Skip to main content
Genetics logoLink to Genetics
. 1997 Oct;147(2):451–465. doi: 10.1093/genetics/147.2.451

Essential Functional Interactions of Saga, a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Complex of Spt, Ada, and Gcn5 Proteins, with the Snf/Swi and Srb/Mediator Complexes

S M Roberts 1, F Winston 1
PMCID: PMC1208170  PMID: 9335585

Abstract

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Spt20/Ada5 was originally identified by mutations that suppress Ty insertion alleles and by mutations that suppress the toxicity caused by Gal4-VP16 overexpression. Here we present evidence for physical associations between Spt20/Ada5 and three other Spt proteins, suggesting that they exist in a complex. A related study demonstrates that this complex also contains the histone acetyltransferase, Gcn5, and Ada2. This complex has been named SAGA (Spt/Ada/Gcn5 acetyltransferase). To identify functions that genetically interact with SAGA, we have screened for mutations that cause lethality in an spt20Δ/ada5Δ mutant. Our screen identified mutations in SNF2, SIN4, and GAL11. These mutations affect two known transcription complexes: Snf/Swi, which functions in nucleosome remodeling, and Srb/mediator, which is required for regulated transcription by RNA polymerase II. Systematic analysis has demonstrated that spt20Δ/ada5Δand spt7Δ mutations cause lethality with every snf/swi and srb/mediator mutation tested. Furthermore, a gcn5Δ mutation causes severe sickness with snf/swi mutations, but not with srb/mediator mutations. These findings suggest that SAGA has multiple activities and plays critical roles in transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (4.8 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abrams E., Neigeborn L., Carlson M. Molecular analysis of SNF2 and SNF5, genes required for expression of glucose-repressible genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Nov;6(11):3643–3651. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.11.3643. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barberis A., Pearlberg J., Simkovich N., Farrell S., Reinagel P., Bamdad C., Sigal G., Ptashne M. Contact with a component of the polymerase II holoenzyme suffices for gene activation. Cell. 1995 May 5;81(3):359–368. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90389-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barlev N. A., Candau R., Wang L., Darpino P., Silverman N., Berger S. L. Characterization of physical interactions of the putative transcriptional adaptor, ADA2, with acidic activation domains and TATA-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 1995 Aug 18;270(33):19337–19344. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.33.19337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berger S. L., Piña B., Silverman N., Marcus G. A., Agapite J., Regier J. L., Triezenberg S. J., Guarente L. Genetic isolation of ADA2: a potential transcriptional adaptor required for function of certain acidic activation domains. Cell. 1992 Jul 24;70(2):251–265. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90100-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bossie M. A., DeHoratius C., Barcelo G., Silver P. A mutant nuclear protein with similarity to RNA binding proteins interferes with nuclear import in yeast. Mol Biol Cell. 1992 Aug;3(8):875–893. doi: 10.1091/mbc.3.8.875. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brandl C. J., Martens J. A., Margaliot A., Stenning D., Furlanetto A. M., Saleh A., Hamilton K. S., Genereaux J. Structure/functional properties of the yeast dual regulator protein NGG1 that are required for glucose repression. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 19;271(16):9298–9306. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.16.9298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brownell J. E., Allis C. D. Special HATs for special occasions: linking histone acetylation to chromatin assembly and gene activation. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1996 Apr;6(2):176–184. doi: 10.1016/s0959-437x(96)80048-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brownell J. E., Zhou J., Ranalli T., Kobayashi R., Edmondson D. G., Roth S. Y., Allis C. D. Tetrahymena histone acetyltransferase A: a homolog to yeast Gcn5p linking histone acetylation to gene activation. Cell. 1996 Mar 22;84(6):843–851. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81063-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cairns B. R., Henry N. L., Kornberg R. D. TFG/TAF30/ANC1, a component of the yeast SWI/SNF complex that is similar to the leukemogenic proteins ENL and AF-9. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Jul;16(7):3308–3316. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.7.3308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cairns B. R., Kim Y. J., Sayre M. H., Laurent B. C., Kornberg R. D. A multisubunit complex containing the SWI1/ADR6, SWI2/SNF2, SWI3, SNF5, and SNF6 gene products isolated from yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 1;91(5):1950–1954. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.5.1950. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cairns B. R., Levinson R. S., Yamamoto K. R., Kornberg R. D. Essential role of Swp73p in the function of yeast Swi/Snf complex. Genes Dev. 1996 Sep 1;10(17):2131–2144. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.17.2131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Candau R., Berger S. L. Structural and functional analysis of yeast putative adaptors. Evidence for an adaptor complex in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 1;271(9):5237–5245. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.9.5237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Candau R., Zhou J. X., Allis C. D., Berger S. L. Histone acetyltransferase activity and interaction with ADA2 are critical for GCN5 function in vivo. EMBO J. 1997 Feb 3;16(3):555–565. doi: 10.1093/emboj/16.3.555. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Carlson M. Genetics of transcriptional regulation in yeast: connections to the RNA polymerase II CTD. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1997;13:1–23. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Carlson M., Osmond B. C., Neigeborn L., Botstein D. A suppressor of SNF1 mutations causes constitutive high-level invertase synthesis in yeast. Genetics. 1984 May;107(1):19–32. doi: 10.1093/genetics/107.1.19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Chee M., Yang R., Hubbell E., Berno A., Huang X. C., Stern D., Winkler J., Lockhart D. J., Morris M. S., Fodor S. P. Accessing genetic information with high-density DNA arrays. Science. 1996 Oct 25;274(5287):610–614. doi: 10.1126/science.274.5287.610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chen S., West R. W., Jr, Johnson S. L., Gans H., Kruger B., Ma J. TSF3, a global regulatory protein that silences transcription of yeast GAL genes, also mediates repression by alpha 2 repressor and is identical to SIN4. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Feb;13(2):831–840. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.2.831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chen S., West R. W., Jr, Ma J., Johnson S. L., Gans H., Woldehawariat G. TSF1 to TSF6, required for silencing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL genes, are global regulatory genes. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):701–716. doi: 10.1093/genetics/134.3.701. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Choi K. Y., Satterberg B., Lyons D. M., Elion E. A. Ste5 tethers multiple protein kinases in the MAP kinase cascade required for mating in S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1994 Aug 12;78(3):499–512. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90427-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Christianson T. W., Sikorski R. S., Dante M., Shero J. H., Hieter P. Multifunctional yeast high-copy-number shuttle vectors. Gene. 1992 Jan 2;110(1):119–122. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90454-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Côté J., Quinn J., Workman J. L., Peterson C. L. Stimulation of GAL4 derivative binding to nucleosomal DNA by the yeast SWI/SNF complex. Science. 1994 Jul 1;265(5168):53–60. doi: 10.1126/science.8016655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Eisenmann D. M., Arndt K. M., Ricupero S. L., Rooney J. W., Winston F. SPT3 interacts with TFIID to allow normal transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 1992 Jul;6(7):1319–1331. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.7.1319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Eisenmann D. M., Chapon C., Roberts S. M., Dollard C., Winston F. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT8 gene encodes a very acidic protein that is functionally related to SPT3 and TATA-binding protein. Genetics. 1994 Jul;137(3):647–657. doi: 10.1093/genetics/137.3.647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Elion E. A., Satterberg B., Kranz J. E. FUS3 phosphorylates multiple components of the mating signal transduction cascade: evidence for STE12 and FAR1. Mol Biol Cell. 1993 May;4(5):495–510. doi: 10.1091/mbc.4.5.495. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Frangioni J. V., Neel B. G. Solubilization and purification of enzymatically active glutathione S-transferase (pGEX) fusion proteins. Anal Biochem. 1993 Apr;210(1):179–187. doi: 10.1006/abio.1993.1170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gansheroff L. J., Dollard C., Tan P., Winston F. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT7 gene encodes a very acidic protein important for transcription in vivo. Genetics. 1995 Feb;139(2):523–536. doi: 10.1093/genetics/139.2.523. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Georgakopoulos T., Thireos G. Two distinct yeast transcriptional activators require the function of the GCN5 protein to promote normal levels of transcription. EMBO J. 1992 Nov;11(11):4145–4152. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05507.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gietz R. D., Sugino A. New yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors constructed with in vitro mutagenized yeast genes lacking six-base pair restriction sites. Gene. 1988 Dec 30;74(2):527–534. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90185-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Grant P. A., Duggan L., Côté J., Roberts S. M., Brownell J. E., Candau R., Ohba R., Owen-Hughes T., Allis C. D., Winston F. Yeast Gcn5 functions in two multisubunit complexes to acetylate nucleosomal histones: characterization of an Ada complex and the SAGA (Spt/Ada) complex. Genes Dev. 1997 Jul 1;11(13):1640–1650. doi: 10.1101/gad.11.13.1640. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Guarente L. Transcriptional coactivators in yeast and beyond. Trends Biochem Sci. 1995 Dec;20(12):517–521. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(00)89120-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hengartner C. J., Thompson C. M., Zhang J., Chao D. M., Liao S. M., Koleske A. J., Okamura S., Young R. A. Association of an activator with an RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Genes Dev. 1995 Apr 15;9(8):897–910. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.8.897. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Himmelfarb H. J., Pearlberg J., Last D. H., Ptashne M. GAL11P: a yeast mutation that potentiates the effect of weak GAL4-derived activators. Cell. 1990 Dec 21;63(6):1299–1309. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90425-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hirschhorn J. N., Brown S. A., Clark C. D., Winston F. Evidence that SNF2/SWI2 and SNF5 activate transcription in yeast by altering chromatin structure. Genes Dev. 1992 Dec;6(12A):2288–2298. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.12a.2288. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Horiuchi J., Silverman N., Marcus G. A., Guarente L. ADA3, a putative transcriptional adaptor, consists of two separable domains and interacts with ADA2 and GCN5 in a trimeric complex. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Mar;15(3):1203–1209. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.3.1203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Horiuchi J., Silverman N., Piña B., Marcus G. A., Guarente L. ADA1, a novel component of the ADA/GCN5 complex, has broader effects than GCN5, ADA2, or ADA3. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jun;17(6):3220–3228. doi: 10.1128/mcb.17.6.3220. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Imbalzano A. N., Kwon H., Green M. R., Kingston R. E. Facilitated binding of TATA-binding protein to nucleosomal DNA. Nature. 1994 Aug 11;370(6489):481–485. doi: 10.1038/370481a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Jiang Y. W., Dohrmann P. R., Stillman D. J. Genetic and physical interactions between yeast RGR1 and SIN4 in chromatin organization and transcriptional regulation. Genetics. 1995 May;140(1):47–54. doi: 10.1093/genetics/140.1.47. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Jiang Y. W., Stillman D. J. Involvement of the SIN4 global transcriptional regulator in the chromatin structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Oct;12(10):4503–4514. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.10.4503. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Jiang Y. W., Stillman D. J. Regulation of HIS4 expression by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SIN4 transcriptional regulator. Genetics. 1995 May;140(1):103–114. doi: 10.1093/genetics/140.1.103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kang J. J., Auble D. T., Ranish J. A., Hahn S. Analysis of the yeast transcription factor TFIIA: distinct functional regions and a polymerase II-specific role in basal and activated transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Mar;15(3):1234–1243. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.3.1234. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kim Y. J., Björklund S., Li Y., Sayre M. H., Kornberg R. D. A multiprotein mediator of transcriptional activation and its interaction with the C-terminal repeat domain of RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1994 May 20;77(4):599–608. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90221-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Kingston R. E., Bunker C. A., Imbalzano A. N. Repression and activation by multiprotein complexes that alter chromatin structure. Genes Dev. 1996 Apr 15;10(8):905–920. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.8.905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Koleske A. J., Buratowski S., Nonet M., Young R. A. A novel transcription factor reveals a functional link between the RNA polymerase II CTD and TFIID. Cell. 1992 May 29;69(5):883–894. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90298-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Koleske A. J., Young R. A. An RNA polymerase II holoenzyme responsive to activators. Nature. 1994 Mar 31;368(6470):466–469. doi: 10.1038/368466a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Koshland D., Kent J. C., Hartwell L. H. Genetic analysis of the mitotic transmission of minichromosomes. Cell. 1985 Feb;40(2):393–403. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90153-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kranz J. E., Holm C. Cloning by function: an alternative approach for identifying yeast homologs of genes from other organisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(17):6629–6633. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.17.6629. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Kruger W., Herskowitz I. A negative regulator of HO transcription, SIN1 (SPT2), is a nonspecific DNA-binding protein related to HMG1. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Aug;11(8):4135–4146. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.8.4135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Kruger W., Peterson C. L., Sil A., Coburn C., Arents G., Moudrianakis E. N., Herskowitz I. Amino acid substitutions in the structured domains of histones H3 and H4 partially relieve the requirement of the yeast SWI/SNF complex for transcription. Genes Dev. 1995 Nov 15;9(22):2770–2779. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.22.2770. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Kuo M. H., Brownell J. E., Sobel R. E., Ranalli T. A., Cook R. G., Edmondson D. G., Roth S. Y., Allis C. D. Transcription-linked acetylation by Gcn5p of histones H3 and H4 at specific lysines. Nature. 1996 Sep 19;383(6597):269–272. doi: 10.1038/383269a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Kwon H., Imbalzano A. N., Khavari P. A., Kingston R. E., Green M. R. Nucleosome disruption and enhancement of activator binding by a human SW1/SNF complex. Nature. 1994 Aug 11;370(6489):477–481. doi: 10.1038/370477a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Lai J. S., Herr W. Ethidium bromide provides a simple tool for identifying genuine DNA-independent protein associations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):6958–6962. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.15.6958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Li Y., Bjorklund S., Jiang Y. W., Kim Y. J., Lane W. S., Stillman D. J., Kornberg R. D. Yeast global transcriptional regulators Sin4 and Rgr1 are components of mediator complex/RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Nov 21;92(24):10864–10868. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.24.10864. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Madison J. M., Winston F. Evidence that Spt3 functionally interacts with Mot1, TFIIA, and TATA-binding protein to confer promoter-specific transcriptional control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jan;17(1):287–295. doi: 10.1128/mcb.17.1.287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Marcus G. A., Horiuchi J., Silverman N., Guarente L. ADA5/SPT20 links the ADA and SPT genes, which are involved in yeast transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Jun;16(6):3197–3205. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.6.3197. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Martens J. A., Genereaux J., Saleh A., Brandl C. J. Transcriptional activation by yeast PDR1p is inhibited by its association with NGG1p/ADA3p. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jul 5;271(27):15884–15890. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.27.15884. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Melcher K., Johnston S. A. GAL4 interacts with TATA-binding protein and coactivators. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 May;15(5):2839–2848. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.5.2839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Mengus G., May M., Jacq X., Staub A., Tora L., Chambon P., Davidson I. Cloning and characterization of hTAFII18, hTAFII20 and hTAFII28: three subunits of the human transcription factor TFIID. EMBO J. 1995 Apr 3;14(7):1520–1531. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07138.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Mitchell D. A., Marshall T. K., Deschenes R. J. Vectors for the inducible overexpression of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in yeast. Yeast. 1993 Jul;9(7):715–722. doi: 10.1002/yea.320090705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Mizzen C. A., Yang X. J., Kokubo T., Brownell J. E., Bannister A. J., Owen-Hughes T., Workman J., Wang L., Berger S. L., Kouzarides T. The TAF(II)250 subunit of TFIID has histone acetyltransferase activity. Cell. 1996 Dec 27;87(7):1261–1270. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81821-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Neigeborn L., Carlson M. Genes affecting the regulation of SUC2 gene expression by glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1984 Dec;108(4):845–858. doi: 10.1093/genetics/108.4.845. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Nonet M. L., Young R. A. Intragenic and extragenic suppressors of mutations in the heptapeptide repeat domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase II. Genetics. 1989 Dec;123(4):715–724. doi: 10.1093/genetics/123.4.715. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Peterson C. L., Herskowitz I. Characterization of the yeast SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 genes, which encode a global activator of transcription. Cell. 1992 Feb 7;68(3):573–583. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90192-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Peterson C. L., Tamkun J. W. The SWI-SNF complex: a chromatin remodeling machine? Trends Biochem Sci. 1995 Apr;20(4):143–146. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(00)88990-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Piña B., Berger S., Marcus G. A., Silverman N., Agapite J., Guarente L. ADA3: a gene, identified by resistance to GAL4-VP16, with properties similar to and different from those of ADA2. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Oct;13(10):5981–5989. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.10.5981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Roberts S. M., Winston F. SPT20/ADA5 encodes a novel protein functionally related to the TATA-binding protein and important for transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Jun;16(6):3206–3213. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.6.3206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Rothstein R. J. One-step gene disruption in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:202–211. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01015-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Sakai A., Shimizu Y., Kondou S., Chibazakura T., Hishinuma F. Structure and molecular analysis of RGR1, a gene required for glucose repression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Aug;10(8):4130–4138. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.8.4130. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Sakurai H., Kim Y. J., Ohishi T., Kornberg R. D., Fukasawa T. The yeast GAL11 protein binds to the transcription factor IIE through GAL11 regions essential for its in vivo function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Sep 3;93(18):9488–9492. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Saleh A., Lang V., Cook R., Brandl C. J. Identification of native complexes containing the yeast coactivator/repressor proteins NGG1/ADA3 and ADA2. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 28;272(9):5571–5578. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.5571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Schena M., Shalon D., Davis R. W., Brown P. O. Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science. 1995 Oct 20;270(5235):467–470. doi: 10.1126/science.270.5235.467. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Shi X., Chang M., Wolf A. J., Chang C. H., Frazer-Abel A. A., Wade P. A., Burton Z. F., Jaehning J. A. Cdc73p and Paf1p are found in a novel RNA polymerase II-containing complex distinct from the Srbp-containing holoenzyme. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Mar;17(3):1160–1169. doi: 10.1128/mcb.17.3.1160. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Shi X., Finkelstein A., Wolf A. J., Wade P. A., Burton Z. F., Jaehning J. A. Paf1p, an RNA polymerase II-associated factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, may have both positive and negative roles in transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Feb;16(2):669–676. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.2.669. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Sikorski R. S., Hieter P. A system of shuttle vectors and yeast host strains designed for efficient manipulation of DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1989 May;122(1):19–27. doi: 10.1093/genetics/122.1.19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Silverman N., Agapite J., Guarente L. Yeast ADA2 protein binds to the VP16 protein activation domain and activates transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Nov 22;91(24):11665–11668. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Simchen G., Winston F., Styles C. A., Fink G. R. Ty-mediated gene expression of the LYS2 and HIS4 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by the same SPT genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(8):2431–2434. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.8.2431. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Song W., Treich I., Qian N., Kuchin S., Carlson M. SSN genes that affect transcriptional repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode SIN4, ROX3, and SRB proteins associated with RNA polymerase II. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Jan;16(1):115–120. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.1.115. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Stillman D. J., Dorland S., Yu Y. Epistasis analysis of suppressor mutations that allow HO expression in the absence of the yeast SW15 transcriptional activator. Genetics. 1994 Mar;136(3):781–788. doi: 10.1093/genetics/136.3.781. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Thompson C. M., Koleske A. J., Chao D. M., Young R. A. A multisubunit complex associated with the RNA polymerase II CTD and TATA-binding protein in yeast. Cell. 1993 Jul 2;73(7):1361–1375. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90362-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Thompson N. E., Steinberg T. H., Aronson D. B., Burgess R. R. Inhibition of in vivo and in vitro transcription by monoclonal antibodies prepared against wheat germ RNA polymerase II that react with the heptapeptide repeat of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 5;264(19):11511–11520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Treich I., Cairns B. R., de los Santos T., Brewster E., Carlson M. SNF11, a new component of the yeast SNF-SWI complex that interacts with a conserved region of SNF2. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Aug;15(8):4240–4248. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.8.4240. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Turner B. M., O'Neill L. P. Histone acetylation in chromatin and chromosomes. Semin Cell Biol. 1995 Aug;6(4):229–236. doi: 10.1006/scel.1995.0031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Valay J. G., Simon M., Dubois M. F., Bensaude O., Facca C., Faye G. The KIN28 gene is required both for RNA polymerase II mediated transcription and phosphorylation of the Rpb1p CTD. J Mol Biol. 1995 Jun 9;249(3):535–544. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1995.0316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Winston F., Dollard C., Malone E. A., Clare J., Kapakos J. G., Farabaugh P., Minehart P. L. Three genes are required for trans-activation of Ty transcription in yeast. Genetics. 1987 Apr;115(4):649–656. doi: 10.1093/genetics/115.4.649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Winston F., Dollard C., Ricupero-Hovasse S. L. Construction of a set of convenient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that are isogenic to S288C. Yeast. 1995 Jan;11(1):53–55. doi: 10.1002/yea.320110107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Yang X. J., Ogryzko V. V., Nishikawa J., Howard B. H., Nakatani Y. A p300/CBP-associated factor that competes with the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A. Nature. 1996 Jul 25;382(6589):319–324. doi: 10.1038/382319a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Genetics are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES