Abstract
目的
探讨关节镜下肱二头肌长头腱(long head of biceps tendon,LHBT)原位双重固定增强缝合修复肩袖撕裂的临床疗效。
方法
回顾性分析2022年6月—2023年11月收治的31例肩袖撕裂合并LHBT损伤患者临床资料,均在关节镜下行LHBT原位双重固定增强缝合修复肩袖撕裂。男12例,女19例;年龄53~76岁,平均61.6岁。急性损伤10例,慢性劳损21例。肩袖撕裂DeOrio和Cofisld分型:中型撕裂3例,大型撕裂12例,巨大型撕裂16例。合并肩关节粘连5例,肩胛下肌损伤12例,肩峰撞击综合征31例。记录术前及末次随访肩关节前屈、外展、体侧外旋和体侧内旋主动活动度,以及肩关节疼痛、功能情况 [疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、美国加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分、Constant-Murley 评分];末次随访时,肩关节MRI复查观察肩袖愈合以及修复结构完整性。
结果
31例手术均顺利完成,手术时间90~210 min,平均144 min;术中使用锚钉3~5枚,平均3.8枚;切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间12~29个月,平均18.5个月。术后3个月,2例患者出现关节粘连、3例肩关节内旋受限、2例残留结节间沟处疼痛,均经对症处理后缓解。随访期间均无Popeye畸形发生。末次随访时,患者肩关节前屈、外展、体侧外旋和体侧内旋主动活动度以及VAS 评分、UCLA评分、Constant-Murley评分均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。按照Sugaya分型标准评定肩袖愈合率达90.3%;LHBT肌腱形态、走行及连续性正常,无脱位;周围腱鞘无增厚、无积液。
结论
关节镜下LHBT原位双重固定增强缝合修复肩袖撕裂可显著减轻肩关节疼痛,改善关节活动度,且具有较高肩袖愈合率。
Keywords: 肩袖损伤, 肱二头肌长头腱, 双重固定, 关节镜, 增强修复
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effectiveness of arthroscopic double fixation and enhanced suture of long head of biceps tendon (LHBT) in situ for repairing rotator cuff tear.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted on 31 patients with rotator cuff tears and LHBT injuries admitted between June 2022 and November 2023. All patients underwent arthroscopic double fixation and enhanced suture of LHBT in situ. There were 12 males and 19 females, with an average age of 61.6 years (range, 53-76 years). There were 10 cases of acute injury and 21 cases of chronic injury. According to DeOrio and Cofield classification criteria, the degree of rotator cuff tear rated as medium-sized tears in 3 cases, large tears in 12 cases, and massive tears in 16 cases. Associated injuries included 5 cases of shoulder joint adhesions, 12 cases of subscapularis muscle tears, and 31 case of shoulder impingement syndromes. The shoulder range of motion (ROM) (forward flexion, abduction, lateral external rotation, lateral internal rotation) and pain/function scores [visual analogue scale (VAS) score, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score, Constant-Murley score] were recorded before operation and at last follow-up. MRI at last follow-up were taken to evaluate the rotator cuff healing and structural integrity.
Results
All 31 surgeries were successfully completed with operation time ranging from 90 to 210 minutes (mean, 144 minutes). The 3-5 anchors (mean, 3.8 anchors) were used during operation. All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 12-29 months (mean, 18.5 months). At 3 months after operation, 2 cases developed joint adhesions, 3 had internal rotation limitations, and 2 experienced residual pain at the intertubercular groove, all resolved with conservative management. No Popeye deformity occurred during follow-up. At last follow-up, shoulder ROM (forward flexion, abduction, lateral external rotation, lateral internal rotation) and pain/function scores (VAS, UCLA, and Constant-Murley scores) showed significant improvements compared to preoperative values (P<0.05). At last follow-up, MRI evaluation showed that the rotator cuff healing rate reached 90.3% according to the Sugaya classification criteria. LHBT exhibited normal morphology, course, and continuity without dislocation. Surrounding synovial sheath showed no thickening or effusion.
Conclusion
Arthroscopic double fixation and enhanced suture of LHBT in situ for repairing rotator cuff tear can significantly reduce shoulder joint pain, improve ROM, and achieve a high rotator cuff healing rate.
Keywords: Rotator cuff tear, long head of biceps tendon, double fixation, arthroscopy, enhanced repair
肩袖撕裂是常见肩部疾病类型,可导致肩关节疼痛和活动受限[1]。肩袖撕裂多合并肱二头肌长头腱(long head of biceps tendon,LHBT)损伤,但对于此类合并损伤发病机制尚不明确。有研究认为肩袖撕裂打破了肩关节力偶平衡,激活LHBT以限制肱骨头前上移位,而长期过度负荷导致LHBT退变、磨损或不稳定[2-4]。因此,合理处理LHBT病变对提高肩袖撕裂治疗效果至关重要[5-6]。目前,临床常用治疗LHBT损伤术式包括LHBT切断术与固定术。前者操作简便,但存在Popeye畸形、力学稳定性下降及远期功能障碍等风险[7-8]。后者能更好地保留肌腱功能,在巨大肩袖撕裂修复中起到减张支架作用,加强肩袖前方组织力学强度和前上阻挡效应[9-10]。如何在切断术的操作便捷与固定术的功能保留间抉择,成为临床医生为患者制定治疗方案时的关键考量。
目前,LHBT固定方式有多种,早期采用简单的周围组织直接缝合法固定,强度有限且易滑脱;之后发展的骨隧道固定法初始强度好,但易引发骨隧道扩大、骨折[7]。结合目前 LHBT 各种固定方式特点,我们提出了采取套扎、缝合联合SwiveLock锚钉固定LHBT,同时利用缝合LHBT 的缝线缝合修复肩袖,并命名为“LHBT原位双重固定增强缝合修复肩袖撕裂”。 2022年6月—2023年11月,我们于关节镜下采用该术式治疗31例肩袖撕裂合并LHBT损伤患者,获得较好疗效。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
患者纳入标准:① 术前MRI及关节镜下检查均明确诊断肩袖撕裂;② 肩袖回缩肌腱能拉回足印区完成修复;③ 关节镜下探查见LHBT损伤且损伤直径不超过50%,连续性完好。排除标准:① 肩袖巨大不可修复撕裂;② 存在既往肩关节手术史;③ 合并肩关节脱位或骨折及神经损伤;④ 严重盂肱关节炎;⑤ 合并自身免疫性疾病。
本组男12例,女19例;年龄53~76岁,平均61.6岁。急性损伤10例,慢性劳损21例。左肩7例,右肩24例。肩袖撕裂DeOrio和Cofisld分型[11]:中型撕裂3例,大型撕裂12例,巨大型撕裂16例。合并肩关节粘连5例,肩胛下肌损伤12例,肩峰撞击综合征31例。术前肩关节各向活动度以及疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、美国加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分、Constant-Murley 评分见表1。合并吸烟史3例,2型糖尿病4例。
表 1.
Comparison of pre- and post-operative shoulder ROM, pain and functional scores (n=31, x±s)
手术前后肩关节主动活动度、疼痛及功能评分比较(n=31,x±s)
指标 Indicator |
术前 Preoperative |
末次随访 Last follow-up |
t值 t value |
P值 P value |
肩关节主动活动度 | ||||
前屈(°) | 92.42±19.41 | 150.90±12.75 | −17.632 | <0.001 |
外展(°) | 81.94±19.30 | 130.26±21.40 | −9.626 | <0.001 |
体侧内旋 | 3.48±1.91 | 9.42±1.46 | −15.883 | <0.001 |
体侧外旋(°) | 31.74±11.85 | 43.13±6.86 | −9.412 | <0.001 |
VAS评分 | 6.2±1.5 | 1.5±0.9 | 17.899 | <0.001 |
UCLA评分 | 15.1±2.8 | 31.4±2.1 | −24.596 | <0.001 |
Constant-Murley评分 | 50.8±8.5 | 89.1±6.2 | 25.421 | <0.001 |
1.2. 手术方法
全身麻醉下,患者取健侧卧位,患肢前屈外展悬吊牵引,常规标记肩部骨性标志(肩锁关节、喙突、肩峰)。经后方入路置入关节镜;由外向内建立前方入路,置入操作器械。常规行肩关节检查,明确肩袖撕裂、LHBT损伤(不超过直径50%)后,松解LHBT并打磨其近端周围骨质至新鲜渗血。先用1根高强度缝线套索固定LHBT近关节面处,再用缝合钩将PDS线穿过LHBT并从套索环内穿出,通过PDS过线将另1根高强度缝线引入;此时收紧2根高强度缝线,将缝线尾端穿入1枚SwiveLock锚钉(Arthrex公司,美国)锁孔内,紧贴LHBT结节间沟外侧将锚钉埋于骨隧道内,实现LHBT原位固定,LHBT盂上结节处不予切断。以SwiveLock锚钉附带的1根滑动缝线及上述2根高强度缝线尾线缝合撕裂的冈上肌腱,缝合冈上肌前部的缝线同时穿过LHBT并打结固定,形成“肌腱复合体”,随后完成剩余撕裂肩袖肌腱缝合固定。见图1。术中对于术前合并肩关节粘连同时予以镜下松解,肩胛下肌损伤予以锚钉缝合固定,肩峰撞击综合征予以肩峰成形术。
图 1.
