Scoping review of guidance on cessation interventions for electronic cigarettes and dual electronic and combustible cigarettes use

Abstract

Background:

Although evidence-based smoking cessation guidelines are available, the applicability of these guidelines for the cessation of electronic cigarette and dual e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use is not yet established. In this review, we aimed to identify current evidence or recommendations for cessation interventions for e-cigarette users and dual users tailored to adolescents, youth and adults, and to provide direction for future research.

Methods:

We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and grey literature for publications that provided evidence or recommendations on vaping cessation for e-cigarette users and complete cessation of cigarette and e-cigarette use for dual users. We excluded publications focused on smoking cessation, harm reduction by e-cigarettes, cannabis vaping, and management of lung injury associated with e-cigarette or vaping use. Data were extracted on general characteristics and recommendations made in the publications, and different critical appraisal tools were used for quality assessment.

Results:

A total of 13 publications on vaping cessation interventions were included. Most articles were youth-focused, and behavioural counselling and nicotine replacement therapy were the most recommended interventions. Whereas 10 publications were appraised as “high quality” evidence, 5 articles adapted evidence from evaluation of smoking cessation. No study was found on complete cessation of cigarettes and e-cigarettes for dual users.

Interpretation:

There is little evidence in support of effective vaping cessation interventions and no evidence for dual use cessation interventions. For an evidence-based cessation guideline, clinical trials should be rigorously designed to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioural interventions and medications for e-cigarette and dual use cessation among different subpopulations.

Over the past decade, vaping or electronic cigarette use has increased dramatically, especially among adolescents and young adults.^1,2 E-cigarette or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) were first introduced to the market as a smoking cessation aid.³ However, ENDS have become increasingly popular among young neversmokers, ^4–6 mostly because of the availability of e-cigarettes in appealing flavours and the perception of e-cigarettes as less harmful and less addictive than combustible cigarettes.^7,8 In 2021, 48% of Canadians aged 20–24 years and 29% of those aged 15–19 years reported having ever used e-cigarettes, whereas only 13% of adults aged 25 years or older reported having done so.⁹ Dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes is also common among both adults and younger people.^10–12 Moreover, regular vaping is found to be associated with the subsequent initiation of cigarette smoking.^3–5 In 2020, 37% of the current e-cigarette users in Canada reported using combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes concurrently.¹³

The long-term health effects of vaping are still not fully known and need to be investigated.^3,7 In addition, dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes is associated with greater nicotine dependence,^14,15 poorer general health,¹⁴ higher levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers,¹⁶ and higher risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome than use of cigarettes only.¹⁵ Although the use of e-cigarettes as a prescription for smoking cessation is promoted in the United Kingdom¹⁷ and marketing authorization of vaping products is permitted in the United States,¹⁸ several organizations (i.e., American Lung Association, World Health Organization, Smokefree.gov and Truth Initiative) recommend quitting vaping and advise against switching to ENDS from combustible cigarettes.^19–22

There is growing evidence that e-cigarette users and dual users are seeking help to quit e-cigarette use, because of health concerns, including increased risk of harm from COVID-19, costs and concerns about the addictive potential of vaping.^23–27 Moreover, dual users were found to report similar levels of interest in quitting e-cigarettes as exclusive vapers²⁸ and more attempts to quit smoking than exclusive smokers.²⁹ However, our understanding of the process of vaping cessation and dual use cessation is very limited, and evidence-based guidelines for vaping cessation interventions are yet to be developed.³⁰ Although guidelines on best management for the cessation of combustible cigarettes are available, ³¹ it is unclear if similar approaches can be extrapolated to nicotine dependence from electronic cigarettes. The objectives of this review were to summarize existing health care evidence or recommendations for cessation of e-cigarette use or complete cessation of dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among adolescents, youth and adult populations, and to identify knowledge gaps for future research.

