Abstract
Background
Maintaining physical function and preserving spinal flexibility have been challenging in managing ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Most rehabilitation programs, including manual therapy, massage, hydrotherapy, and acupuncture, cannot be performed at home. The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) was validated in treating AS, but no home TENS system has explored its efficacy to date.
Objective
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a home TENS system with a novel treatment program for patients with AS.
Methods
The modified WeHeal TS-200 TENS and galvanic response system provided home-based TENS treatment for patients with AS. Patients were divided into a 2-month course group and a 1-month course group. After the first treatment course, patients went through a washout period for the same duration of their treatment course. Participants could decide whether to accept the second course of treatment. The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Schober test, finger-to-floor flexion test, enthesis score, cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory factors, and immunoglobulins were measured to evaluate its efficacy. The clinical trial protocol (1096607481) received approval from the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan.
Results
A total of 9 patients (5 in a 2-month course group and 4 in a 1-month course group) completed the first treatment course, and 5 patients (4 in a 2-month course group and 1 in a 1-month course group) completed the sequential treatment course. The weighted results showed that patients reported an improving BASFI score (mean difference –0.9, SD 1.7; P=.03) after treatment. Looking into the trajectories, declined BASFI and BASDAI scores were noticed during treatments; this score increased during the washout period. There were improving trends in the Schober test (mean difference 1.9, SD 4.9; P=.11) and finger-to-floor flexion test (mean difference –0.6, SD 9.5; P=.79), but the results were not statistically significant. The response of cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory factors, and immunoglobulins before and after treatment did not show a consistent trend, and all results were not statistically significant (all P>.05).
Conclusions
The home TENS device demonstrated a potential role in AS management. It may improve accessibility and adherence for patients with AS and provide remote monitoring for clinicians. Further research can compare the effectiveness of electrotherapy at home or in a medical setting and focus on integrating the home TENS system and exercise program to enhance patients’ physical functions and spinal flexibility.
Keywords: ankylosing spondylitis, galvanic response, home medical device, rehabilitation, transcutaneous electrical stimulation
Introduction
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a subset of prevalent axial spondylarthritis, is an inflammatory disorder mainly affecting the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints [1] and affects approximately 0.1% and 1.4% of the population, predominantly young and middle-aged adults [2-4]. The prevalence is 2 to 3 times higher in men than women [5,6]. Moreover, patients with AS often have physical restrictions, which result in sick leave, unemployment, and heavy social burden [7].
Treatment goals for AS include reducing symptoms, improving and maintaining spinal flexibility, reducing functional limitations, maintaining the ability to work, and decreasing the complications associated with the disease [1]. Therefore, in addition to pharmacological interventions, active exercise and rehabilitation programs are essential to maintain physical activity in patients with AS. For example, manual therapy, massage, hydrotherapy, electrotherapy, and acupuncture have been adopted as rehabilitation programs for AS [8]. The patient’s functional status and quality of life can be preserved using these approaches [9,10]. The combination of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and balance and postural stability exercises have synergic effects on improving physical function and self-reported symptoms [11].
TENS and electroacupuncture have been widely used in patients with AS to control pain, improve physical functions, and enhance mobility [12,13]. Although TENS has been proposed as an effective treatment for AS since 1984 [14,15], the settings of electrical stimulation, including waveform, pulse frequency, and pulse width, still mainly rely on the experience of doctors and physical therapists. Therefore, programming and feasibility are critically important in the daily treatment of patients with AS. However, the information on effective protocols for AS is limited.
Most importantly, patients with AS receive TENS and electroacupuncture predominantly in clinics and hospitals, which may lead to poor adherence and efficacy. To our knowledge, no previous clinical trial focused on the home electrical stimulation rehabilitation program for patients with AS. Therefore, the study aims to evaluate the efficacy of an innovative home electrical stimulation rehabilitation program in AS.
