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. 2023 Apr 29;39(3):326–341. doi: 10.1007/s40242-023-3050-0

Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants

Wang Xiang 1,2, Weigang Wang 1,2,✉, Libo Du 1,2, Bin Zhao 1,3, Xingyang Liu 1,2, Xiaojie Zhang 1,2, Li Yao 1,2, Maofa Ge 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC10147539  PMID: 37303472

Abstract

Secondary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants’ toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone’s toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.

graphic file with name 40242_2023_3050_Fig1_HTML.jpg

Keywords: Secondary pollutant, Atmosphere, Toxicological effect, Public health, Particulate matter

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.92143301).

Footnotes

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Contributor Information

Weigang Wang, Email: wangwg@iccas.ac.cn.

Maofa Ge, Email: gemaofa@iccas.ac.cn.

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