Skip to main content
PMC home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 1997 Jun;40(6):704–709. doi: 10.1136/gut.40.6.704

Trauma and the gut: interactions between stressful experience and intestinal function.

R Stam 1, L M Akkermans 1, V M Wiegant 1
PMCID: PMC1027192  PMID: 9245921

Full text

PDF
704

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Accarino A. M., Azpiroz F., Malagelada J. R. Selective dysfunction of mechanosensitive intestinal afferents in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1995 Mar;108(3):636–643. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90434-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Agréus L., Svärdsudd K., Nyrén O., Tibblin G. Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia in the general population: overlap and lack of stability over time. Gastroenterology. 1995 Sep;109(3):671–680. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90373-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ahmed S. H., Stinus L., Le Moal M., Cador M. Social deprivation enhances the vulnerability of male Wistar rats to stressor- and amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995 Jan;117(1):116–124. doi: 10.1007/BF02245106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Beebe G. W. Follow-up studies of World War II and Korean war prisoners. II. Morbidity, disability, and maladjustments. Am J Epidemiol. 1975 May;101(5):400–422. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bremner J. D., Southwick S. M., Johnson D. R., Yehuda R., Charney D. S. Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;150(2):235–239. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.2.235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bueno L., Gue M., Delrio C. CNS vasopressin mediates emotional stress and CRH-induced colonic motor alterations in rats. Am J Physiol. 1992 Mar;262(3 Pt 1):G427–G431. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.3.G427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Burton M. B., Gebhart G. F. Effects of intracolonic acetic acid on responses to colorectal distension in the rat. Brain Res. 1995 Feb 20;672(1-2):77–82. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)01382-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Caggiula A. R., Antelman S. M., Aul E., Knopf S., Edwards D. J. Prior stress attenuates the analgesic response but sensitizes the corticosterone and cortical dopamine responses to stress 10 days later. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989;99(2):233–237. doi: 10.1007/BF00442814. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Castanon N., Mormède P. Psychobiogenetics: adapted tools for the study of the coupling between behavioral and neuroendocrine traits of emotional reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1994;19(3):257–282. doi: 10.1016/0306-4530(94)90065-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cook I. J., van Eeden A., Collins S. M. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome have greater pain tolerance than normal subjects. Gastroenterology. 1987 Oct;93(4):727–733. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90434-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Creed F., Craig T., Farmer R. Functional abdominal pain, psychiatric illness, and life events. Gut. 1988 Feb;29(2):235–242. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.2.235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Davidson J. R., Hughes D., Blazer D. G., George L. K. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychol Med. 1991 Aug;21(3):713–721. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700022352. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Drossman D. A., McKee D. C., Sandler R. S., Mitchell C. M., Cramer E. M., Lowman B. C., Burger A. L. Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome. A multivariate study of patients and nonpatients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1988 Sep;95(3):701–708. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(88)80017-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Drossman D. A. Sexual and physical abuse and gastrointestinal illness. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1995;208:90–96. doi: 10.3109/00365529509107768. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Duncan G. E., Knapp D. J., Breese G. R. Neuroanatomical characterization of Fos induction in rat behavioral models of anxiety. Brain Res. 1996 Mar 25;713(1-2):79–91. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01486-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Enck P., Merlin V., Erckenbrecht J. F., Wienbeck M. Stress effects on gastrointestinal transit in the rat. Gut. 1989 Apr;30(4):455–459. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.4.455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Evans P. R., Bennett E. J., Bak Y. T., Tennant C. C., Kellow J. E. Jejunal sensorimotor dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: clinical and psychosocial features. Gastroenterology. 1996 Feb;110(2):393–404. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8566585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Flint J., Corley R., DeFries J. C., Fulker D. W., Gray J. A., Miller S., Collins A. C. A simple genetic basis for a complex psychological trait in laboratory mice. Science. 