Methods
Clinical Trial Device and Treatment Protocol
WeHeal TS-200 is a class-II home medical device approved by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA), with 4 classified functions: TENS, electrical muscle stimulation, galvanic response, and bioelectrical impedance analysis. The device’s standard hardware features monophasic and biphasic square waves, with a frequency range of 1-200 Hz and a wave width spanning 80-440 Hz. In this trial, we modified the device’s TENS and galvanic response system to treat AS and record the galvanic response of the patients, respectively. We reprogrammed the firmware of the device and designed a preconfigured 60-minute treatment module—monophasic square wave; wave width: 200 s; and pulse frequency: 7 Hz (15 minutes), 194 Hz (15 minutes), 91 Hz (15 minutes), and 40Hz (15 minutes). The design of the right-skewed, bell-curved pulse frequency course stemmed from the previous literature, and the selected frequency is related to the healing frequency of “spine,” “fibrosis,” “anti-inflammation,” and “back pain” [16,17]. The size of the electrode pad (square, 5×10 cm) was designed to cover the average spine width. One electrode pad connected to the white electrode (positive electrode) was placed around the S2-4 level, and the other electrode pad connected to the black electrode (negative electrode) was placed around the T-10 level (Figure 1). The current intensity was gradually increased to the individual tolerance of patients, which did not trigger pain. Before and after each treatment, the reprogrammed firmware commanded the device to measure the bioimpedance between 2 electrodes in predicting the condition of patients’ lower back. The modified device for this trial stored the number of treatments the patient received in 4 weeks (5 treatments a week) and each galvanic response (100 Hz biphasic square wave; measuring voltage 1.98 Vp-p) data in its memory. Next, the device transmitted data via Bluetooth to the research assistant’s phone when patients returned to the clinic. Finally, the data were sent to doctors’ computers (Figure S1 in Multimedia Appendix 1).
Figure 1.
The scheme of WeHeal TENS and galvanic response system. TENS: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
Study Design
The study recruited patients diagnosed with AS aged between 20 and 70 years, all of whom experienced chronic pain persisting for more than 3 months and had a visual analog pain scale score greater than 3. Patients with pacemakers or who had received steroid therapy, joint injections, or TENS as part of a rehabilitation program were excluded from the study.
Potential participants were initially screened by rheumatologists during outpatient visits. Following this preliminary screening, the trial researcher conducted a detailed evaluation to confirm whether these cases met the study’s inclusion criteria. Informed consent was obtained from each participant before their inclusion in the study. Participants were divided into a 2-month course group and a 1-month course group. Upon completing the initial treatment course, participants underwent a washout period of the same duration as their treatment course. After the washout period, participants could choose whether to proceed with a second course of treatment. Measurements were taken at 4 time points: upon enrollment, after the first treatment course, after the washout period, and after the second treatment course (Figure S2 in Multimedia Appendix 1). During the trial, participants did not receive other exercise or rehabilitation programs. The clinical trial protocol received approval from the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan (TFDA clinical trial: 1096607481).
Covariates
We collected basic demographics from patients, including age, sex, time interval from the AS diagnosis date to the index date, comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, sciatica, asthma, arthropathy, psychological disorders, and iridocyclitis), and concurrent medications (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, muscle relaxants, and sulfasalazine).
Outcomes
Using measurements in 4 domains, we evaluated the program’s efficacy by evaluating the changes in self-rating scores, physical examinations, blood tests, cytokines, and inflammatory biomarkers. Self-rating scores comprised the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) [3,18]. The BASDAI and BASFI scores ranged from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicated more functional limitations and higher disease activity. The physical examination focused on the Schober test [19], the finger-to-floor flexion test [20], and the enthesis score [18]. Increasing Schober test results represented the increasing lumbar spine range of motion. By contrast, lower finger-to-floor flexion test and enthesis scores indicated improving clinical condition.
Immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were evaluated, including IgG, IgA, and IgM [21]. Serum cytokines and chemokines including interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-3, IL-17F, IL-22 [22,23], monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [24], and monodansylcadaverine were tested [25]. Other inflammatory factors, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein [26], were measured to represent AS disease activity. The results of galvanic response in each treatment were recorded in the level of skin impedance (Ω) between 2 electrodes. Lower impedance levels represented higher conductance, which indicated muscle and fascia relaxation.
