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. 2025 Apr 15;23(4):e9352. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9352

Avian influenza overview December 2024–March 2025

European Food Safety Authority✉; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control✉; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Leonidas Alexakis, Hubert Buczkowski, Mariette Ducatez, Alice Fusaro, Jose L Gonzales, Thijs Kuiken, Karl Ståhl, Christoph Staubach, Olov Svartström, Calogero Terregino, Katriina Willgert, Miguel Melo, Lisa Kohnle
PMCID: PMC11997622  PMID: 40236376

Abstract

Between 7 December 2024 and 7 March 2025, 743 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were reported in domestic (239) and wild (504) birds across 31 countries in Europe. HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections were predominant and mainly located in central, western and south‐eastern Europe. Most HPAI A(H5) virus detections in wild birds concerned waterfowl, particularly mute swans, barnacle geese and greylag geese. Limited secondary spread was observed among the poultry outbreaks, and outdoor poultry access remained an important risk factor at the interface between wild and domestic birds. HPAI A(H5N5) outbreaks occurred only in wild birds and were increasingly reported in waterfowl. For the first time since spring 2024, several HPAI virus detections were reported in domestic cats and wild carnivores in Europe. In the United States of America (USA), the number of dairy cattle farms reportedly affected rose to almost 1000 in 17 States, and a different HPAI A(H5N1) virus genotype (D1.1) was reported in this species. Between 12 December 2024 and 7 March 2025, 22 new cases of avian influenza virus infection in humans were reported in the USA (12 A(H5) cases), Cambodia (two A(H5N1) cases), United Kingdom (one A(H5N1) case), and China (six A(H9N2) cases and one A(H10N3) case). Most of the A(H5) human cases (93%, n = 14/15) had reported exposure to poultry or dairy cattle prior to avian influenza virus detection or onset of illness. Considering the widespread circulation of avian influenza viruses in animal populations, human infections with avian influenza viruses remain infrequent. No evidence of human‐to‐human transmission has been documented during the reporting period. The risk of infection with the avian A(H5) influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b currently circulating in Europe remains low for the general public in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The risk of infection remains low‐to‐moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals or contaminated environments.

Keywords: avian influenza, captive birds, HPAI, humans, monitoring, poultry, wild birds

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) , EURL (European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza) , Alexakis L, Buczkowski H, Ducatez M, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Ståhl K, Staubach C, Svartström O, Terregino C, Willgert K, Melo M and Kohnle L, 2025. Scientific report: Avian influenza overview December 2024–March 2025. EFSA Journal 2025;23(4): 9352, 73 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9352

Approved: 19 March 2025

Requestor: European Commission

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2025‐00188 and Commission request 280 to ECDC (SANTE.B.2/IK/mo (2023)2182203)

