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Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics logoLink to Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics
. 2024 Aug 15;26(8):861–864. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2404013

EEF1A2基因变异致发育性癫痫性脑病33型1例

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 33 caused by EEF1A2 gene mutation: a case report

贺 海兰 1,2, 林 雪芹 1, 王 晓乐 1, 彭 盼 1, 肖 慧 1, 尹 飞 1, 彭 镜 1
Editor: 王 颖
PMCID: PMC11334538  PMID: 39148392

Abstract

患儿,男,7月龄,表现为重度全面发育落后、难治性癫痫、肌张力降低、眼球震颤、眼距宽、鼻梁塌陷、上唇外翻、高腭弓和隐睾,基因检测发现EEF1A2基因存在c.364G>A(p.E122K)新生杂合错义变异,最终该患儿确诊为EEF1A2基因变异致常染色体显性遗传发育性癫痫性脑病33型。该病例报道提示,对不明原因婴儿期起病的重度-极重度全面发育落后/智力障碍、难治性癫痫患儿,尤其是存在肌张力低下、语言缺失、颅面部畸形者,应考虑EEF1A2基因变异可能,应尽早完善遗传学检测协助诊断。

Keywords: 全面发育落后, 智力障碍, 癫痫, EEF1A2基因, 婴儿


患儿,男,7月龄,因发育落后、抽搐4个月就诊。患儿3月龄不能抬头,并出现抽搐,表现为大叫一声后,意识丧失,双眼上翻,双手握拳,面色口唇发绀,持续数十秒,发作时测体温37.5℃,当日共发作3次,未予特殊处理。4月龄再次出现抽搐,发作形式及持续时间与之前相同,遂至当地医院住院,完善4 h脑电图示多量广泛尖波、棘波、多棘波阵发。头颅磁共振成像示内囊前肢髓鞘化落后于月龄,胼胝体细薄(图1)。诊断为“癫痫、发育落后”,予左乙拉西坦(每日40 mg/kg)治疗,仍有反复发作,1~2次/周。4个月20 d加用托吡酯(每日3 mg/kg),发作改善不明显。6月龄出现发呆愣神,双眼凝视,呼之不应。7月龄出现间断双侧眼球水平震颤,抬头仍不稳,不会独坐、翻身、爬,不能“咿呀”发音。为进一步诊治,来我院就诊。既往有反复呼吸道感染病史。患儿系第2胎第2产,胎龄39周,因“疤痕子宫”剖宫产娩出,无抢救窒息史,出生体重3.1 kg,生后混合喂养。母亲孕期身体健康,否认毒物、放射线接触史。父母身体健康,否认近亲婚配,有一同母异父哥哥,身体健康,否认家族有神经精神疾病或遗传病史。

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体格检查:体重10 kg(P 75~P 90),身长79 cm(>P 97),头围45 cm(P 75)。前囟平软,约0.5 cm×0.5 cm。神志清楚,反应迟钝,追光、追物、追声欠佳,偶可逗笑,双眼球间断有水平震颤,不能抓物,眼距宽,鼻梁塌陷、上唇外翻、高腭弓。心肺腹检查未见异常。四肢肌力正常,四肢肌张力稍降低,腱反射未引出,病理征阴性,手掌、脚掌脱皮。双侧阴囊未触及睾丸。

辅助检查:入院后血常规、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、心肌酶、电解质、血脂、动脉血气分析、血乳酸、血糖、血氨基酸和酰基肉碱筛查未见异常。7月龄4 h视频脑电图示弥漫性大量2~5 Hz混合活动低-中波幅,发作间期睡眠期广泛性棘慢波/尖慢波。家系全外显子组测序示EEF1A2基因4号外显子存在c.364G>A(p.E122K)(NM_001958.5)杂合错义变异。Sanger测序示患儿父母该位点均为野生型,提示该变异为新生变异(图2)。本例患儿是第364位核苷酸G突变为A,导致其编码的蛋白第122位谷氨酸变成赖氨酸,依据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会变异分类标准与指南1,该变异评定为致病性变异(PS1+PS2+PS3+PM1+PM2)。