Schematic diagram of arthroscopic surgical procedures
关节镜下手术操作示意图
a. 术中探查明确LHBT损伤及肩袖撕裂;b. 用1根高强度缝线套索LHBT近关节面处;c. 缝合钩将PDS线穿过LHBT并从套索环内穿出;d. 通过PDS过线引入另1根高强度缝线;e. 将2根高强度缝线的4根尾线引入SwiveLock锁孔内; f. 将SwiveLock锚钉拧入结节间沟近端偏外侧;g~j. 用缝合钩缝合冈上肌前部并穿过LHBT,过线将高强度缝线的尾线带出;k. 缝线打结固定;l. 完成肩袖修复及LHBT双固定
a. The intraoperative exploration confirmed the LHBT injury and rotator cuff tear; b. A single high-strength suture was used to loop around the LHBT near the articular surface; c. The suture hook passed the PDS thread through the LHBT and out of the loop; d. An additional high-strength suture was through the PDS thread and introduced; e. The four ends of the two high-strength sutures were inserted into the SwiveLock anchor hole; f. The SwiveLock anchor was screwed into the proximal end of the intertubercular groove; g-j. The suture hook was used for suturing the anterior edge of the supraspinatus muscle and threaded through the LHBT, then the high-strength suture tail was pulled out through the suture hook; k. The sutures were tied and fixed; l. The rotator cuff repair and double fixation of LHBT were completed
1.3. 围术期处理
合并吸烟史患者嘱手术前后严格戒烟,2型糖尿病患者控制血糖至正常范围。术后24 h内使用头孢呋辛钠以预防感染。肩关节采用弹力绷带加压包扎,支具固定于外展30° 位,持续6周。术后即可开始肘关节被动活动,腕关节与手部主动活动,以及肩部肌肉放松性训练;第1天开始肩关节被动前屈、外旋训练,训练时拆除支具,训练后继续外固定,训练完毕后对患部冰敷10~15 min以缓解肿胀与炎症;6周拆除支具后,肩关节可被动全范围活动,2个月后开始主动全范围活动,3个月后开始肩关节肌肉力量训练。
1.4. 疗效评价指标
记录术前及末次随访时肩关节前屈、外展、体侧外旋和体侧内旋主动活动度;其中,体侧内旋以患侧拇指能达到脊柱节段赋值,拇指达骶椎以下为0、骶骨为1、L5为2,依次增加至T7节段为12[6]。采用疼痛VAS评分、UCLA评分、Constant-Murley 评分评价肩关节疼痛与功能。末次随访时基于肩关节MRI观察肩袖愈合情况,并参照Sugaya分型标准[12]进行分型,评估肌腱复合体完整性。记录随访期间切口感染、关节粘连、Popeye畸形等并发症发生情况。
1.5. 统计学方法
采用SPSS22.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk检验均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对t检验;检验水准取双侧α=0.05。
2. 结果
本组手术均顺利完成,手术时间90~210 min,平均144 min;术中使用锚钉3~5枚,平均3.8枚。所有患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染发生。31例患者均获随访,随访时间12~29个月,平均18.5个月。术后3个月2例患者出现关节粘连、3例肩关节内旋受限,经指导功能锻炼后关节功能恢复满意;2例患者残留结节间沟处疼痛,给予冲击波治疗后疼痛缓解。随访期间均无Popeye畸形发生。
末次随访时,患者肩关节主动活动度(前屈、外展、体侧外旋和体侧内旋)以及疼痛VAS 评分、UCLA评分、Constant-Murley评分均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。患侧肩关节MRI复查,肩袖愈合按照Sugaya分型标准[12]达Ⅰ型4例、Ⅱ型19例、Ⅲ型5例、Ⅳ型3例;28例愈合良好、3例愈合差,肩袖愈合率达90.3%。LHBT肌腱形态、走行及连续性正常,无脱位;周围腱鞘无增厚、无积液。见图2。
图 2.
