Skip to main content
PMC home page
Biochemical Journal logoLink to Biochemical Journal
. 2004 Jan 1;377(Pt 1):1–16. doi: 10.1042/BJ20031000

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

Seyed Ali Mousavi 1, Lene Malerød 1, Trond Berg 1, Rune Kjeken 1
PMCID: PMC1223844  PMID: 14505490

Abstract

The process by which clathrin-coated vesicles are produced involves interactions of multifunctional adaptor proteins with the plasma membrane, as well as with clathrin and several accessory proteins and phosphoinositides. Here we review recent findings highlighting new insights into mechanisms underlying clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (271.0 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aguilar R. C., Ohno H., Roche K. W., Bonifacino J. S. Functional domain mapping of the clathrin-associated adaptor medium chains mu1 and mu2. J Biol Chem. 1997 Oct 24;272(43):27160–27166. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.43.27160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alves dos Santos C. M., ten Broeke T., Strous G. J. Growth hormone receptor ubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation are independent of signal transduction via Janus kinase 2. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 19;276(35):32635–32641. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M103583200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Argetsinger L. S., Campbell G. S., Yang X., Witthuhn B. A., Silvennoinen O., Ihle J. N., Carter-Su C. Identification of JAK2 as a growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. Cell. 1993 Jul 30;74(2):237–244. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90415-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Beck K. A., Keen J. H. Self-association of the plasma membrane-associated clathrin assembly protein AP-2. J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 5;266(7):4437–4441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bider M. D., Spiess M. Ligand-induced endocytosis of the asialoglycoprotein receptor: evidence for heterogeneity in subunit oligomerization. FEBS Lett. 1998 Aug 28;434(1-2):37–41. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00947-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Boll Werner, Rapoport Iris, Brunner Christian, Modis Yorgo, Prehn Siegfried, Kirchhausen Tomas. The mu2 subunit of the clathrin adaptor AP-2 binds to FDNPVY and YppØ sorting signals at distinct sites. Traffic. 2002 Aug;3(8):590–600. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2002.30808.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bretscher M. S., Pearse B. M. Coated pits in action. Cell. 1984 Aug;38(1):3–4. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90519-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brodsky F. M., Chen C. Y., Knuehl C., Towler M. C., Wakeham D. E. Biological basket weaving: formation and function of clathrin-coated vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2001;17:517–568. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.517. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brodsky F. M. Living with clathrin: its role in intracellular membrane traffic. Science. 1988 Dec 9;242(4884):1396–1402. doi: 10.1126/science.2904698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brown C. M., Petersen N. O. Free clathrin triskelions are required for the stability of clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP-2) coated pit nucleation sites. Biochem Cell Biol. 1999;77(5):439–448. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brown C. M., Roth M. G., Henis Y. I., Petersen N. O. An internalization-competent influenza hemagglutinin mutant causes the redistribution of AP-2 to existing coated pits and is colocalized with AP-2 in clathrin free clusters. Biochemistry. 1999 Nov 16;38(46):15166–15173. doi: 10.1021/bi991170v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chang C. P., Kao J. P., Lazar C. S., Walsh B. J., Wells A., Wiley H. S., Gill G. N., Rosenfeld M. G. Ligand-induced internalization and increased cell calcium are mediated via distinct structural elements in the carboxyl terminus of the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 5;266(34):23467–23470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Chang C. P., Lazar C. S., Walsh B. J., Komuro M., Collawn J. F., Kuhn L. A., Tainer J. A., Trowbridge I. S., Farquhar M. G., Rosenfeld M. G. Ligand-induced internalization of the epidermal growth factor receptor is mediated by multiple endocytic codes analogous to the tyrosine motif found in constitutively internalized receptors. J Biol Chem. 1993 Sep 15;268(26):19312–19320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chen H., Fre S., Slepnev V. I., Capua M. R., Takei K., Butler M. H., Di Fiore P. P., De Camilli P. Epsin is an EH-domain-binding protein implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nature. 