Statistical Analyses
Descriptive statistics were used to assess patient demographics, number and percentage for categorical variables, and the mean (SD) and median for continuous variables. Wilcoxon signed ranked test was conducted for paired results before and after TENS treatment [26]. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute). A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant.
Ethical Considerations
The study followed the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the institutional review boards of Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (approval: KMUHIRB-F(I)-20200093; date: June 12, 2020). All participants gave their implied consent to take part in the study. Each participant received a subsidy of NTD 5000 (US $155). They were informed that their participation was voluntary and that they could choose to withdraw at any time. To ensure the legitimate use of research data and safeguard the rights and interests of the participants, the data exclusively served the purpose of this research. Throughout the study period, data were anonymized using codes to protect the privacy of the participants. The data were securely stored on a dedicated computer or hard drive and maintained in strict confidentiality. Access to the data was controlled by the principal investigator through relevant passwords.
Results
Clinical Demographics of Participants
First, 10 patients were recruited and 1 was excluded. Consequently, 9 patients (male: n=6, 67%; female: n=3, 33%) were enrolled in the first course of treatment. The average interval from the diagnosis date to the index date was 3.3 (SD 2.6; median 3.5, IQR 3.6) years (Table 1). The average number of treatments for the first course was 33.0 (SD 8.8; median 31, IQR 11.0; maximum 48). Eight (89%) out of 9 patients concurrently took cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, two-thirds (n=6, 67%) took sulfasalazine, and 4 (45%) took muscle relaxants.
Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study population (n=9).
| Characteristics | Values | ||
| Age (years) | |||
|
|
Mean (SD) | 34.1 (8.8) | |
|
|
Median (IQR) | 31.5 (14.8) | |
| Interval (years; from diagnosis date to the index date) | |||
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.3 (2.6) | |
|
|
Median (IQR) | 3.5 (3.6) | |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
|
|
Male | 6 (67) | |
|
|
Female | 3 (33) | |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
|
|
Diabetes mellitus | 1 (11) | |
|
|
Hyperlipidemia | 3 (33) | |
|
|
Sciatica | 2 (22) | |
|
|
Asthma | 2 (22) | |
|
|
Arthropathy | 1 (11) | |
|
|
Psychological disorder | 1 (11) | |
|
|
Iridocyclitis | 1 (11) | |
| Concurrent medications, n (%) | |||
|
|
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors | 8 (89) | |
|
|
Muscle relaxants | 4 (44) | |
|
|
Sulfasalazine | 6 (67) | |
Next, 5 patients continued the second course of treatment. The average number of treatments in the second course decreased to 15.3 (SD 3.9; median 15.3, IQR 7.0; maximum=21) and 77% of the recommended treatments. In sum, 14 treatment courses were completed in this study.
Changes in Clinical Evaluations Before and After TENS Treatment
The weighted results showed that patients had improved self-rating scores after treatments, particularly the BASFI score (mean difference –0.9, SD 1.7; P=.03; Table 2). Separately, the BASFI score showed significant improvement after a 1-month course (mean difference –0.5, SD 0.6; P=.03), while the result showed no statistical significance after a 2-month course (mean difference –1.3, SD 2.0; P=.50; Table 3). In general, there were improving trends in the Schober test (mean difference 1.9, SD 4.9; P=.11) and finger-to-floor flexion test (mean difference –0.6, SD 9.5; P=.79), but the results were not statistically significant.
Table 2.
The weighted changes of clinical evaluations before and after treatment courses (n=19)a.