Acknowledgements: In addition to the listed authors, EFSA, ECDC and the EURL wish to thank the Member State representatives who provided epidemiological data on avian influenza outbreaks or shared sequence data: Aldin Lika (Albania); Sandra Revilla‐Fernández, Janna Vogelgesang and Irene Zimpernik (Austria); Ingeborg Mertens, Mieke Steensels and Steven Van Borm (Belgium); Emiliya Ivanova (Bulgaria); Vladimir Savic (Croatia); Vasiliki Christodoulou and Giorgos Krasias (Cyprus); Alexander Nagy and Luděk Závada (Czechia); Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager, Yuan Liang and Heidi Huus Petersen (Denmark); Tuija Gadd, Lauri Kareinen, Ari Kauppinen, Niina Tammiranta and Tiia Tuupanen (Finland); François‐Xavier Briand, Karen Bucher, Olivier Debaere, Béatrice Grasland, Andrea Jimenez‐ Pellicer, Éric Niquex, Gilles Salvat, Audrey Schmitz and Angéla Srour (France); Anja Globig, Timm Harder, Anne Pohlmann, Carola Sauter‐Louis and Christoph Staubach (Germany); Sokratis Perdikaris (Greece); Georgina Helyes and Malik Peter (Hungary); Brigitte Brugger and Vilhjálmur Svansson (Iceland); Laura Garza Cuartero (Ireland); Lara Cavicchio, Marta Dianati, Isabella Monne, Angela Salomoni, Enrico Savegnago and Calogero Terregino (Italy); Paulius Bušauskas, Vilija Grigaliūnienė, Simona Pileviciene, Egidijus Pumputis and Žydrūnas Vaišvila (Lithuania); Manon Bourg, Guillaume Fournier and Chantal Snoeck (Luxembourg); Oxana Groza and Oxana Popa (Moldova); Monika Ballmann, Dennis Bol, Evelien Germeraad and Marcel Spierenburg (Netherlands); Britt Gjerset, Silje Granstad and Lars‐Erik Lundblad Rondestveit (Norway); Katarzyna Domańska‐Blicharz, Anna Pikula, Aleksandra Podrażka, Krzysztof Śmietanka and Edyta Swieton (Poland); Renata Carvalho, Margarida Duarte, Teresa Fagulha, Margarida Henriques, Ana Nunes and Yolanda Vaz (Portugal); Iuliana Onita (Romania); Dejan Vidanovic (Serbia); Zuzana Dirbakova and Martin Tinak (Slovakia); Aleksandra Hari and Brigita Slavec (Slovenia); Montserrat Agüero García, Isabel María Guijarro Torvisco and Azucena Sánchez (Spain); Malin Grant and Siamak Zohari (Sweden); Claudia Bachofen and Arlette Szelecsenyi (Switzerland); Visal Kayacik (Türkiye); Jim Blee, Kate McAllister, Ignatius McKeown, Steven Lucas and Michelle Thompson (United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) 1 ). The authors also wish to thank Ron Fouchier from Erasmus Medical Center (Netherlands); Ashley Banyard from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (United Kingdom) and Michael McMenamy from Agri‐food and Biosciences Institute (United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) 1 ); Camille Delavenne from EpiMundi for conducting the data analysis under the contract OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2021/02; Valentina Caliendo from AI‐Impact for providing data on wild bird mortality in the Netherlands; the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID's EpiFlu™ Database, which is used for this assessment (Annex C); Julio Álvarez and Jan Arend Stegeman from EFSA's Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Ajibola Omokanye, Erik Alm and Edoardo Colzani from ECDC, as well as Kamela Kryemadhi and Stefania Tampach from EFSA for the support provided to this scientific output.

Declarations of interest: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu

Note: This article was originally published on the EFSA website (https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/9352) on 21 March 2025 as part of EFSA’s urgent publication procedures. On 15 April 2025, the following changes were implemented: Tables A.2 and A.3 in Annex A were updated and the corresponding Knowledge Junction (Zenodo) link was replaced (pp. 71 and 73); the reference “DWHC, online‐b” was deleted from p. 32, as it did not refer to a serological study in cats; “barn owl” was changed to “common barn owl” (pp. 23 and 24); the savannah cat was removed from the list of new mammal species, as it refers to a breed and not to a species (p. 51); the Norway rat was removed from the list of new mammal species, as it was already included with a different name (brown rat) (p. 51); “Norway rat” was changed to “brown rat” (p. 33); “USDA” was added as a reference for the American marten, bobcat, cat and leopard in Table 5; the Latin name was added for the American marten in Table 5; the black rat and cheetah, including country and reference, were added to Table 5; “USDA” and “United States of America” were added to the brown rat in Table 5; “2024” was deleted from p. 70. These editorial corrections do not materially affect the content or outcome of this scientific output. To avoid confusion, the original version of the output has been removed from the EFSA website, but is available on request.

1

In accordance with the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU, and in particular with the Windsor Framework, the EU requirements on data sampling are also applicable to the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland).

Contributor Information

European Food Safety Authority, Email: biohaw@efsa.europa.eu.

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Email: ecdc.influenza@ecdc.europa.eu.

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