1995 Sep 8;269(5229):1432–1435. doi: 10.1126/science.7660127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Ford M. J., Miller P. M., Eastwood J., Eastwood M. A. Life events, psychiatric illness and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1987 Feb;28(2):160–165. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.2.160. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Galati J. S., McKee D. P., Quigley E. M. Response to intraluminal gas in irritable bowel syndrome. Motility versus perception. Dig Dis Sci. 1995 Jun;40(6):1381–1387. doi: 10.1007/BF02065555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gomborone J. E., Dewsnap P. A., Libby G. W., Farthing M. J. Selective affective biasing in recognition memory in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1993 Sep;34(9):1230–1233. doi: 10.1136/gut.34.9.1230. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gomez R. E., Pirra G., Cannata M. A. Open field behavior and cardiovascular responses to stress in normal rats. Physiol Behav. 1989 Apr;45(4):767–769. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90292-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gue M., Fioramonti J., Frexinos J., Alvinerie M., Bueno L. Influence of acoustic stress by noise on gastrointestinal motility in dogs. Dig Dis Sci. 1987 Dec;32(12):1411–1417. doi: 10.1007/BF01296668. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gue M., Fioramonti J., Frexinos J., Alvinerie M., Bueno L. Influence of acoustic stress by noise on gastrointestinal motility in dogs. Dig Dis Sci. 1987 Dec;32(12):1411–1417. doi: 10.1007/BF01296668. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gue M., Junien J. L., Bueno L. Conditioned emotional response in rats enhances colonic motility through the central release of corticotropin-releasing factor. Gastroenterology. 1991 Apr;100(4):964–970. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90270-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gue M., Junien J. L., Del Rio C., Bueno L. Neuropeptide Y and sigma ligand (JO 1784) suppress stress-induced colonic motor disturbances in rats through sigma and cholecystokinin receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992 Jun;261(3):850–855. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gué M., Peeters T., Depoortere I., Vantrappen G., Buéno L. Stress-induced changes in gastric emptying, postprandial motility, and plasma gut hormone levels in dogs. Gastroenterology. 1989 Nov;97(5):1101–1107. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(89)91678-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Heaton K. W., O'Donnell L. J., Braddon F. E., Mountford R. A., Hughes A. O., Cripps P. J. Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a British urban community: consulters and nonconsulters. Gastroenterology. 1992 Jun;102(6):1962–1967. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90320-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Heitkemper M. M., Jarrett M., Cain K. C., Shaver J., Walker E., Lewis L. Daily gastrointestinal symptoms in women with and without a diagnosis of IBS. Dig Dis Sci. 1995 Jul;40(7):1511–1519. doi: 10.1007/BF02285200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Houghton L. A., Wych J., Whorwell P. J. Acute diarrhoea induces rectal sensitivity in women but not men. Gut. 1995 Aug;37(2):270–273. doi: 10.1136/gut.37.2.270. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Katschinski M., Lederer P., Ellermann A., Ganzleben R., Lux G., Arnold R. Myoelectric and manometric patterns of human rectosigmoid colon in irritable bowel syndrome and diverticulosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990 Jul;25(7):761–768. doi: 10.3109/00365529008997605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kay L., Jørgensen T., Jensen K. H. The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in a random population: prevalence, incidence, natural history and risk factors. J Intern Med. 1994 Jul;236(1):23–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1994.tb01115.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kellow J. E., Eckersley C. M., Jones M. P. Enhanced perception of physiological intestinal motility in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1991 Dec;101(6):1621–1627. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90400-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kellow J. E., Gill R. C., Wingate D. L. Prolonged ambulant recordings of small bowel motility demonstrate abnormalities in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1990 May;98(5 Pt 1):1208–1218. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90335-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kellow J. E., Langeluddecke P. M., Eckersley G. M., Jones M. P., Tennant C. C. Effects of acute psychologic stress on small-intestinal motility in health and the irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1992;27(1):53–58. doi: 10.3109/00365529209011167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kellow J. E., Phillips S. F. Altered small bowel motility in irritable bowel syndrome is correlated with symptoms. Gastroenterology. 