|
|
Precourse value | Postcourse value | Differenceb | P valuec | |||||||
|
|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) |
|
||||
| Self-rating score | |||||||||||
|
|
BASDAId scale | 3.7 (2.3) | 3.0 (2.4) | 2.7 (2.8) | 1.9 (4.5) | –1.0 (2.4) | –1.5 (1.6) | .08 | |||
|
|
BASFIe scale | 1.8 (2.2) | 0.8 (3.4) | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.6 (0.4) | –0.9 (1.7) | –0.2 (1.7) | .03c | |||
| Physical examination | |||||||||||
|
|
Schober test (cm) | 4.6 (3.8) | 5.0 (7.0) | 6.5 (3.5) | 6.0 (2.5) | 1.9 (4.9) | 2.0 (4.3) | .11 | |||
|
|
Finger-to-floor flexion test (cm) | 13.1 (14.2) | 10.0 (13.0) | 12.5 (9.0) | 11.0 (12.5) | –0.6 (9.5) | 0 (5.5) | .79 | |||
|
|
Enthesis score | 1.7 (2.3) | 1.0 (2.0) | 1.9 (3.1) | 0 (3.0) | 0.2 (2.6) | 0 (3.0) | .73 | |||
| Inflammatory factors and immunoglobulins | |||||||||||
|
|
IgGf | 1299.9 (294.4) | 1230.0 (300.0) | 1307.1 (324.4) | 1280.0 (480.0) | 7.2 (124.6) | 0 (130.0) | .8 | |||
|
|
IgA | 212.3 (69.6) | 227.0 (127.0) | 202.9 (57.9) | 221.0 (97.0) | –9.3 (31.1) | –3.0 (26.0) | .21 | |||
|
|
IgM | 91.0 (73.8) | 79.1 (74.0) | 94.6 (83.7) | 72.7 (87.3) | 3.7 (15.3) | 0.6 (18.1) | .31 | |||
|
|
ESRg | 16.4 (11.9) | 13.0 (13.0) | 14.7 (12.4) | 12.0 (23.0) | –1.7 (4.8) | –2.0 (6.0) | .15 | |||
|
|
CRPh | 5.1 (4.4) | 4.5 (6.4) | 4.3 (2.1) | 4.0 (4.4) | –1.3 (3.2) | –0.4 (4.5) | .09 | |||
| Cytokines and chemokines | |||||||||||
|
|
IL-1ßi (n=18) | 9.0 (14.3) | 5.9 (6.6) | 10.9 (15.4) | 4.7 (13.8) | 1.8 (10.5) | –0.3 (15.2) | .48 | |||
|
|
IL-3 (n=18) | 293.8 (843.6) | 7.8 (197.2) | 399.6 (1210) | 4.9 (208.0) | 105.9 (368.6) | –0.3 (3.3) | .25 | |||
|
|
IL-17F (n=18) | 3736.0 (11,741) | 197.4 (236.7) | 4035.3 (12,627) | 205.8 (394.4) | 299.2 (892.8) | 4.1 (110.0) | .18 | |||
|
|
IL-22 (n=18) | 16.8 (14.3) | 13.7 (8.0) | 16.5 (14.8) | 12.1 (9.4) | –0.3 (18.4) | 0.3 (6.0) | .95 | |||
|
|
IL-28 (n=18) | 105.3 (190.6) | 8.3 (182.8) | 109.0 (210.3) | 3.1 (171.8) | 3.7 (24.7) | 0 (5.2) | .54 | |||
|
|
IL-34 (n=18) | 49.1 (125.9) | 3.9 (20.8) | 62.8 (178.0) | 2.0 (27.3) | 13.7 (53.4) | –2.0 (2.6) | .30 | |||
|
|
CCL-2 (MCP-1j; n=18) | 169.3 (294.5) | 95.6 (67.9) | 195.1 (444.6) | 57.9 (123.1) | 25.8 (154.7) | 0.7 (57.1) | .49 | |||
|
|
CCL-22 (MDCk; n=18) | 625.3 (296.8) | 587.2 (318.4) | 600.0 (286.7) | 583.8 (403.4) | –25.3 (242.7) | –78.5 (142.6) | .67 | |||
aThe 1-month course was used as the weighting basis, and the 2-month course weighed 2. In sum, this study included nine 1-month courses and five 2-month courses, resulting in 19 weighted courses.
bDifference was calculated by the postcourse value minus the precourse value in pairs.
cP value was calculated by paired 2-tailed t test for weighted paired results; P<.05.
dBASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index.
eBASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index.
fIg: immunoglobin.
gESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
hCRP: C-reactive protein.
iIL: interleukin.
jMCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1.
kMDC: monodansylcadaverine.
Table 3.