1998 Aug 20;394(6695):793–797. doi: 10.1038/29555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Collawn J. F., Stangel M., Kuhn L. A., Esekogwu V., Jing S. Q., Trowbridge I. S., Tainer J. A. Transferrin receptor internalization sequence YXRF implicates a tight turn as the structural recognition motif for endocytosis. Cell. 1990 Nov 30;63(5):1061–1072. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90509-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Confalonieri S., Salcini A. E., Puri C., Tacchetti C., Di Fiore P. P. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Eps15 is required for ligand-regulated, but not constitutive, endocytosis. J Cell Biol. 2000 Aug 21;150(4):905–912. doi: 10.1083/jcb.150.4.905. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Cupers P., Jadhav A. P., Kirchhausen T. Assembly of clathrin coats disrupts the association between Eps15 and AP-2 adaptors. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jan 23;273(4):1847–1850. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.4.1847. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cupers P., Veithen A., Kiss A., Baudhuin P., Courtoy P. J. Clathrin polymerization is not required for bulk-phase endocytosis in rat fetal fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 1994 Nov;127(3):725–735. doi: 10.1083/jcb.127.3.725. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Cupers P., ter Haar E., Boll W., Kirchhausen T. Parallel dimers and anti-parallel tetramers formed by epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate clone 15. J Biol Chem. 1997 Dec 26;272(52):33430–33434. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.52.33430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Davis C. G., Lehrman M. A., Russell D. W., Anderson R. G., Brown M. S., Goldstein J. L. The J.D. mutation in familial hypercholesterolemia: amino acid substitution in cytoplasmic domain impedes internalization of LDL receptors. Cell. 1986 Apr 11;45(1):15–24. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90533-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Drake M. T., Downs M. A., Traub L. M. Epsin binds to clathrin by associating directly with the clathrin-terminal domain. Evidence for cooperative binding through two discrete sites. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 3;275(9):6479–6489. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.9.6479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Farge E., Ojcius D. M., Subtil A., Dautry-Varsat A. Enhancement of endocytosis due to aminophospholipid transport across the plasma membrane of living cells. Am J Physiol. 1999 Mar;276(3 Pt 1):C725–C733. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.276.3.C725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Farsad K., Ringstad N., Takei K., Floyd S. R., Rose K., De Camilli P. Generation of high curvature membranes mediated by direct endophilin bilayer interactions. J Cell Biol. 2001 Oct 15;155(2):193–200. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200107075. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ferguson S. S. Evolving concepts in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis: the role in receptor desensitization and signaling. Pharmacol Rev. 2001 Mar;53(1):1–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Fingerhut A., von Figura K., Honing S. Binding of AP2 to sorting signals is modulated by AP2 phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 23;276(8):5476–5482. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M009516200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ford M. G., Pearse B. M., Higgins M. K., Vallis Y., Owen D. J., Gibson A., Hopkins C. R., Evans P. R., McMahon H. T. Simultaneous binding of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and clathrin by AP180 in the nucleation of clathrin lattices on membranes. Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):1051–1055. doi: 10.1126/science.291.5506.1051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ford Marijn G. J., Mills Ian G., Peter Brian J., Vallis Yvonne, Praefcke Gerrit J. K., Evans Philip R., McMahon Harvey T. Curvature of clathrin-coated pits driven by epsin. Nature. 2002 Sep 26;419(6905):361–366. doi: 10.1038/nature01020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Foti M., Mangasarian A., Piguet V., Lew D. P., Krause K. H., Trono D., Carpentier J. L. Nef-mediated clathrin-coated pit formation. J Cell Biol. 1997 Oct 6;139(1):37–47. doi: 10.1083/jcb.139.1.37. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Fuhrer C., Geffen I., Huggel K., Spiess M. The two subunits of the asialoglycoprotein receptor contain different sorting information. J Biol Chem. 1994 Feb 4;269(5):3277–3282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gad H., Ringstad N., Löw P., Kjaerulff O., Gustafsson J., Wenk M., Di Paolo G., Nemoto Y., Crun J., Ellisman M. H. Fission and uncoating of synaptic clathrin-coated vesicles are perturbed by disruption of interactions with the SH3 domain of endophilin. Neuron. 