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. 2023 Apr 11;66(5):893–1066. doi: 10.1007/s11427-023-2305-0

Biomarkers of aging

Aging Biomarker Consortium1, Hainan Bao 2,#, Jiani Cao 3,#, Mengting Chen 4,5,6,#, Min Chen 7,8,9,#, Wei Chen 10,#, Xiao Chen 11,#, Yanhao Chen 12,#, Yu Chen 13,#, Yutian Chen 14,#, Zhiyang Chen 15,#, Jagadish K Chhetri 16,#, Yingjie Ding 2,17,#, Junlin Feng 18,#, Jun Guo 19,#, Mengmeng Guo 20,#, Chuting He 17,21,22,23,#, Yujuan Jia 24,#, Haiping Jiang 3,17,22,23,#, Ying Jing 25,26,27,#, Dingfeng Li 28,#, Jiaming Li 2,17,#, Jingyi Li 17,21,22,23,#, Qinhao Liang 29,#, Rui Liang 30,#, Feng Liu 31,#, Xiaoqian Liu 3,17,22,23,#, Zuojun Liu 32,#, Oscar Junhong Luo 33,#, Jianwei Lv 34,#, Jingyi Ma 35,#, Kehang Mao 36,#, Jiawei Nie 37,#, Xinhua Qiao 38,#, Xinpei Sun 39,#, Xiaoqiang Tang 40,#, Jianfang Wang 41,#, Qiaoran Wang 2,17,#, Siyuan Wang 42,#, Xuan Wang 43,#, Yaning Wang 44,45,#, Yuhan Wang 17,21,22,23,#, Rimo Wu 46,#, Kai Xia 47,48,#, Fu-Hui Xiao 49,50,#, Lingyan Xu 51,#, Yingying Xu 2,#, Haoteng Yan 25,26,27,#, Liang Yang 52,#, Ruici Yang 53,#, Yuanxin Yang 54,#, Yilin Ying 55,56,#, Le Zhang 57,58,#, Weiwei Zhang 59,#, Wenwan Zhang 18,#, Xing Zhang 60,#, Zhuo Zhang 61,62,#, Min Zhou 63,#, Rui Zhou 64,#, Qingchen Zhu 18,#, Zhengmao Zhu 65,66,#, Feng Cao 59,✉, Zhongwei Cao 67,✉, Piu Chan 16,✉, Chang Chen 38,✉, Guobing Chen 68,69,✉, Hou-Zao Chen 70,✉, Jun Chen 71,✉, Weimin Ci 2,✉, Bi-Sen Ding 67,✉, Qiurong Ding 12,✉, Feng Gao 60,✉, Jing-Dong J Han 36,✉, Kai Huang 7,8,9,72,✉, Zhenyu Ju 15,✉, Qing-Peng Kong 49,50,✉, Ji Li 4,5,6,✉, Jian Li 19,✉, Xin Li 3,17,22,23,✉, Baohua Liu 73,✉, Feng Liu 74,✉, Lin Liu 65,66,75,76,✉, Qiang Liu 28,✉, Qiang Liu 77,78,✉, Xingguo Liu 52,✉, Yong Liu 29,✉, Xianghang Luo 63,✉, Shuai Ma 17,21,22,23,✉, Xinran Ma 51,✉, Zhiyong Mao 13,✉, Jing Nie 35,✉, Yaojin Peng 3,17,23,✉, Jing Qu 3,17,22,23,✉, Jie Ren 2,17,22,✉, Ruibao Ren 37,79,✉, Moshi Song 17,21,22,23,✉, Zhou Songyang 31,80,✉, Yi Eve Sun 10,✉, Yu Sun 18,81,✉, Mei Tian 82,✉, Shusen Wang 30,✉, Si Wang 25,26,27,✉, Xia Wang 20,✉, Xiaoning Wang 83,✉, Yan-Jiang Wang 84,✉, Yunfang Wang 43,✉, Catherine C L Wong 42,✉, Andy Peng Xiang 47,48,✉, Yichuan Xiao 18,✉, Zhengwei Xie 39,85,✉, Daichao Xu 54,✉, Jing Ye 55,56,✉, Rui Yue 41,✉, Cuntai Zhang 57,58,✉, Hongbo Zhang 44,45,✉, Liang Zhang 18,22,✉, Weiqi Zhang 2,17,22,✉, Yong Zhang 46,86,✉, Yun-Wu Zhang 87,✉, Zhuohua Zhang 88,89,✉, Tongbiao Zhao 3,17,22,23,✉, Yuzheng Zhao 61,62,✉, Dahai Zhu 46,86,✉, Weiguo Zou 53,✉, Gang Pei 90,✉, Guang-Hui Liu 17,21,22,23,27,✉
PMCID: PMC10115486  PMID: 37076725

Abstract

Aging biomarkers are a combination of biological parameters to (i) assess age-related changes, (ii) track the physiological aging process, and (iii) predict the transition into a pathological status. Although a broad spectrum of aging biomarkers has been developed, their potential uses and limitations remain poorly characterized. An immediate goal of biomarkers is to help us answer the following three fundamental questions in aging research: How old are we? Why do we get old? And how can we age slower? This review aims to address this need. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of biomarkers developed for cellular, organ, and organismal levels of aging, comprising six pillars: physiological characteristics, medical imaging, histological features, cellular alterations, molecular changes, and secretory factors. To fulfill all these requisites, we propose that aging biomarkers should qualify for being specific, systemic, and clinically relevant.

Supporting Information

The supporting information is available online at 10.1007/s11427-023-2305-0. The supporting materials are published as submitted, without typesetting or editing. The responsibility for scientific accuracy and content remains entirely with the authors.

Keywords: aging, senescence, biomarker, clock

Electronic Supplementary Material

11427_2023_2305_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (1.3MB, pdf)

Supplementary material, approximately 1.31 MB.

Acknowledgements

Due to space constraints, it is unavoidable that certain important works on aging biomarkers are not cited, and we offer our sincere apologies. We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to the members of the expert panel of the Major Program on Organ Aging and Degeneration. We thank all the members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium for their valuable input and suggestions. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31730036, 31871380, 31871382, 31930055, 31930058, 32000500, 32022034, 32030033, 32070730, 32130046, 3217050247, 32150005, 32200595, 32222024, 81730019, 81730022, 81830014, 81921006, 81925005, 81970426, 81971301, 81971312, 82030041, 82061160495, 82070805, 82071595, 82090020, 82100841, 82120108009, 82122024, 82125002, 82125011, 82125012, 82130045, 82171284, 82173061, 82173398, 82225007, 82225015, 82225017, 82225018, 82230047, 82230088, 82271600, 91949106, 91949201, 92049116, 92049302, 92049304, 92149303, 92149306, 92157202, 92168201, 92169102, 92249301, 92268201), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0800700, 2018YFC2000100, 2018YFC2000102, 2018YFC2002003, 2019YFA0110900, 2019YFA0801703, 2019YFA0801903, 2019YFA0802202, 2019YFA0904800, 2020YFA0113400, 2020YFA0803401, 2020YFA0804000, 2020YFC2002900, 2020YFC2008000, 2020YFE0202200, 2021YFA0804900, 2021YFA1100103, 2021YFA1100900, 2021YFE0114200, 2021ZD0202400, 2022YFA0806001, 2022YFA0806002, 2022YFA0806600, 2022YFA1103200, 2022YFA1103601, 2022YFA1103701, 2022YFA1103800, 2022YFA1103801, 2022YFA1104100, 2022YFA1104904, 2022YFA1303000, 2022YFC2009900, 2022YFC2502401, 2022YFC3602400, 2022YFE0118000, 2022ZD0213200), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA16030302, XDB39000000, XDB39030600), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2020085, 2021080), CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (YSBR-076), the Program of the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (JQ20031), Clinical Research Operating Fund of Central High level hospitals (2022-PUMCH-E-001), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (2022-I2M-1-004), Talent Program of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2022-RC310-10), Research Funds from Health@InnoHK Program launched by Innovation Technology Commission of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2020B1515020044), Guangzhou Planned Project of Science and Technology (202002020039), the Major Technology Innovation of Hubei Province (2019ACA141), the Science and Technology Major Project of Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department (2021SK1010), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2023NSFSC0003), Yunnan Fundamental Research Project (202201AS070080) and the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology.

Footnotes

Compliance and ethics

The author(s) declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Contributed equally to this work

Contributor Information

Feng Cao, Email: fengcao8828@163.com.

Zhongwei Cao, Email: zhongweicao@scu.edu.cn.

Piu Chan, Email: pbchan@hotmail.com.

Chang Chen, Email: changchen@ibp.ac.cn.

Guobing Chen, Email: guobingchen@jnu.edu.cn.

Hou-Zao Chen, Email: chenhouzao@ibms.cams.cn.

Jun Chen, Email: cjbiochem@bjmu.edu.cn.

Weimin Ci, Email: ciwm@big.ac.cn.

Bi-Sen Ding, Email: dingbisen@scu.edu.cn.

Qiurong Ding, Email: qrding@sibs.ac.cn.

Feng Gao, Email: fgao@fmmu.edu.cn.

Jing-Dong J. Han, Email: jackie.han@pku.edu.cn

Kai Huang, Email: huangkai1@hust.edu.cn.

Zhenyu Ju, Email: zhenyuju@163.com.

Qing-Peng Kong, Email: kongqp@mail.kiz.ac.cn.

Ji Li, Email: liji_xy@csu.edu.cn.

Jian Li, Email: Lijian@bjhmoh.cn.

Xin Li, Email: xinli@ioz.ac.cn.

Baohua Liu, Email: ppliew@szu.edu.cn.

Feng Liu, Email: liuf001@csu.edu.cn.

Lin Liu, Email: liulin@nankai.edu.cn.

Qiang Liu, Email: liuq2012@ustc.edu.cn.

Qiang Liu, Email: qliu@tmu.edu.cn.

Xingguo Liu, Email: liu_xingguo@gibh.ac.cn.

Yong Liu, Email: liuyong31279@whu.edu.cn.

Xianghang Luo, Email: xianghangluo@csu.edu.cn.

Shuai Ma, Email: mashuai@ioz.ac.cn.

Xinran Ma, Email: xrma@bio.ecnu.edu.cn.

Zhiyong Mao, Email: zhiyong_mao@tongji.edu.cn.

Jing Nie, Email: niejing@smu.edu.cn.

Yaojin Peng, Email: yaojin.peng@ioz.ac.cn.

Jing Qu, Email: qujing@ioz.ac.cn.

Jie Ren, Email: renjie@big.ac.cn.

Ruibao Ren, Email: rbren@sjtu.edu.cn.

Moshi Song, Email: songmoshi@ioz.ac.cn.

Zhou Songyang, Email: songyanz@mail.sysu.edu.cn.

Yi Eve Sun, Email: yi.eve.sun@gmail.com.

Yu Sun, Email: sunyu@sibs.ac.cn.

Mei Tian, Email: tianmei@fudan.edu.cn.

Shusen Wang, Email: shusen@vip.163.com.

Si Wang, Email: wangsi@xwh.ccmu.edu.cn.

Xia Wang, Email: xiawang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.

Xiaoning Wang, Email: xnwang88@163.com.

Yan-Jiang Wang, Email: yanjiang_wang@tmmu.edu.cn.

Yunfang Wang, Email: wangyf2011126@126.com.

Catherine C. L. Wong, Email: catclw321@126.com

Andy Peng Xiang, Email: xiangp@mail.sysu.edu.cn.

Yichuan Xiao, Email: ycxiao@sibs.ac.cn.

Zhengwei Xie, Email: xiezhengwei@hsc.pku.edu.cn.

Daichao Xu, Email: xudaichao@sioc.ac.cn.

Jing Ye, Email: yj11254@rjh.com.cn.

Rui Yue, Email: ryue@tongji.edu.cn.

Cuntai Zhang, Email: ctzhang0425@163.com.

Hongbo Zhang, Email: zhanghongbo@mail.sysu.edu.cn.

Liang Zhang, Email: zhangliang01@sibs.ac.cn.

Weiqi Zhang, Email: zhangwq@big.ac.cn.

Yong Zhang, Email: yongzhang@ibms.pumc.edu.cn.

Yun-Wu Zhang, Email: yunzhang@xmu.edu.cn.

Zhuohua Zhang, Email: zhangzhuohua@sklmg.edu.cn.

Tongbiao Zhao, Email: tbzhao@ioz.ac.cn.

Yuzheng Zhao, Email: yuzhengzhao@ecust.edu.cn.

Dahai Zhu, Email: dhzhu@pumc.edu.cn.

Weiguo Zou, Email: zouwg94@sibcb.ac.cn.

Gang Pei, Email: peigang@tongji.edu.cn.

Guang-Hui Liu, Email: ghliu@ioz.ac.cn.

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