Methods

We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) for this study³² and registered our protocol (doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/79DXP) in the Open Science Framework.³³ We conducted a scoping review, instead of a systematic review, because it allowed us to examine the extent, range and nature of the body of literature on our research topic, and to summarize findings from a range of literature with heterogeneous study designs. It also aided us to thereby identify current gaps in the research and provide directions for future research scope.^32,34–36

Search strategy

We initially searched the databases for publications addressing evidence or recommendations on vaping cessation interventions. MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid) and PsycINFO (Ovid) were searched on May 27, 2021, using various combinations of subject headings, including Medical Subject Headings, when applicable, and keywords (Appendix 1, available at www.cmajopen.ca/content/11/2/E336/suppl/DC1). The search results were further limited to English-language papers published from January 2010 to May 2021, as e-cigarettes first emerged in the American market in 2007.³⁰ One reviewer (A.K.) conducted the database search and imported all citations to the Covidence workflow platform, where duplicate papers were removed. The database search strategy was reviewed and improved by incorporating suggestions from all authors. We did not use support from any information specialist because of previous experiences of conducting similar searches by the research team^37–40 and budget limitation.

We conducted targeted grey literature searches of key databases, including Canadian Institute for Health Information, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Canadian Medical Association’s Clinical Practice Guidelines Infobase, National Institute for Heath and Care Excellence guidelines, National Guideline Clearinghouse and customized Google searches, between May 28 and May 31, 2021. Customized Google searches included searching for government and organizational reports on vaping cessation interventions or guidelines, of which the first 100 results of each search were considered for title and abstract screening. We also searched the reference lists of identified relevant papers and consulted with subject matter experts.

We decided to modify our search strategy to add publications addressing cessation interventions for dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. To identify any specific recommendations for dual users, we conducted an additional search on Aug. 3, 2021. This updated strategy is presented in Appendix 1. On Aug. 15, 2022, we also searched for any updated published results of 2 ongoing clinical trials detected in our initial screening.

Eligibility

We included articles that provided evidence or recommendations tailored to adolescents, youth or adults addressing vaping cessation among e-cigarette users and complete cessation of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among dual users. Publications focused on smoking cessation, the harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes, cannabis vaping and the management of lung injury associated with e-cigarette or vaping use were excluded. We also excluded animal studies, non-English articles, articles published before Jan. 1, 2010, study protocols, full texts not retrievable and publication duplicates.

Study selection

Two reviewers (A.K. and E.K.) independently screened each title and abstract for compliance with the inclusion criteria. Full-text review was undertaken by 2 reviewers (A.K. and E.K.), and any disagreements on final inclusion were resolved through discussions with other reviewers (R.S., R.D. and L.Z.). The detailed selection process of the papers is presented in a PRISMA flow diagram.⁴¹

Data extraction and data analysis

Custom-made data extraction forms were developed, which included general characteristics of included studies (author, year, study design, sample size, target population, objective, methods and primary outcome results), authors’ conclusions or recommendations, and limitations or special features (Appendix 2, available at www.cmajopen.ca/content/11/2/E336/suppl/DC1). We considered the World Health Organization’s and Statistics Canada’s standard age limits for defining target population such as adolescents (10–19 yr), youth (15–24 yr) and adults (25–64 yr) age groups.^42,43 We presented descriptive statistics of the extracted data sets by calculating the total number of all papers in each category. Finally, we presented a narrative overview of our findings and, based on the identified knowledge gap, future research directions were provided.

Critical appraisal

Due to the variability of study designs of included papers, different critical appraisal tools were used to assess the risk of bias. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools for text and opinion, case reports, case series, quasiexperimental studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and qualitative research,⁴⁴ which are widely accepted tools for the quality assessment of analytical studies,⁴⁵ were used for most of the papers (Appendix 3, available at www.cmajopen.ca/content/11/2/E336/suppl/DC1). These tools contained 6- to 13-item checklists, where for each item appraised, we assigned a score of 1 if the criterion was met, and 0 if the criterion was not met or was unclear. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument, a validated 23-item scale divided into 6 domains followed by 2 global rating items, was used for 1 paper (Appendix 4, available at www.cmajopen.ca/content/11/2/E336/suppl/DC1).⁴⁶ We modified the AGREE II tool by omitting 1 item in domain 5 (changing to a 22-item scale) as it was not applicable for the selected study. This was in accordance with procedures described in the AGREE II user manual.⁴⁶ For each item in the AGREE II instrument, ratings were provided on a scale of 1 to 7, where 1 indicated “strongly disagree” and 7 indicated “strongly agree.”