Self-rating scores and physical examinations among patients before and after 1-month or 2-month courses.
|
|
2-month course (n=5) | 1-month course (n=9) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Precourse value | Postcourse value | Differencea | P valueb | Precourse value | Postcourse value | Differencea | P valueb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) |
|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Self-rating score | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
BASDAIc scale | 3.7 (1.5) | 3.7 (1.9) | 2.7 (2.6) | 2.4 (1.6) | –1.0 (2.5) | –1.8 (0.9) | .63 | 3.7 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.2) | 2.6 (2.5) | 1.2 (4.5) | –1.0 (1.7) | –1.1 (1.1) | .10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
BASFId scale | 1.9 (2.0) | 0.8(3.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.1) | –1.3 (2.0) | –0.2 (3.4) | .50 | 1.7 (2.0) | 1.0 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.6) | 0.5 (0.8) | –0.5 (0.6) | –0.5 (0.9) | .03c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical examination | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Schober test (cm) | 4.0 (3.8) | 5.0 (7.0) | 6.3 (3.0) | 6.0 (2.5) | 2.3 (3.1) | 3.0 (1.0) | .19 | 5.2 (2.8) | 6.5 (3.5) | 6.7 (3.3) | 5.7 (1.5) | 1.5 (5.4) | –1.0 (2.8) | ≥.99 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Finger-to-floor flexion test (cm) | 14.2 (14.5) | 9.0 (3.0) | 12.3 (6.6) | 9.0 (12.0) | –1.9 (11.5) | –1.0 (3.5) | .81 | 11.8 (10.7) | 10.0 (15.0) | 12.7 (9.4) | 14.0 (14.0) | 0.9 (2.8) | 1.0 (5.0) | .43 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Enthesis score | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.0 (2.0) | 0.8 (1.3) | 0 (1.0) | –0.2 (2.2) | –1.0 (3.0) | .94 | 2.4 (2.5) | 2.0 (4.0) | 3.1 (3.3) | 2.0 (7.0) | 0.7 (2.4) | 0 (1.0) | .38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
aDifference was calculated by the postcourse value minus the precourse value in pairs.
bP value was calculated by Wilcoxon signed ranked test for paired results; P<.05.
cBASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index.
dBASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index.
Looking into trajectories, 4 (80%) out of 5 patients reported a declined BASDAI score during treatments; this score increased during the washout period (Figure 2A). The BASFI score shared a similar trend (Figure 2B). These trajectories indicated that TENS treatment benefited patients with AS in terms of BASDAI and BASFI scores. In the first treatment course, all patients performed better on Schober test, but the response in the second course was not evident (Figure 3A). Otherwise, only patient 2 markedly improved the finger-to-floor flexion test (Figure 3B).
Figure 2.
Trajectory changes of self-rating scales among 5 participants. (A) BASDAI and (B) BASFI scores. BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index.
Figure 3.
Trajectory changes of physical functions among 5 participants. (A) Schober test and (B) finger-to-floor flexion test.
The response of immune factors, cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory factors before and after TENS treatment did not show a consistent trend, and all results were not statistically significant (all P>.05; Table 2). Moving to the results of galvanic response, we can notice the changes before and after each treatment (Figure S3 in Multimedia Appendix 1), which may be a good indicator of the effect of TENS treatments in patients with AS.
Discussion
Principal Findings
This trial revealed that the home TENS system was acceptable to patients with AS and had a high potential to be an effective rehabilitation program. Adherence to the treatment was good, and patients took 165% (33/20) and 77% (15.3/20) of the recommended number of treatments in the first and second courses, respectively. Moreover, the data on galvanic response showed that it is a good biomarker for evaluating the effect of each treatment. The physician can easily monitor these treatments every visit and read the feedback.
Overall, patients in this trial reported a significantly improved BASFI score after treatment. Although patients reported a more remarkable improvement in BASFI score in the 2-month course than in the 1-month course (mean difference –1.3, SD 2.0 vs –0.5, SD 0.6), the statistics showed no significance because of the small case number in the 2-month group. The result showed a similar trend in the Schober test—a mean difference of 2.3 (SD 3.1) and 1.5 (SD 5.4) in 2-month and 1-month courses, respectively. We suppose the longer the treatment lasts, the better the treatment outcome. Looking into trajectories, declined BASFI and BASDAI scores were noticed during treatments; this score increased during the washout period. Our results suggested that this system can improve the quality of life and maintain spinal flexibility among patients with AS.
Although the response of immune factors, cytokines, and inflammatory biomarkers before and after treatment did not show a consistent trend, and all results were not statistically significant, it has provided a reference for further research.
Comparison With Prior Work
Although electrotherapy, such as TENS and electroacupuncture, has been widely used in current clinical practice for AS treatment, there is limited evidence from clinical trials to support its efficacy. Gemignani et al [15] conducted a double-blind study—20 patients received 10 treatments (pulse frequency of 5 Hz; 20 minutes each time) over 3 weeks [15]. Significant differences in pain and self-reported stiffness over the treatment period were found only in the treatment group. The result was consistent with the open study by Nienhuis and Hoekstra [14]. Based on our study, the trajectory analysis of the BASDAI score supported that electrical stimulation attenuated pain and stiffness during the treatment period, and the symptoms rebounded during the washout period.
According to a retrospective study, patients in the TENS group (n=36; pulse frequency of 100 Hz, pulse width of 100 µs, 30 minutes each time, 2 times weekly) did not show significant improvement in pain reduction, BASFI score, and quality of life after a 6-week treatment [13]. In this study, the median number of treatments for patients in each course was 31 (IQR 11.0; maximum 48; first course) and 15.3 (IQR 7.0; maximum=21; second course). Our study showed that the BASFI score decreased significantly after treatment, indicating an improved functional status. From our perspective, the unsatisfied outcomes from the previous study might stem from the insufficient treatment numbers.
Strength and Limitations
This is the first clinical trial to evaluate the home-based electrical stimulation rehabilitation program for patients with AS. The main strength of this study was the comprehensive evaluation of its efficacy using self-rating scores, physical examinations, blood tests, cytokines, and inflammatory biomarkers. Based on a home-based, modified WeHeal TS-200 system, researchers, in particular, could monitor patient’s adherence and response to each treatment. In general, patients prefer to receive treatment at home. An effective home treatment program can improve accessibility, enhance adherence, and reduce patient time and cost. However, there were some limitations, such as the case number being relatively small. Second, 4 (44%) out of 9 patients did not undergo the washout period and second treatment course, resulting in most statistics only showing the trend but not the significant difference. Third, the effectiveness of treatment and the records of galvanic response may be influenced by the decay of electrode pads. Therefore, comparing measurement data before and after each treatment is more clinically meaningful. On the contrary, comparing values measured by galvanic response between multiple treatments may interfere with the decay of electrode pads. Finally, patients’ adherence declined in the second treatment course, which may interfere with the outcomes. However, this condition is common in real-world situations.
Conclusions
The home TENS system in this trial improves self-reported health, maintains physical function, and preserves spinal flexion. It may improve accessibility and adherence for patients with AS and provide remote monitoring for clinicians. Further research can compare the effectiveness of electrotherapy at home or in a medical setting. Researchers can also focus on integrating home electrotherapy and exercise programs to enhance patients’ physical functions and spinal flexibility.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW109-B-212-114006) for financially supporting the work. The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the WeHeal TS-200 devices and technical support from WeHeal Biotechnology Co and all the clinicians from Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital who participated in this study. The study funders had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, explanation of results, or manuscript drafting. The corresponding authors had full access to all study data and had final responsibility for the decision to submit it for publication.
Abbreviations
- AS
ankylosing spondylitis
- BASDAI
Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index
- BASFI
Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index
- Ig
immunoglobulin
- IL
interleukin
- TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
- TFDA
Taiwan Food and Drug Administration
Supplementary figures.
Data Availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during this study are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Footnotes
Authors' Contributions: Yu CL and Yi CL conceptualized the study. Yu CL, CCW, WYS, and JHY recruited patients and collected data from patients. Yi CL conducted the analyses. Yu L and Yi CL drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the revision, editing, and approval of the final version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: None declared.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary figures.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated and analyzed during this study are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.