结合临床特点及辅助检查,最终该患儿诊断为:(1)常染色体显性遗传发育性癫痫性脑病33型(developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 33, DEE33);(2)隐睾。将患儿托吡酯加量至5 mg/(kg·d),发作减少,7~10 d发作1次。1岁1月龄发作频率增加,4 h视频脑电图示清醒期、睡眠期双侧后头部为主多灶性或广泛性尖波、棘波、棘慢波/尖慢波、多棘慢波,清醒期全面性发作、肌阵挛发作,加用丙戊酸钠(每日20 mg/kg),仍有反复发作,表现为全身抖动一下,持续2~3 s,每小时发作数次。1岁3月龄加用氯巴占(每日10 mg),左乙拉西坦减量,发作减少,每日发作数次,表现为白天入睡前出现轻微点头。随访至1岁8个月,患儿对外界反应好转,追光、追物可,能“咿呀”发音,会无意识发“baba、mama”音,不能听懂简单指令,抬头稳,不能翻身、独坐、独走,持物差,四肢肌张力偏低,腱反射未引出,病理征阴性。双侧阴囊未触及睾丸。

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讨论:EEF1A2基因定位于人类染色体20q13.3,编码真核细胞翻译延长因子1α2(eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1, alpha-2, eEF1A2)。EEF1A2是常染色体显性遗传DEE33和常染色体显性遗传智力障碍38型的致病基因。真核细胞翻译延长因子1α有两种同分异构体,即eEF1A1和eEF1A2,分别由EEF1A1EEF1A2基因编码,其通过促进氨基酰tRNA与核糖体A位点的结合,对蛋白质合成过程新生多肽的延伸发挥重要作用2。eEF1A1在各种组织中广泛表达;eEF1A2在脑、心肌、骨骼肌中特异表达3。eEF1A1在整个发育过程中均广泛表达,但出生后在神经元、骨骼和心脏中表达量下降,最终被eEF1A2完全取代3,这个过程在小鼠出生后21 d左右完成。eEF1A1和eEF1A2的互斥表达与Eef1a2基因敲除小鼠断奶前表现正常,约生后21 d开始出现震颤、共济失调、伴或不伴自发性癫痫发作,28 d内死亡相符4

2012年de Ligt等5首次报道1例EEF1A2基因错义变异导致重度智力障碍(intellectual disability, ID)和癫痫患者。迄今为止,英文文献共报道41例EEF1A2基因变异患者6-18,未见相关中文病例报道。包括本文病例,共42例EEF1A2基因变异患者,男性17例,女性23例,2例未描述性别,报道时年龄为1岁3个月至32岁6-18EEF1A2基因共有18种不同变异位点,均为错义变异,无移码、剪接、无义等功能缺失变异6-18。这种独特的基因变异谱提示,EEF1A2基因杂合功能丧失性变异可能导致人类胚胎致死,或者人类可以耐受EEF1A2基因杂合功能丧失性变异,也提示EEF1A2基因杂合错义变异可能是通过功能获得或显性负效应致病。18种EEF1A2基因变异散布在整个基因的编码序列中,无明确的基因型-表型相关性6-18。42例EEF1A2基因变异患者均有全面发育落后(global developmental delay, GDD)/ID,以重度-极重度为主,多数患者存在语言缺失、难治性癫痫、肌张力降低、运动障碍、面部外观异常、小头畸形等6-18。该病预后差,多数癫痫发作难以控制,已报道4例死亡病例,2例死于神经退行性病变7,2例死于心力衰竭6,因此EEF1A2基因变异患者除了神经功能评估,还应进行心脏功能评估。本例患儿以重度GDD、语言缺失、早发难治性癫痫、四肢肌张力低下、眼球震颤、面部外观异常和隐睾为主要表现,EEF1A2基因存在c.364G>A(p.E122K)新生杂合错义变异,该变异已在8例患者中报道7-91216。文献报道的8例p.E122K变异患者均存在中度-重度GDD/ID和癫痫发作,7例语言缺失,5例肌张力低下,6例颅面部外观异常7-91216。本例患儿临床表现与文献报道的8例p.E122K变异患者临床表型相符,因此,结合临床表现及基因检测结果最终确诊为常染色体显性遗传DEE33。

综上所述,EEF1A2基因变异患者临床特点为婴儿期起病,重度-极重度GDD/ID、语言缺失、难治性癫痫、肌张力减低、颅面畸形等。该病预后差,可因心力衰竭和神经退行性病变导致早期死亡,因此EEF1A2基因变异患者都应进行神经功能和心脏功能评估。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82201316)。

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明无利益冲突。

作者贡献

贺海兰负责文章设计和撰写;林雪芹、王晓乐、彭盼、肖慧负责病例收集;尹飞、彭镜负责病例筛选和审核。

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