A 65-year-old female patient with the right rotator cuff tear and LHBT injury
患者,女,65岁,右肩袖撕裂合并LHBT损伤
a. 术前肩关节活动度;b. 术前MRI;c. 术后22个月肩关节活动度;d. 术后22个月MRI
a. The ROM of the shoulder joint before operation; b. Preoperative MRI; c. The ROM of the shoulder joint at 22 months after operation; d. MRI at 22 months after operation
3. 讨论
肩袖撕裂多伴有LHBT损伤主要有以下原因:① 当肩袖撕裂时,肱骨头在肩胛盂中稳定程度会降低,由此引发肱骨头向上方移动,使得肩峰下间隙变窄,肩峰下撞击程度加深,最终使得肩袖以及 LHBT受损严重。② 肱骨头上移使LHBT 承受更大负荷,长时间压力作用下,极有可能引发炎症或者导致撕裂。③ 冈上肌与肩胛下肌腱在肩袖间隙中起着关键稳定作用,特别是肩胛下肌腱,其被视作保障 LHBT 在结节间沟内顺畅滑动的核心结构。一旦肩胛下肌受损,LHBT 的稳定性便会受到影响,进而可能引发 LHBT 脱位或者撕裂[13-14]。
对于全层肩袖撕裂,肩袖修复手术可以有效恢复肩袖完整性,减轻疼痛并促进功能恢复[15]。然而,若伴有LHBT损伤且未进行处理,肌腱在结节间沟内滑动时会产生摩擦和炎症,导致持续性疼痛,从而影响肩袖修复效果[4, 16]。关节镜下针对 LHBT 损伤有清理、切断、固定和转位固定4 种方法[17-18]。我科在巨大及不可修复肩袖撕裂研究基础上,采用改良LHBT转位术修复此类肩袖撕裂,取得了满意临床疗效[19]。在此基础上,我们针对中型、大型及巨大可修复肩袖撕裂合并LHBT损伤,采取关节镜下LHBT原位双重固定增强缝合修复,即术中采取套索缝合与捆扎LHBT,一同引入1枚SwiveLock锚钉锁孔内,于肱二头肌结节间沟近端固定,利用缝合与捆扎LHBT缝线的尾线修复冈上肌前部,同时再次缝合LHBT,在完成冈上肌后方肩袖修复后一同将此固定缝线引入外排锚钉孔内作外排固定,此时冈上肌前部与LHBT修复形成“肌腱复合体”。在该肌腱复合体中,LHBT起到减张支架作用,同时增强肩袖缝合强度和前上阻挡效应[20]。本方法在处理LHBT损伤时利用SwiveLock锚钉固定,固定后其剩余尾线仍可以进行肩袖缝合,减少了锚钉的使用,同时LHBT肌腱富含成纤维细胞[21],术中将冈上肌肌腱与LHBT肌腱缝合形成肌腱复合体,有效增加肩袖修复术后愈合率。
LHBT原位双重固定增强缝合修复肩袖主要具有三方面优势。① 力学增效:LHBT与冈上肌前部形成“肌腱复合体”,通过分担肩袖缝合处张力,可能降低术后再撕裂风险。本方法进一步通过LHBT的主动锚定,增强了前上方稳定性。② 生物学协同:LHBT富含成纤维细胞,术中将其与肩袖残端编织缝合,可能通过旁分泌效应促进腱-骨界面愈合[21]。③ 锚钉效率优化与降低手术费用:传统肩袖修复常需多枚锚钉完成肌腱固定,而本方法通过SwiveLock锚钉的“一钉双用”设计(LHBT固定与外排锚钉复用),显著减少了锚钉使用数量。这一改进不仅降低了手术成本,更减少了因锚钉密集植入导致的骨道间应力集中风险。本方法通过结构优化实现了力学强度与骨量保存的平衡,不仅有效固定了LHBT,还利用其作为减张支架,增强了肩袖缝合的强度和前上阻挡效应。本研究共纳入31例患者,术后平均随访18.5个月,末次随访时患者肩关节疼痛及功能评分均较术前改善;MRI 随访示肩袖愈合率达90.3%。
综上述,关节镜下LHBT原位双重固定增强缝合修复肩袖撕裂可显著减轻患者疼痛症状,改善肩关节活动度,且具有良好愈合率。但是,本研究存在一定局限性,纳入患者例数较少,随访时间有限,因此尚需要扩大样本量、延长随访时间,以获取更全面、准确的研究结论。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道
伦理声明 研究方案经阜阳市人民医院医学伦理委员会批准(2022[93])
作者贡献声明 付鹏飞:文章撰写;杨东强:理论指导与文章修改;田进翔、郭标:数据整理及统计分析;所有作者参与手术设计及实施
Funding Statement
阜阳市自筹经费科技项目(FK202081024);阜阳市卫生健康委科研课题(FY2021-033)
Science and Technology Project with Self-raised Funds in Fuyang City (FK202081024); Scientific Research Project of the Health Commission of Fuyang City (FY2021-033)
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