1987 Jun;92(6):1885–1893. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90620-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kumar D., Wingate D. L. The irritable bowel syndrome: a paroxysmal motor disorder. Lancet. 1985 Nov 2;2(8462):973–977. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90525-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lenz H. J. Neurohumoral pathways mediating stress-induced changes in rat gastrointestinal transit. Gastroenterology. 1989 Jul;97(1):216–218. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(89)91439-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Levine S., Madden J., 4th, Conner R. L., Moskal J. R., Anderson D. C. Physiological and behavioral effects of prior aversive stimulation (preshock) in the rat. Physiol Behav. 1973 Mar;10(3):467–471. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(73)90207-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Longstreth G. F., Wolde-Tsadik G. Irritable bowel-type symptoms in HMO examinees. Prevalence, demographics, and clinical correlates. Dig Dis Sci. 1993 Sep;38(9):1581–1589. doi: 10.1007/BF01303163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Lydiard R. B., Fossey M. D., Marsh W., Ballenger J. C. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatics. 1993 May-Jun;34(3):229–234. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(93)71884-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Mayer E. A., Gebhart G. F. Basic and clinical aspects of visceral hyperalgesia. Gastroenterology. 1994 Jul;107(1):271–293. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90086-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. McKee D. P., Quigley E. M. Intestinal motility in irritable bowel syndrome: is IBS a motility disorder? Part 1. Definition of IBS and colonic motility. Dig Dis Sci. 1993 Oct;38(10):1761–1772. doi: 10.1007/BF01296097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Meerlo P., De Boer S. F., Koolhaas J. M., Daan S., Van den Hoofdakker R. H. Changes in daily rhythms of body temperature and activity after a single social defeat in rats. Physiol Behav. 1996 Apr-May;59(4-5):735–739. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02182-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Miczek K. A. Tolerance to the analgesic, but not discriminative stimulus effects of morphine after brief social defeat in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;104(2):181–186. doi: 10.1007/BF02244176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Morteau O., Hachet T., Caussette M., Bueno L. Experimental colitis alters visceromotor response to colorectal distension in awake rats. Dig Dis Sci. 1994 Jun;39(6):1239–1248. doi: 10.1007/BF02093789. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Mönnikes H., Schmidt B. G., Tebbe J., Bauer C., Taché Y. Microinfusion of corticotropin releasing factor into the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus nuclei stimulates colonic motor function in rats. Brain Res. 1994 Apr 25;644(1):101–108. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90352-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Orr S. P., Lasko N. B., Shalev A. Y., Pitman R. K. Physiologic responses to loud tones in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995 Feb;104(1):75–82. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.104.1.75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Pallmeyer T. P., Blanchard E. B., Kolb L. C. The psychophysiology of combat-induced post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behav Res Ther. 1986;24(6):645–652. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(86)90059-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Pitman R. K., Orr S. P., Shalev A. Y. Once bitten, twice shy: beyond the conditioning model of PTSD. Biol Psychiatry. 1993 Feb 1;33(3):145–146. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90132-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Prior A., Maxton D. G., Whorwell P. J. Anorectal manometry in irritable bowel syndrome: differences between diarrhoea and constipation predominant subjects. Gut. 1990 Apr;31(4):458–462. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.4.458. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Richter J. E., Obrecht W. F., Bradley L. A., Young L. D., Anderson K. O. Psychological comparison of patients with nutcracker esophagus and irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1986 Feb;31(2):131–138. doi: 10.1007/BF01300697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Rogers J., Henry M. M., Misiewicz J. J. Increased segmental activity and intraluminal pressures in the sigmoid colon of patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1989 May;30(5):634–641. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.5.634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Scarinci I. C., McDonald-Haile J., Bradley L. A., Richter J. E. Altered pain perception and psychosocial features among women with gastrointestinal disorders and history of abuse: a preliminary model. Am J Med. 1994 Aug;97(2):108–118. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90020-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Schwarz S. P., Blanchard E. B., Berreman C. F., Scharff L., Taylor A. E., Greene B. R., Suls J. M., Malamood H. S. Psychological aspects of irritable bowel syndrome: comparisons with inflammatory bowel disease and nonpatient controls. Behav Res Ther. 1993 Mar;31(3):297–304. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90028-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Shalev A. Y., Orr S. P., Peri T., Schreiber S., Pitman R. K. Physiologic responses to loud tones in Israeli patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Nov;49(11):870–875. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820110034005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Shalev A. Y., Orr S. P., Pitman R. K. Psychophysiologic assessment of traumatic imagery in Israeli civilian patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Apr;150(4):620–624. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.4.620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Short K. R., Maier S. F. Stressor controllability, social interaction, and benzodiazepine systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1993 Aug;45(4):827–835. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90128-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Soffer E. E., Scalabrini P., Wingate D. L. Prolonged ambulant monitoring of human colonic motility. Am J Physiol. 1989 Oct;257(4 Pt 1):G601–G606. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.4.G601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Solomon Z., Mikulincer M. Combat stress reactions, post traumatic stress disorder and somatic complaints among Israeli soldiers. J Psychosom Res. 1987;31(1):131–137. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(87)90108-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Stam R., Croiset G., Akkermans L. M., Wiegant V. M. Effects of novelty and conditioned fear on small intestinal and colonic motility and behaviour in the rat. Physiol Behav. 1995 Oct;58(4):803–809. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(95)00137-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Stam R., Croiset G., Akkermans L. M., Wiegant V. M. Sensitization of the colonic response to novel stress after previous stressful experience. Am J Physiol. 1996 Nov;271(5 Pt 2):R1270–R1273. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.5.R1270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Stermer E., Hardoff D., Zuckerman E., Miselevich I. Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer in heterotopic gastric mucosa within ileal duplication. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994 Mar;18(2):133–135. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199403000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Svensson T. H. Peripheral, autonomic regulation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in brain: putative implications for psychiatry and psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1987;92(1):1–7. doi: 10.1007/BF00215471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Talley N. J., Fett S. L., Zinsmeister A. R., Melton L. J., 3rd Gastrointestinal tract symptoms and self-reported abuse: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 1994 Oct;107(4):1040–1049. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90228-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Talley N. J., Fett S. L., Zinsmeister A. R. Self-reported abuse and gastrointestinal disease in outpatients: association with irritable bowel-type symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Mar;90(3):366–371. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Talley N. J., Gabriel S. E., Harmsen W. S., Zinsmeister A. R., Evans R. W. Medical costs in community subjects with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1995 Dec;109(6):1736–1741. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90738-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Talley N. J., Phillips S. F., Melton L. J., Mulvihill C., Wiltgen C., Zinsmeister A. R. Diagnostic value of the Manning criteria in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1990 Jan;31(1):77–81. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.1.77. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Talley N. J., Piper D. W. A prospective study of social factors and major life event stress in patients with dyspepsia of unknown cause. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987 Apr;22(3):268–272. doi: 10.3109/00365528709078590. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Talley N. J., Weaver A. L., Zinsmeister A. R., Melton L. J., 3rd Onset and disappearance of gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Epidemiol. 1992 Jul 15;136(2):165–177. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Trimble K. C., Farouk R., Pryde A., Douglas S., Heading R. C. Heightened visceral sensation in functional gastrointestinal disease is not site-specific. Evidence for a generalized disorder of gut sensitivity. Dig Dis Sci. 1995 Aug;40(8):1607–1613. doi: 10.1007/BF02212678. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Trotman I. F., Misiewicz J. J. Sigmoid motility in diverticular disease and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1988 Feb;29(2):218–222. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.2.218. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Van Dijken H. H., Tilders F. J., Olivier B., Mos J. Effects of anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs on long-lasting behavioural deficits resulting from one short stress experience in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992;109(4):395–402. doi: 10.1007/BF02247714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Van Dijken H. H., Van der Heyden J. A., Mos J., Tilders F. J. Inescapable footshocks induce progressive and long-lasting behavioural changes in male rats. Physiol Behav. 1992 Apr;51(4):787–794. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90117-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Walker E. A., Katon W. J., Jemelka R. P., Roy-Bryne P. P. Comorbidity of gastrointestinal complaints, depression, and anxiety in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. Am J Med. 1992 Jan 24;92(1A):26S–30S. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90133-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Walker E. A., Katon W. J., Roy-Byrne P. P., Jemelka R. P., Russo J. Histories of sexual victimization in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Oct;150(10):1502–1506. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.10.1502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Weiss J. M., Glazer H. I. Effects of acute exposure to stressors on subsequent avoidance-escape behavior. Psychosom Med. 1975 Nov-Dec;37(6):499–521. doi: 10.1097/00006842-197511000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Welgan P., Meshkinpour H., Beeler M. Effect of anger on colon motor and myoelectric activity in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1988 May;94(5 Pt 1):1150–1156. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90006-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Welgan P., Meshkinpour H., Hoehler F. The effect of stress on colon motor and electrical activity in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom Med. 1985 Mar-Apr;47(2):139–149. doi: 10.1097/00006842-198503000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Weyers P., Bower D. B., Vogel W. H. Relationships of plasma catecholamines to open-field behavior after inescapable shock. Neuropsychobiology. 1989;22(2):108–116. doi: 10.1159/000118602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Whitehead W. E. Assessing the effects of stress on physical symptoms. Health Psychol. 1994 Mar;13(2):99–102. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.13.2.99. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Whitehead W. E., Crowell M. D., Robinson J. C., Heller B. R., Schuster M. M. Effects of stressful life events on bowel symptoms: subjects with irritable bowel syndrome compared with subjects without bowel dysfunction. Gut. 1992 Jun;33(6):825–830. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.6.825. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Whitehead W. E., Engel B. T., Schuster M. M. Irritable bowel syndrome: physiological and psychological differences between diarrhea-predominant and constipation-predominant patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1980 Jun;25(6):404–413. doi: 10.1007/BF01395503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Whitehead W. E., Holtkotter B., Enck P., Hoelzl R., Holmes K. D., Anthony J., Shabsin H. S., Schuster M. M. Tolerance for rectosigmoid distention in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1990 May;98(5 Pt 1):1187–1192. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90332-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Williams C. L., Peterson J. M., Villar R. G., Burks T. F. Corticotropin-releasing factor directly mediates colonic responses to stress. Am J Physiol. 1987 Oct;253(4 Pt 1):G582–G586. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.4.G582. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Williams C. L., Villar R. G., Peterson J. M., Burks T. F. Stress-induced changes in intestinal transit in the rat: a model for irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1988 Mar;94(3):611–621. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90231-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Wittmann T., Crenner F., Angel F., Hanusz L., Ringwald C., Grenier J. F. Long-duration stress. Immediate and late effects on small and large bowel motility in rat. Dig Dis Sci. 1990 Apr;35(4):495–500. doi: 10.1007/BF01536925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. van Dijken H. H., Mos J., van der Heyden J. A., Tilders F. J. Characterization of stress-induced long-term behavioural changes in rats: evidence in favor of anxiety. Physiol Behav. 1992 Nov;52(5):945–951. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90375-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. van Dijken H. H., de Goeij D. C., Sutanto W., Mos J., de Kloet E. R., Tilders F. J. Short inescapable stress produces long-lasting changes in the brain-pituitary-adrenal axis of adult male rats. Neuroendocrinology. 1993 Jul;58(1):57–64. doi: 10.1159/000126512. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES