Skip to main content
PMC home page
The Journal of Physiology logoLink to The Journal of Physiology
. 1995 Jun 15;485(Pt 3):835–844. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020773

Extracellular volume and blood volume in chronically catheterized fetal sheep.

K J Gibson 1, E R Lumbers 1
PMCID: PMC1158048  PMID: 7562621

Abstract

1. To determine the extracellular volume (ECV) in fetal sheep and its distribution between the plasma and interstitial spaces, ECV, blood volume (BV) and haematocrit were measured in ten chronically catheterized fetal sheep aged 121-133 days. Relationships with age, weight and other fetal variables, including glomerular filtration rate (GFR), were studied. 2. ECV was measured as the mean of the volumes of distribution of [3H]inulin and [14C]mannitol extrapolated to time zero. The time zero volume of distribution was 1506 +/- 79 ml (means +/- S.E.M.) for inulin and 1590 +/- 80 ml for mannitol. The ECV was 1548 +/- 79 ml (632 +/- 18 ml (kg fetal wt)-1). BV, measured using 51Cr-labelled red cells, was 351 +/- 27 ml (141 +/- 6 ml kg-1). Haematocrit, plasma volume and interstitial volume were 34 +/- 1%, 229 +/- 17 ml (92 +/- 3 ml kg-1) and 1319 +/- 63 ml (540 +/- 17 ml kg-1), respectively. 3. Interstitial volume per kilogram fell with increasing fetal weight (P = 0.026). BV per kilogram did not change with weight or age. 4. The plasma: interstitial volume ratio was 0.17 +/- 0.01. This ratio increased as fetal weight and age increased (P = 0.026 and P = 0.044), that is, the proportion of ECV that was contained outside the vascular compartment was lower in heavier or older fetuses. 5. Since GFR was 3.4 +/- 0.4 ml min-1, the entire fetal ECV was filtered by the fetal kidney only 3.1 +/- 0.3 times per day.

Full text

PDF
843

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Armentrout T., Katz S., Thornburg K. L., Faber J. J. Osmotic flow through the placental barrier of chronically prepared sheep. Am J Physiol. 1977 Oct;233(4):H466–H474. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1977.233.4.H466. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barcroft J., Kennedy J. A. The distribution of blood between the foetus and the placenta in sheep. J Physiol. 1939 Feb 14;95(1):173–186. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1939.sp003718. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Basso A., Fernández A., Althabe O., Sabini G., Piriz H., Belitzky R. Passage of mannitol from mother to amniotic fluid and fetus. Obstet Gynecol. 1977 May;49(5):628–631. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bauer K., Bovermann G., Roithmaier A., Götz M., Pröiss A., Versmold H. T. Body composition, nutrition, and fluid balance during the first two weeks of life in preterm neonates weighing less than 1500 grams. J Pediatr. 1991 Apr;118(4 Pt 1):615–620. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)83390-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Boyd R. D., Haworth C., Stacey T. E., Ward H. T. Permeability of the sheep placenta to unmetabolized polar non-electrolytes. J Physiol. 1976 Apr;256(3):617–634. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011342. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brace R. A. Blood volume and its measurement in the chronically catheterized sheep fetus. Am J Physiol. 1983 Apr;244(4):H487–H494. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1983.244.4.H487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brace R. A., Cheung C. Y. Cardiovascular and fluid responses to atrial natriuretic factor in sheep fetus. Am J Physiol. 1987 Oct;253(4 Pt 2):R561–R567. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.4.R561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brace R. A., Christian J. L. Transcapillary Starling pressures in the fetus, newborn, adult, and pregnant adult. Am J Physiol. 1981 Jun;240(6):H843–H847. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1981.240.6.H843. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brace R. A., Moore T. R. Transplacental, amniotic, urinary, and fetal fluid dynamics during very-large-volume fetal intravenous infusions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Mar;164(3):907–916. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90538-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Broughton Pipkin F., Kirkpatrick S. M. The blood volumes of fetal and newborn sheep. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci. 1973 Apr;58(2):181–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brøchner-Mortensen J. A simple single injection method for determination of the extracellular fluid volume. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1980 Oct;40(6):567–573. doi: 10.3109/00365518009091966. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. CHEEK D. B., WEST C. D., GOLDEN C. C. The distribution of sodium and chloride and the extracellular fluid volume in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1957 Feb;36(2):340–351. doi: 10.1172/JCI103430. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Castro R., Ervin M. G., Leake R. D., Ross M. G., Sherman D. J., Fisher D. A. Fetal renal response to atrial natriuretic factor decreases with maturation. Am J Physiol. 1991 Feb;260(2 Pt 2):R346–R352. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.2.R346. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Coghlan J. P., Fan J. S., Scoggins B. A., Shulkes A. A. Measurement of extracellular fluid volume and blood volume in sheep. Aust J Biol Sci. 1977 Apr;30(1-2):71–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Creasy R. K., Drost M., Green M. V., Morris J. A. Determination of fetal, placental and neonatal blood volumes in the sheep. Circ Res. 1970 Oct;27(4):487–494. doi: 10.1161/01.res.27.4.487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Devaskar S. U., Devaskar U. P., Kleinman L. I. Inulin space studies in fetal sheep. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1985;8(1):55–60. doi: 10.1159/000457021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. ELY R. S., SUTOW W. W. Growth of thiocyanate space in infancy and childhood. Pediatrics. 1952 Aug;10(2):115–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. FRIIS-HANSEN B. Body water compartments in children: changes during growth and related changes in body composition. Pediatrics. 1961 Aug;28:169–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Garby L., Mollison P. L. Deduction of mean red-cell life-span from 51Cr survival curves. Br J Haematol. 1971 May;20(5):527–536. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1971.tb07068.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gibson K. J., Lumbers E. R. Changes in renal function and blood volume in the newborn lamb delivered by cesarean section. Pediatr Res. 1994 Oct;36(4):506–513. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199410000-00017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gilbert W. M., Brace R. A. The missing link in amniotic fluid volume regulation: intramembranous absorption. Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Nov;74(5):748–754. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Glasby M. A. Mannitol penetration of liver cells in estimations of extracellular fluid volume. Q J Exp Physiol. 1985 Oct;70(4):585–589. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.1985.sp002945. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hill K. J., Lumbers E. R. Renal function in adult and fetal sheep. J Dev Physiol. 1988 Apr;10(2):149–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Humphreys P. W., Normand I. C., Reynolds E. O., Strang L. B. Pulmonary lymph flow and the uptake of liquid from the lungs of the lamb at the start of breathing. J Physiol. 1967 Nov;193(1):1–29. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008340. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hurley J. K., Kirkpatrick S. E., Pitlick P. T., Friedman W. F., Mendoza S. A. Renal responses of the fetal lamb to fetal or maternal volume expansion. Circ Res. 1977 Jun;40(6):557–560. doi: 10.1161/01.res.40.6.557. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Kesby G. J., Lumbers E. R. Factors affecting renal handling of sodium, hydrogen ions, and bicarbonate by the fetus. Am J Physiol. 1986 Aug;251(2 Pt 2):F226–F231. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.1986.251.2.F226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kingsford N. M., Lumbers E. R. Effects of autonomic blockade on the hypertensive response of the fetus to hyperosmolality. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1989 Nov;16(11):873–883. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1989.tb01527.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Langlands J. P., Sutherland H. A. An estimate of the nutrients utilized for pregnancy by Merino sheep. Br J Nutr. 1968 May;22(2):217–227. doi: 10.1079/bjn19680027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Law R. O. Techniques and applications of extracellular space determination in mammalian tissues. Experientia. 1982 Apr 15;38(4):411–421. doi: 10.1007/BF01952615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lumbers E. R., Hill K. J., Bennett V. J. Proximal and distal tubular activity in chronically catheterized fetal sheep compared with the adult. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1988 Jun;66(6):697–702. doi: 10.1139/y88-111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lumbers E. R., Moore R. S., Stevens A. D., Gibson K. J. Changes in fetal and maternal plasma protein concentration and colloid osmotic pressure with gestation. J Dev Physiol. 1991 Jun;15(6):347–350. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lumbers E. R., Smith F. G., Stevens A. D. Measurement of net transplacental transfer of fluid to the fetal sheep. J Physiol. 1985 Jul;364:289–299. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Mescher E. J., Platzker A. C., Ballard P. L., Kitterman J. A., Clements J. A., Tooley W. H. Ontogeny of tracheal fluid, pulmonary surfactant, and plasma corticoids in the fetal lamb. J Appl Physiol. 1975 Dec;39(6):1017–1021. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1975.39.6.1017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Olver R. E., Schneeberger E. E., Walters D. V. Epithelial solute permeability, ion transport and tight junction morphology in the developing lung of the fetal lamb. J Physiol. 1981 Jun;315:395–412. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013754. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Rattray P. V., Garrett W. N., East N. E., Hinman N. Growth, development and composition of the ovine conceptus and mammary gland during pregnancy. J Anim Sci. 1974 Mar;38(3):613–626. doi: 10.2527/jas1974.383613x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Robillard J. E., Matson J. R., Sessions C., Smith F. G., Jr Developmental aspects of renal tubular reabsorption of water in the lamb fetus. Pediatr Res. 1979 Oct;13(10):1172–1176. doi: 10.1203/00006450-197910000-00019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Robillard J. E., Sessions C., Kennedey R. L., Hamel-Robillard L., Smith F. G., Jr Interrelationship between glomerular filtration rate and renal transport of sodium and chloride during fetal life. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977 Aug 1;128(7):727–734. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(77)90712-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. SWAN R. C., MADISSO H., PITTS R. F. Measurement of extracellular fluid volume in nephrectomized dogs. J Clin Invest. 1954 Nov;33(11):1447–1456. doi: 10.1172/JCI103023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Stevens A. D., Lumbers E. R. Effects of reduced uterine blood flow on fetal cardiovascular, renal, and lung function. Am J Physiol. 1990 Nov;259(5 Pt 2):R1004–R1011. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.5.R1004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Thornburg K. L., Binder N. D., Faber J. J. Diffusion permeability and ultrafiltration-reflection-coefficients of Narand Cl- in the near-term placenta of the sheep. J Dev Physiol. 1979 Feb;1(1):47–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. WHITE H. L., ROLF D. Whole body and tissue inulin and sucrose spaces in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1957 Jan;188(1):151–155. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1956.188.1.151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Wintour E. M., Barnes A., Brown E. H., Hardy K. J., Horacek I., McDougall J. G., Scoggins B. A. Regulation of amniotic fluid volume and composition in the ovine fetus. Obstet Gynecol. 1978 Dec;52(6):689–693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Wong W. W., Sheng H. P., Morkeberg J. C., Kosanovich J. L., Clarke L. L., Klein P. D. Measurement of extracellular water volume by bromide ion chromatography. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Dec;50(6):1290–1294. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/50.6.1290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Physiology are provided here courtesy of The Physiological Society

RESOURCES