Two reviewers (A.K. and E.K.) independently scored all papers using appropriate critical appraisal tools. For the JBI critical appraisal scores, disagreements were resolved through discussions between reviewers. AGREE II scores were developed by combining the scores of both reviewers, as described in the AGREE II user manual.⁴⁶ As different tools were used for different papers, all critical appraisal scores were reported as a percentage of assigned numerical scores instead of individual points. Papers that scored 70% or greater, 50%–70% and less than 50% represented having a high, moderate and low quality, respectively.

Ethics approval

As we performed a scoping review of literature, the study was exempted from institutional ethics approval from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.⁴⁷

Results

The search of academic electronic databases yielded 546 publications. An additional 23 publications were added through the grey literature search and hand searching of citation lists and professional networks. After removal of duplicates, the titles and abstracts of 510 papers were reviewed. Of the 35 papers that were eligible for full-text screening, 22 were excluded for various reasons (Figure 1). This resulted in 13 papers included in the final review.^48–60 We did not find any publications providing recommendations on complete cessation of cigarettes and e-cigarettes for dual users. Hence, the final 13 papers reflected evidence or current practice recommendations on cessation interventions for exclusive e-cigarette use only (Table 1, Appendix 2).^48–60

Figure 1:

PRISMA flow diagram showing study selection. Note: CADTH = Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, CIHI = Canadian Institute for Health Information, CMA = Canadian Medical Association, EVALI = e-cigarette or vaping use–associated lung injury, NICE = National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

Table 1:

Summary statistics of included papers

Characteristic	No. of papers n = 13	Author and year
Country
United States	11	Graham et al., 2020;48 Graham et al., 2021;49 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020;50 Owens et al., 2020;51 American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019;52 Hadland and Chadi, 2020;53 Gonzalvo et al., 2016;55 Berg et al., 2021;56 Sikka et al., 2021;57 Sahr et al., 2020;58 Silver et al., 201659
Canada	2	Chadi et al., 2021;54 Health Canada, 202160
Target population (age in years)*
Adolescent (10–19)	4	Graham et al., 2020;48 Owens et al., 2020;51 American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019;52 Chadi et al., 202154
Youth (15–24)	11	Graham et al., 2020;48 Graham et al., 2021;49 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020;50 American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019;52 Hadland and Chadi, 2020;53 Chadi et al., 2021;54 Berg et al., 2021;56 Sikka et al., 2021;57 Sahr et al., 2020;58 Silver et al., 2016;59 Health Canada, 202160
Adult (25–64)	2	Gonzalvo et al., 2016;55 Sikka et al., 202157
Study design
RCT	1	Graham et al., 202149
Pretest–posttest experimental study	1	Graham et al., 202048
Guidance or recommendation	7	Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020;50 Owens et al., 2020;51 American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019;52 Hadland and Chadi, 2020;53 Chadi et al., 2021;54 Gonzalvo et al., 2016;55 Berg et al., 202156
Case report or case series	3	Sikka et al., 2021;57 Sahr et al., 2020;58 Silver et al., 201659
Qualitative study	1	Health Canada, 202160
Type of intervention recommended
Behavioural	10	Graham et al., 2020;48 Graham et al., 2021;49 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020;50 Hadland and Chadi, 2020;53 Chadi et al., 2021;54 Berg et al., 2021;56 Sikka et al., 2021;57 Sahr et al., 2020;58 Silver et al., 2016;59 Health Canada, 202160
NRT	6	American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019;52 Hadland and Chadi, 2020;53 Chadi et al., 2021;54 Gonzalvo et al., 2016;55 Sikka et al., 2021;57 Silver et al., 201659
Non-NRT	3	Hadland and Chadi, 2020;53 Chadi et al., 2021;54 Gonzalvo et al., 201655
Based evidence on vaping cessation
Yes	7	Graham et al., 2020;48 Graham et al., 2021;49 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020;50 Berg et al., 2021;56 Sikka et al., 2021;57 Sahr et al., 2020;58 Silver et al., 201659
No	6	Owens et al., 2020;51 American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019;52 Hadland and Chadi, 2020;53 Chadi et al., 2021;54 Gonzalvo et al., 2016;55 Health Canada, 202160
Based on critical appraisal scores
High quality (critical appraisal scores ≥ 70%)	10	Graham et al., 2021;49 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020;50 Owens et al., 2020;51 American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019;52 Hadland and Chadi, 2020;53 Chadi et al., 2021;54 Berg et al., 2021;56 Sikka et al., 2021;57 Sahr et al., 2020;58 Health Canada, 202160
Moderate quality (critical appraisal scores 50%–70%)	3	Graham et al., 2020;48 Gonzalvo et al., 2016;55 Silver et al., 201659
Low quality (critical appraisal scores < 50%)	0

Note: NRT = nicotine replacement therapy, RCT = randomized controlled trial.

^*Target population categories of adolescent and youth had overlaps with each other.

Of the 13 papers included,^48–60 11 were conducted in the US, 2 papers were from Canada,^54,60 and all were published within the last 6 years (Table 1). The general characteristics of the papers are presented in Appendix 2. Among the papers (n = 13), 7 were guidance or recommendation documents,^50–56 1 was an RCT,⁴⁹ 1 was a pretest–posttest experimental study,⁴⁸ 2 were case reports,^58,59 1 was a case series⁵⁷ and 1 was a qualitative study.⁶⁰ Among the target population categories, youth were the most commonly studied population (n = 11),^{48–50,52–54,56–60} followed by adolescents (n = 4)^48,51,52,54 and adults (n = 2).^55,57

Of the vaping cessation interventions discussed, behavioural interventions (i.e., 5As approach, motivational interviewing, individual or group counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness approach, “This is Quitting” text messaging program, smokeSCREEN videogame and smartphone apps) were recommended by 10 papers,^{48–50,53,54,56–60} nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (i.e., nicotine patch, gum, lozenge and spray) by 6 papers,^{52–55,57,59} combined behavioural counselling and NRT by 4 papers,^53,54,57,59 non-NRT medications (i.e., bupropion and varenicline) for those aged 17 years and older by 3 papers^53–55 and tapering of e-cigarette use by 2 papers^58,60 (Table 1, Appendix 2). One of the included guidance documents included e-cigarette as a tobacco product and concluded that there was insufficient evidence⁶¹ to assess the net benefit of behavioural counselling and medications as cessation interventions among adolescents.⁵¹ They recommended that primary care providers balance the benefits and harms of interventions while providing cessation services on a case-by-case basis.⁵¹ The “This is Quitting” text messaging program, which has been tested by a pretest–posttest experimental study⁴⁸ and an RCT,⁴⁹ was recommended by 2 other guidance documents.^50,56

The evidence or recommendations provided by 7 papers were based on interventions applied with the intention of vaping cessation,^{48–50,56–59} while 5 papers applied evidence from existing smoking cessation interventions.^51–55 One paper⁶⁰ described self-reported preference for vaping cessation interventions in a sample of e-cigarette users (Table 1, Appendix 2). Ten papers^{49,54–56,59} were considered to be of high quality, 3 papers^48,55,59 were rated moderate quality and none were rated low quality (Table 1, Appendices 3 and 4).

Interpretation

We found that the current evidence on vaping cessation interventions is limited. Although we did find 1 RCT evaluating the effectiveness of the “This is Quitting” text messaging program,⁴⁹ the application of other cessation interventions, particularly NRT and non-NRT for the purpose of vaping cessation, has not yet been thoroughly investigated. There are some important differences between smoking and vaping. In addition to e-cigarettes delivering higher nicotine concentrations than some popular brands of conventional cigarettes, the power on some e-cigarettes can be adjusted to increase the amount of nicotine delivered. ^4,62,63 Users’ personal beliefs about the relative harm of e-cigarettes,⁶⁴ the social acceptability of vaping and other beliefs,⁶⁵ motivations and needs related to e-cigarette use may also distinguish vaping from smoking.⁶⁶ Understanding these differences is crucial in developing guidance for vaping cessation interventions.

We found several vaping cessation recommendations and guidance documents published by reputable organizations such as Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,⁵⁰ US Preventive Services Task Force,⁵¹ American Academy of Pediatrics,⁵² Canadian Paediatric Society⁵⁴ and Health Canada.⁶⁰ Although they generally scored high on critical appraisal (Table 1), none of them except the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration publication based their evidence on interventions targeting vaping cessation. The US Preventive Services Task Force final recommendation statement was based on 12 RCTs included in a meta-analysis, but all of these studies examined smoking cessation as an outcome.⁵¹ In this respect, despite the task force’s conclusion of insufficient evidence in support of behavioural counselling and medications for tobacco product cessation, the applicability of this recommendation for vaping cessation is questionable (Table 1, Appendix 2). However, currently, 2 RCTs are recruiting participants for evaluation of the effectiveness of behavioural interventions (i.e., Goal2QuitVaping smartphone app, phone counselling, text messaging program) and NRT for vaping cessation among the youth population. ^67,68 The findings from these studies would improve our understanding and provide the evidence base for the application of established smoking cessation interventions for vaping cessation.

The only intervention that has been rigorously tested for vaping cessation was “This is Quitting,” a text messaging–based behavioural intervention program by the Truth Initiative. The program has shown promising results in engaging the participants on a 3-month follow-up, with 60.8% of respondents self-reporting reduced e-cigarette use or vaping cessation 14 days after their quit date.⁴⁸ When evaluated by an RCT, the abstinence rate at 7-month follow-up was 24.1% among the participants receiving the intervention, who showed 1.39 times (95% confidence interval 1.15–1.68, p < 0.001) more likelihood of remaining abstinent than controls.⁴⁹ In addition to being proven effective, the program has been recommended by 2 other guidance documents (Appendix 2).^50,56 However, the RCT was limited by lack of biochemical verification of abstinence and providing considerable monetary compensation. ⁴⁹ Moreover, mobile health interventions are generally limited by high dropout rates,⁶⁹ and text messaging–based smoking cessation programs were found more beneficial when combined with other cessation supports.⁷⁰

Some important features emerged from the qualitative study by Health Canada,⁶⁰ such as preference by the e-cigarette users for a customizable quit plan, the option of tapering use then quitting vaping, and the importance of support groups or friends to help quit vaping, which should be taken into account when formulating e-cigarette cessation guidelines. In addition, the availability of validated tools is crucial to assess vaping dependence among e-cigarette users. Although several papers have recommended or used modified versions of smoking cessation tools, including Hooked on Nicotine Checklist; Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; Modified Version of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire; Screening to Brief Intervention; Brief Screener for Tobacco, Alcohol, and other Drugs; and Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble,^{52–54,58,59} none of them have been validated to assess for vaping dependence.

Most of the papers included youth as their target population (Table 1). However, 2 case reports presented cessation interventions for past smokers who used e-cigarettes as a tool for smoking cessation and further sought help to quit vaping (Appendix 2).^58,59 Although there is controversy about whether former smokers who switched to vaping for smoking cessation should be encouraged to quit vaping, a recent meta-analysis reported a higher risk of smoking relapse among former smokers who regularly used e-cigarettes compared with those who did not.⁷¹ Moreover, former smokers reported reasons like no need for an e-cigarette to stay quit, not satisfying, safety concerns and costs behind stopping vaping.⁷² Hence, in addition to conducting future research on the long-term impact of complete abstinence, vaping cessation programs for former smoker populations should emphasize these motivations.

We did not find any papers providing evidence or recommendations for the complete cessation of both electronic and combustible cigarettes for dual users. Although 1 recent RCT was conducted to evaluate behavioural interventions among dual users,⁷³ the primary target of the interventions was smoking cessation, and the researchers allowed ongoing use of e-cigarettes to facilitate smoking cessation in their study. Their results showed that the targeted intervention resulted in significant smoking abstinence throughout the 18-month treatment compared with the control group. Although vaping decreased over the same period, there was not a significant difference between the groups. However, as expected, vaping was associated with a higher probability of smoking abstinence.⁷³ Similarly, Graham and colleagues conducted a secondary data analysis examining the impact of the “This is Quitting” text messaging program on dual use cessation. They reported that a significantly higher proportion of participants in the intervention arm (25.9%) were dual abstinent compared with the control arm (18.5%).⁷⁴ However, the RCT on “This is Quitting”⁴⁹ was designed for the purpose of vaping cessation, and the researchers did not provide evidence of whether the participants used any other smoking cessation interventions.

The summary of the research gaps and future research directions for e-cigarette and dual use cessation interventions are presented in Table 2. More rigorously designed RCTs should be undertaken for evaluating the effectiveness of different behavioural therapies, NRT and non-NRT for vaping cessation and dual use cessation. The effectiveness of vaping cessation interventions should be evaluated for different population groups, including youth, adults, former smokers, dual users and polytobacco users. Nicotine dependence tools should be modified and validated for e-cigarette users. The duration of abstinence or risk of relapse should be evaluated longitudinally for former smokers who switched to vaping and underwent vaping abstinence thereafter. Dual use cessation is a stepwise process, and switching dual users to exclusive vaping first and then providing support for vaping cessation might be an effective strategy and should be evaluated by future research.

Table 2:

Future research directions for cessation interventions targeted toward exclusive e-cigarette users and dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes

Population	Knowledge gaps	Future research directions
Exclusive e-cigarette users	Lack of good-quality and well-designed clinical trials evaluating different types of behavioural interventions for vaping cessation	Rigorously designed RCTs to evaluate the effectiveness of different behavioural therapies (i.e., 1-on-1 counselling, group therapy, smartphone app, web-based program) for vaping cessation with biochemical proof of abstinence
	No published clinical trials evaluating effectiveness of NRT and non-NRT for vaping cessation	Rigorously designed RCTs to evaluate the effectiveness of NRT and non-NRT for vaping cessation with biochemical proof of abstinence
	Lack of clinical trials evaluating vaping cessation interventions for different population groups	RCTs should evaluate effectiveness of vaping cessation interventions for different population groups (i.e., youth v. adult, former smokers who switched to exclusive vaping, individuals with other tobacco use, other substance users)
	Lack of validated nicotine dependence tools targeted for e-cigarettes users	Validate the established nicotine dependence tools (i.e., HONC, FTND, m-FTQ, S2BI, CRAFFT, BSTAD) for assessing vaping dependence
	Lack of evidence examining whether former smokers who switched to vaping relapse following vaping cessation	Longitudinally assess duration of abstinence or relapse of smoking following vaping cessation interventions for former smokers who switched to exclusive vaping
Dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes	No published clinical trials evaluating interventions targeted for complete abstinence among dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes	Rigorously designed RCTs to evaluate the effectiveness of stepwise cessation interventions — first smoking cessation followed by vaping cessation among dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes

Note: BSTAD = Brief Screener for Tobacco, Alcohol, and other Drugs, CRAFFT = Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble, FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, HONC = Hooked on Nicotine Checklist, mFTQ = Modified Version of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, NRT = nicotine replacement therapy, RCT = randomized controlled trial, S2BI = Screening to Brief Intervention.

Limitations

The findings of our review should be interpreted with consideration of a few key limitations. Our intention to find guidance on the complete cessation of cigarette and e-cigarette use among dual users was not met. We did not elaborate on vaping cessation programs undertaken by different organizations, as our goal was to identify evidence or recommendations for different types of vaping cessation interventions, not to do a comparative analysis between programs. However, we investigated whether the organizations based their recommendations on available evidence on vaping cessation and found only 1 of them (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration recommendation)⁵⁰ did that. Almost all of the studies were conducted in the US, where the pay-for-services model might act as an incentive to provide cessation services.^75,76 However, these findings may not be generalizable to other jurisdictions that do not have a pay-for-services model.

Conclusion

There is currently little evidence in support of effective vaping cessation interventions and no evidence on dual use cessation. An evidence-based vaping or dual use cessation guideline should address different subpopulations and provide several affordable, safe and effective intervention options for users to choose based on their personal preference.