acute coronary syndrome, calcification-moderate/severe, chronic total occlusion, and complex PCI.
Complex PCI is defined as having one of the following criteria: total stent length ≥60 mm, total number of stents ≥3, number of lesions ≥3, number of vessels ≥3, bifurcation with ≥2 stents, or chronic total occlusion. BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CI: confidence interval; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PS: propensity score
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Subgroup analysis

Additional subgroup analyses were performed comparing the primary outcome in patients by sex, DM and those undergoing complex PCI. Consistent with the overall study findings, no overall difference in the primary endpoint of death or MI was noted between patients treated with ticagrelor/prasugrel or clopidogrel (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Subgroup analysis comparing ticagrelor/prasugrel versus clopidogrel.

Figure 2

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*Complex PCI is a composite of the following: multivessel PCI, ≥3 stents implanted, ≥3 lesions treated, or total stent length >60 mm. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention

Discussion

In this study of consecutive patients undergoing PCI for CCS, a number of findings merit attention. First, ticagrelor or prasugrel was the P2Y12 inhibitor of choice in 1 in 3 patients, with an increasing rate of use of these agents during the study period. Second, while clopidogrel was used more frequently in patients with multimorbid risk factors, the newer P2Y12 agents were prescribed more often in patients with a greater degree of procedural complexity. Third, no significant differences were observed in periprocedural events, or death or MI at 1 year. Lastly, the adjusted rates of bleeding were similar between groups. Taken together, our study highlights real-world factors affecting clinicians’ choice of clopidogrel versus ticagrelor/prasugrel as well as their comparative efficacy and safety in a large, contemporary patient population undergoing PCI for CCS.

Ticagrelor and prasugrel are both more potent P2Y12 agents with a higher level of platelet inhibition and faster onset of action than clopidogrel, with randomised controlled trials demonstrating their superiority in patients with ACS3,6,15,16,17. Subsequent studies have been performed to evaluate whether the use of these potent P2Y12 inhibitors can improve periprocedural safety and long-term efficacy in a typically lower-risk CCS population undergoing PCI. The ALPHEUS Study, which compared ticagrelor against clopidogrel in an elective PCI cohort with at least 1 high-risk characteristic, demonstrated no difference in efficacy, with a higher incidence of minor bleeding with ticagrelor10. Similarly, the SASSICAIA (Strategies of Loading With Prasugrel Versus Clopidogrel in PCI-Treated Biomarker Negative Angina) trial also delivered neutral results, although this study only compared the impact of a loading dose of prasugrel to clopidogrel8. The limitations of these studies included the use of periprocedural MI and myocardial injury as surrogates for hard clinical endpoints and a short 30-day follow-up. In contrast, the results of the PRASFIT-Elective (PRASugrel For Japanese patIenTs with coronary artery disease undergoing Elective PCI) study which evaluated the effect of an adjusted dose of prasugrel with up to a year of follow-up demonstrated a reduction in cardiovascular events with prasugrel when compared to clopidogrel7. The CHAMPION PHOENIX trial demonstrated significant reductions in ischaemic events with cangrelor compared to clopidogrel in patients with stable angina undergoing PCI18. The comparative efficacy and safety of ticagrelor in a predominantly CCS population was also demonstrated by our group in the TWILIGHT (Ticagrelor with Aspirin or Alone in High-Risk Patients after Coronary Intervention) trial19. Additionally, the potential for longer-term benefits of the newer P2Y12 agents in high-risk patient subgroups at a modified dose (for example, a 60 mg twice daily dose of ticagrelor used in THEMIS-PCI) has also been demonstrated in recent studies20,21. As such, some discrepant evidence remains when comparing the efficacy and safety of utilising more potent P2Y12 inhibition in the CCS population undergoing PCI.

The present study demonstrated no difference in MACE at 1 year when comparing clopidogrel versus ticagrelor or prasugrel in a large contemporary population of patients undergoing PCI for CCS. A trend towards a reduction in MACE was noted when comparing prasugrel to clopidogrel. While this analysis is likely underpowered, it raises the question whether this difference may have become evident with a broader use of prasugrel over ticagrelor in this study population. Periprocedural outcomes including rates of no reflow, side branch closure and stent thrombosis were also comparable across the groups. No differences were noted across subgroups, including among patients that underwent complex PCI. This indicates a potential lack of benefit with these potent agents compared to clopidogrel for the prevention of both periprocedural and longer-term MACE. Also, it is worth considering the risk of bleeding, which is typically higher with use of potent P2Y12 inhibitors. The lack of any significant difference in bleeding likely represents selection bias, whereby those patients who were felt to be at a higher risk of bleeding may have been more likely to have received clopidogrel. This is also noteworthy, as the majority of our patient population underwent PCI via femoral access. Notwithstanding, it is of interest to highlight that in an appropriately selected patient population, bleeding risk can be mitigated to a degree, irrespective of the choice of P2Y12 inhibitor.

The 2021 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (ACC/AHA/SCAI) coronary revascularisation guidelines indicate a paucity of data supporting the use of ticagrelor and prasugrel in CCS patients undergoing PCI1. In contrast, the European Society of Cardiology guidelines provide a Class IIb recommendation for the use of these agents in elective patients at a high risk of stent thrombosis, complex left main or multivessel PCI (level of evidence C)2. Despite the inconsistencies in guideline recommendations, ticagrelor and prasugrel were prescribed in up to 1 in 3 patients undergoing PCI for CCS at our centre4. Increasing clinician familiarity with the newer P2Y12 agents and supportive pharmacodynamic data may account for the selective off-label use of these agents3,16,22. When comparing the predictors of use of these agents, it was evident that anatomic and procedural complexity led to preferential use of ticagrelor or prasugrel, whereas markers of clinical frailty such as advanced age, cancer and chronic kidney disease were predictors of clopidogrel use. While the increasing off-label use of ticagrelor and prasugrel for non-ACS indications has been highlighted previously, the present study, to our knowledge, is the first to report on the real-world factors affecting decision-making regarding the choice of these agents. While no significant differences in the rates of MACE were noted in this study, which was stratified by type of P2Y12 inhibitor, it is conceivable that the selective use of ticagrelor and prasugrel in patients with higher procedural complexity may have mitigated a potentially higher risk of ischaemic events. An assessment of trends demonstrated a significant increase in the use of the newer P2Y12 agents, particularly ticagrelor. This is of concern given previous data from the United States demonstrating that patients prescribed prasugrel or ticagrelor had lower rates of adherence and incurred higher out-of-pocket costs than those prescribed clopidogrel5. The absence of any benefit seen in this study, among others, indicates that these agents should be used judiciously in patients undergoing PCI for CCS. Notwithstanding, our findings raise the question whether an individualised decision-making strategy of using either potent or moderate intensity P2Y12 agents, whilst accounting for the competing risks of bleeding and thrombosis, may have neutralised a risk of cardiac events or bleeding in the study. Future studies evaluating a patient population enriched with a high degree of clinical risk and procedural complexity may offer clarity on this question.

Study limitations

The strengths of this study include the inclusion of a consecutive all-comer cohort undergoing PCI for CCS with systematic recording of procedural data and clinical events. However, certain limitations warrant mention. First, the observational, retrospective design precludes drawing any causal inferences. While we used propensity stratification methods to account for imbalances between treatment groups, the possibility of residual confounding cannot be excluded. Second, detailed data on medication adherence and phenotypic/genotypic assessment of platelet reactivity were not collected. Antiplatelet therapy guided by genotypic data may be beneficial in appropriately selecting CCS patients that may derive benefit from the use of more intensified platelet inhibition. Third, our institutional protocol for the dosing of prasugrel is different from in previously published studies. However, modified prasugrel dosing in certain populations has been shown to have similar efficacy with less bleeding, and analysis stratified by prasugrel dosing also did not demonstrate any significant differences in outcomes23,24. Fourth, as this study was based on data from a PCI registry, the comparison of outcomes in patients managed medically during the study time frame were not available. Fifth, routine measurement of biomarkers and assessment of periprocedural MI were not included in this study. Lastly, we utilised all-cause mortality not cardiovascular mortality in the assessment of the primary outcome. However, given the difficulties in establishing the cause of death, utilising all-cause mortality is less likely to introduce bias and is in keeping with recommendations from the Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus recommendations25.

Conclusions

Ticagrelor and prasugrel are increasingly used in patients with CCS undergoing PCI with similar 1-year efficacy and safety when compared to clopidogrel. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether the use of the more potent P2Y12 agents in selected patients with a high thrombotic and low bleeding risk offers potential benefits over clopidogrel in a CCS population undergoing PCI.

Impact on clinical practice

The role of potent P2Y12 inhibitors, such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing PCI for stable ischaemic heart disease is unclear. This real-world study highlights the lack of any added benefit for the use of prasugrel or ticagrelor in patients undergoing PCI for stable coronary artery disease.

Supplementary data

Supplementary Table 1

Periprocedural complications.

Supplementary Table 2

Propensity score stratification outcomes comparing prasugrel 5 mg and prasugrel 10 mg versus clopidogrel.

Supplementary Table 3

Adjusted associations between meds at discharge and adverse events at 1 year after index procedure, stratified by Academic Research Consortium high bleeding risk.

Supplementary Figure 1

Study inclusion flowchart.

Supplementary Figure 2

Distribution of propensity scores.

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest statement

R. Mehran has received institutional research grants from Abbott, Abiomed, Applied Therapeutics, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biosensors, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CardiaWave, CellAegis, CERC, Chiesi, Concept Medical, CSL Behring, DSI, Insel Gruppe, Medtronic, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, OrbusNeich, Philips, Transverse Medical, and Zoll; has received personal fees from the American College of Cardiology, Boston Scientific, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Cine-Med Research, Janssen, WebMD, and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; has received consulting fees paid to the institution from Abbott, Abiomed, AM-Pharma, Alleviant Medical, Bayer, Beth Israel Deaconess, Cardiawave, CeloNova, Chiesi, Concept Medical, DSI, Duke University, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Medtronic, Novartis, and Philips; holds equity (<1%) in Applied Therapeutics, Elixir Medical, STEL, and CONTROLRAD (spouse); and is a scientific advisory board member for the American Medical Association and Biosensors (spouse). S. Khera is a consultant for Abbott, Medtronic, and Boston Scientific and receives speaker honoraria from Medtronic. S K. Sharma has received speakers’ bureau fees from Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, and Cardiovascular Systems. G. Dangas has received personal fees from Biosensors and Philips. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Abbreviations

ACC/AHA/SCAI

American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions

ACS

acute coronary syndromes

BMI

body mass index

CABG

coronary artery bypass grafting

CAD

coronary artery disease

CCS

chronic coronary syndromes

CTO

chronic total occlusion

DAPT

dual antiplatelet therapy

HR

hazard ratio

MACE

major adverse cardiovascular events

MI

myocardial infarction

PCI

percutaneous coronary intervention

PSS

propensity score stratification

TLR

target lesion revascularisation

Contributor Information

Anoop N. Koshy, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

Gennaro Giustino, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Samantha Sartori, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Amit Hooda, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Clayton Snyder, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Shabitri Dasgupta, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Kartik R. Kumar, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Parasuram Krishnamoorthy-Melarcode, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Joseph Sweeny, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Sahil Khera, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Gregory W. Serrao, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Raman Sharma, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

George Dangas, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Annapoorna S. Kini, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Roxana Mehran, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Interventional Cardiovascular Research and Clinical Trials, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Samin K. Sharma, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Table 1

Periprocedural complications.

EIJ-D-22-00654_Koshy_SD.pdf (297.3KB, pdf)
Supplementary Table 2

Propensity score stratification outcomes comparing prasugrel 5 mg and prasugrel 10 mg versus clopidogrel.

EIJ-D-22-00654_Koshy_SD.pdf (297.3KB, pdf)
Supplementary Table 3

Adjusted associations between meds at discharge and adverse events at 1 year after index procedure, stratified by Academic Research Consortium high bleeding risk.

EIJ-D-22-00654_Koshy_SD.pdf (297.3KB, pdf)
Supplementary Figure 1

Study inclusion flowchart.

EIJ-D-22-00654_Koshy_SD.pdf (297.3KB, pdf)
Supplementary Figure 2

Distribution of propensity scores.

EIJ-D-22-00654_Koshy_SD.pdf (297.3KB, pdf)

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