2000 Aug;27(2):301–312. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00038-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gaidarov I., Chen Q., Falck J. R., Reddy K. K., Keen J. H. A functional phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate/phosphoinositide binding domain in the clathrin adaptor AP-2 alpha subunit. Implications for the endocytic pathway. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23;271(34):20922–20929. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.34.20922. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Gaidarov I., Keen J. H. Phosphoinositide-AP-2 interactions required for targeting to plasma membrane clathrin-coated pits. J Cell Biol. 1999 Aug 23;146(4):755–764. doi: 10.1083/jcb.146.4.755. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Gaidarov I., Krupnick J. G., Falck J. R., Benovic J. L., Keen J. H. Arrestin function in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis requires phosphoinositide binding. EMBO J. 1999 Feb 15;18(4):871–881. doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.4.871. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Gaidarov I., Santini F., Warren R. A., Keen J. H. Spatial control of coated-pit dynamics in living cells. Nat Cell Biol. 1999 May;1(1):1–7. doi: 10.1038/8971. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Gether U. Uncovering molecular mechanisms involved in activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Endocr Rev. 2000 Feb;21(1):90–113. doi: 10.1210/edrv.21.1.0390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Goldstein J. L., Brown M. S., Anderson R. G., Russell D. W., Schneider W. J. Receptor-mediated endocytosis: concepts emerging from the LDL receptor system. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1985;1:1–39. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.01.110185.000245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Goodman O. B., Jr, Krupnick J. G., Santini F., Gurevich V. V., Penn R. B., Gagnon A. W., Keen J. H., Benovic J. L. Beta-arrestin acts as a clathrin adaptor in endocytosis of the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Nature. 1996 Oct 3;383(6599):447–450. doi: 10.1038/383447a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Gottlieb T. A., Ivanov I. E., Adesnik M., Sabatini D. D. Actin microfilaments play a critical role in endocytosis at the apical but not the basolateral surface of polarized epithelial cells. J Cell Biol. 1993 Feb;120(3):695–710. doi: 10.1083/jcb.120.3.695. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Govers R., ten Broeke T., van Kerkhof P., Schwartz A. L., Strous G. J. Identification of a novel ubiquitin conjugation motif, required for ligand-induced internalization of the growth hormone receptor. EMBO J. 1999 Jan 4;18(1):28–36. doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.1.28. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Greene B., Liu S. H., Wilde A., Brodsky F. M. Complete reconstitution of clathrin basket formation with recombinant protein fragments: adaptor control of clathrin self-assembly. Traffic. 2000 Jan;1(1):69–75. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2000.010110.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Hanover J. A., Beguinot L., Willingham M. C., Pastan I. H. Transit of receptors for epidermal growth factor and transferrin through clathrin-coated pits. Analysis of the kinetics of receptor entry. J Biol Chem. 1985 Dec 15;260(29):15938–15945. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Hansen S. H., Sandvig K., van Deurs B. Clathrin and HA2 adaptors: effects of potassium depletion, hypertonic medium, and cytosol acidification. J Cell Biol. 1993 Apr;121(1):61–72. doi: 10.1083/jcb.121.1.61. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Hao W., Luo Z., Zheng L., Prasad K., Lafer E. M. AP180 and AP-2 interact directly in a complex that cooperatively assembles clathrin. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 6;274(32):22785–22794. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.32.22785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Harrison S. C., Kirchhausen T. Clathrin, cages, and coated vesicles. Cell. 1983 Jul;33(3):650–652. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90007-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Haucke V., De Camilli P. AP-2 recruitment to synaptotagmin stimulated by tyrosine-based endocytic motifs. Science. 1999 Aug 20;285(5431):1268–1271. doi: 10.1126/science.285.5431.1268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Haucke V., Wenk M. R., Chapman E. R., Farsad K., De Camilli P. Dual interaction of synaptotagmin with mu2- and alpha-adaptin facilitates clathrin-coated pit nucleation. EMBO J. 2000 Nov 15;19(22):6011–6019. doi: 10.1093/emboj/19.22.6011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Heuser J. E., Keen J. Deep-etch visualization of proteins involved in clathrin assembly. J Cell Biol. 1988 Sep;107(3):877–886. doi: 10.1083/jcb.107.3.877. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Heuser J., Kirchhausen T. Deep-etch views of clathrin assemblies. J Ultrastruct Res. 1985 Jul-Aug;92(1-2):1–27. doi: 10.1016/0889-1605(85)90123-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Heuser J. Three-dimensional visualization of coated vesicle formation in fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 1980 Mar;84(3):560–583. doi: 10.1083/jcb.84.3.560. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Hill E., van Der Kaay J., Downes C. P., Smythe E. The role of dynamin and its binding partners in coated pit invagination and scission. J Cell Biol. 2001 Jan 22;152(2):309–323. doi: 10.1083/jcb.152.2.309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hinshaw J. E. Dynamin spirals. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1999 Apr;9(2):260–267. doi: 10.1016/S0959-440X(99)80036-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hinshaw J. E., Schmid S. L. Dynamin self-assembles into rings suggesting a mechanism for coated vesicle budding. Nature. 1995 Mar 9;374(6518):190–192. doi: 10.1038/374190a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hofmann K., Falquet L. A ubiquitin-interacting motif conserved in components of the proteasomal and lysosomal protein degradation systems. Trends Biochem Sci. 2001 Jun;26(6):347–350. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(01)01835-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Huttner W. B., Zimmerberg J. Implications of lipid microdomains for membrane curvature, budding and fission. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;13(4):478–484. doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00239-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Höning S., Sandoval I. V., von Figura K. A di-leucine-based motif in the cytoplasmic tail of LIMP-II and tyrosinase mediates selective binding of AP-3. EMBO J. 1998 Aug 10;17(5):1304–1314. doi: 10.1093/emboj/17.5.1304. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Iacopetta B. J., Rothenberger S., Kühn L. C. A role for the cytoplasmic domain in transferrin receptor sorting and coated pit formation during endocytosis. Cell. 1988 Aug 12;54(4):485–489. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90069-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Itoh T., Koshiba S., Kigawa T., Kikuchi A., Yokoyama S., Takenawa T. Role of the ENTH domain in phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding and endocytosis. Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):1047–1051. doi: 10.1126/science.291.5506.1047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Jin A. J., Nossal R. Topological mechanisms involved in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles. Biophys J. 1993 Oct;65(4):1523–1537. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81189-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Jost M., Simpson F., Kavran J. M., Lemmon M. A., Schmid S. L. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate is required for endocytic coated vesicle formation. Curr Biol. 1998 Dec 17;8(25):1399–1402. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(98)00022-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kalthoff Christoph, Alves Jürgen, Urbanke Claus, Knorr Ruth, Ungewickell Ernst J. Unusual structural organization of the endocytic proteins AP180 and epsin 1. J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 26;277(10):8209–8216. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111587200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kanaseki T., Kadota K. The "vesicle in a basket". A morphological study of the coated vesicle isolated from the nerve endings of the guinea pig brain, with special reference to the mechanism of membrane movements. J Cell Biol. 1969 Jul;42(1):202–220. doi: 10.1083/jcb.42.1.202. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kessels M. M., Engqvist-Goldstein A. E., Drubin D. G., Qualmann B. Mammalian Abp1, a signal-responsive F-actin-binding protein, links the actin cytoskeleton to endocytosis via the GTPase dynamin. J Cell Biol. 2001 Apr 16;153(2):351–366. doi: 10.1083/jcb.153.2.351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Kirchhausen T. Clathrin. Annu Rev Biochem. 2000;69:699–727. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.699. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Kirchhausen T. Three ways to make a vesicle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;1(3):187–198. doi: 10.1038/35043117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Kozlov M. M. Fission of biological membranes: interplay between dynamin and lipids. Traffic. 2001 Jan;2(1):51–65. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2001.020107.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Lamaze C., Baba T., Redelmeier T. E., Schmid S. L. Recruitment of epidermal growth factor and transferrin receptors into coated pits in vitro: differing biochemical requirements. Mol Biol Cell. 1993 Jul;4(7):715–727. doi: 10.1091/mbc.4.7.715. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lamaze C., Fujimoto L. M., Yin H. L., Schmid S. L. The actin cytoskeleton is required for receptor-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 1997 Aug 15;272(33):20332–20335. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20332. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Laporte S. A., Oakley R. H., Holt J. A., Barak L. S., Caron M. G. The interaction of beta-arrestin with the AP-2 adaptor is required for the clustering of beta 2-adrenergic receptor into clathrin-coated pits. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 28;275(30):23120–23126. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M002581200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Laporte S. A., Oakley R. H., Zhang J., Holt J. A., Ferguson S. S., Caron M. G., Barak L. S. The beta2-adrenergic receptor/betaarrestin complex recruits the clathrin adaptor AP-2 during endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 30;96(7):3712–3717. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3712. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Larkin J. M., Donzell W. C., Anderson R. G. Potassium-dependent assembly of coated pits: new coated pits form as planar clathrin lattices. J Cell Biol. 1986 Dec;103(6 Pt 2):2619–2627. doi: 10.1083/jcb.103.6.2619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Lee Eunkyung, De Camilli Pietro. Dynamin at actin tails. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jan 8;99(1):161–166. doi: 10.1073/pnas.012607799. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Lee P. S., Wang Y., Dominguez M. G., Yeung Y. G., Murphy M. A., Bowtell D. D., Stanley E. R. The Cbl protooncoprotein stimulates CSF-1 receptor multiubiquitination and endocytosis, and attenuates macrophage proliferation. EMBO J. 1999 Jul 1;18(13):3616–3628. doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.13.3616. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Lefkowitz R. J. G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 24;273(30):18677–18680. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.30.18677. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Lemmon M. A., Bu Z., Ladbury J. E., Zhou M., Pinchasi D., Lax I., Engelman D. M., Schlessinger J. Two EGF molecules contribute additively to stabilization of the EGFR dimer. EMBO J. 1997 Jan 15;16(2):281–294. doi: 10.1093/emboj/16.2.281. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Levkowitz G., Waterman H., Ettenberg S. A., Katz M., Tsygankov A. Y., Alroy I., Lavi S., Iwai K., Reiss Y., Ciechanover A. Ubiquitin ligase activity and tyrosine phosphorylation underlie suppression of growth factor signaling by c-Cbl/Sli-1. Mol Cell. 1999 Dec;4(6):1029–1040. doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80231-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Li C., Ullrich B., Zhang J. Z., Anderson R. G., Brose N., Südhof T. C. Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent activities of neural and non-neural synaptotagmins. Nature. 1995 Jun 15;375(6532):594–599. doi: 10.1038/375594a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Lin H. C., Moore M. S., Sanan D. A., Anderson R. G. Reconstitution of clathrin-coated pit budding from plasma membranes. J Cell Biol. 1991 Sep;114(5):881–891. doi: 10.1083/jcb.114.5.881. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Lipowsky R. Domain-induced budding of fluid membranes. Biophys J. 1993 Apr;64(4):1133–1138. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81479-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Liu J. P., Robinson P. J. Dynamin and endocytosis. Endocr Rev. 1995 Oct;16(5):590–607. doi: 10.1210/edrv-16-5-590. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Liu S. H., Wong M. L., Craik C. S., Brodsky F. M. Regulation of clathrin assembly and trimerization defined using recombinant triskelion hubs. Cell. 1995 Oct 20;83(2):257–267. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90167-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Luttrell Louis M., Lefkowitz Robert J. The role of beta-arrestins in the termination and transduction of G-protein-coupled receptor signals. J Cell Sci. 2002 Feb 1;115(Pt 3):455–465. doi: 10.1242/jcs.115.3.455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Maddox J. How and why of vesicle formation. Nature. 1993 May 20;363(6426):205–205. doi: 10.1038/363205a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Mahaffey D. T., Moore M. S., Brodsky F. M., Anderson R. G. Coat proteins isolated from clathrin coated vesicles can assemble into coated pits. J Cell Biol. 1989 May;108(5):1615–1624. doi: 10.1083/jcb.108.5.1615. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Mahaffey D. T., Peeler J. S., Brodsky F. M., Anderson R. G. Clathrin-coated pits contain an integral membrane protein that binds the AP-2 subunit with high affinity. J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep 25;265(27):16514–16520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Marks B., Stowell M. H., Vallis Y., Mills I. G., Gibson A., Hopkins C. R., McMahon H. T. GTPase activity of dynamin and resulting conformation change are essential for endocytosis. Nature. 2001 Mar 8;410(6825):231–235. doi: 10.1038/35065645. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Marquèze B., Berton F., Seagar M. Synaptotagmins in membrane traffic: which vesicles do the tagmins tag? Biochimie. 2000 May;82(5):409–420. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9084(00)00220-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Martin T. F. PI(4,5)P(2) regulation of surface membrane traffic. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;13(4):493–499. doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00241-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Martina J. A., Bonangelino C. J., Aguilar R. C., Bonifacino J. S. Stonin 2: an adaptor-like protein that interacts with components of the endocytic machinery. J Cell Biol. 2001 May 28;153(5):1111–1120. doi: 10.1083/jcb.153.5.1111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. McLauchlan H., Newell J., Morrice N., Osborne A., West M., Smythe E. A novel role for Rab5-GDI in ligand sequestration into clathrin-coated pits. Curr Biol. 1998 Jan 1;8(1):34–45. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70018-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. McNiven M. A. Dynamin: a molecular motor with pinchase action. Cell. 1998 Jul 24;94(2):151–154. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81414-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. McNiven M. A., Kim L., Krueger E. W., Orth J. D., Cao H., Wong T. W. Regulated interactions between dynamin and the actin-binding protein cortactin modulate cell shape. J Cell Biol. 2000 Oct 2;151(1):187–198. doi: 10.1083/jcb.151.1.187. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Merrifield Christien J., Feldman Morris E., Wan Lei, Almers Wolfhard. Imaging actin and dynamin recruitment during invagination of single clathrin-coated pits. Nat Cell Biol. 2002 Sep;4(9):691–698. doi: 10.1038/ncb837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Metzler M., Legendre-Guillemin V., Gan L., Chopra V., Kwok A., McPherson P. S., Hayden M. R. HIP1 functions in clathrin-mediated endocytosis through binding to clathrin and adaptor protein 2. J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 21;276(42):39271–39276. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C100401200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Micheva K. D., Ramjaun A. R., Kay B. K., McPherson P. S. SH3 domain-dependent interactions of endophilin with amphiphysin. FEBS Lett. 1997 Sep 8;414(2):308–312. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01016-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Miller K., Shipman M., Trowbridge I. S., Hopkins C. R. Transferrin receptors promote the formation of clathrin lattices. Cell. 1991 May 17;65(4):621–632. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90094-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Mishra Sanjay K., Keyel Peter A., Hawryluk Matthew J., Agostinelli Nicole R., Watkins Simon C., Traub Linton M. Disabled-2 exhibits the properties of a cargo-selective endocytic clathrin adaptor. EMBO J. 2002 Sep 16;21(18):4915–4926. doi: 10.1093/emboj/cdf487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Moore M. S., Mahaffey D. T., Brodsky F. M., Anderson R. G. Assembly of clathrin-coated pits onto purified plasma membranes. Science. 1987 May 1;236(4801):558–563. doi: 10.1126/science.2883727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Morris S. M., Cooper J. A. Disabled-2 colocalizes with the LDLR in clathrin-coated pits and interacts with AP-2. Traffic. 2001 Feb;2(2):111–123. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2001.020206.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Morris Shelli M., Arden Susan D., Roberts Rhys C., Kendrick-Jones John, Cooper Jonathan A., Luzio J. Paul, Buss Folma. Myosin VI binds to and localises with Dab2, potentially linking receptor-mediated endocytosis and the actin cytoskeleton. Traffic. 2002 May;3(5):331–341. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2002.30503.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Morris Shelli M., Tallquist Michelle D., Rock Charles O., Cooper Jonathan A. Dual roles for the Dab2 adaptor protein in embryonic development and kidney transport. EMBO J. 2002 Apr 2;21(7):1555–1564. doi: 10.1093/emboj/21.7.1555. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Muhlberg A. B., Warnock D. E., Schmid S. L. Domain structure and intramolecular regulation of dynamin GTPase. EMBO J. 1997 Nov 17;16(22):6676–6683. doi: 10.1093/emboj/16.22.6676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Musacchio A., Smith C. J., Roseman A. M., Harrison S. C., Kirchhausen T., Pearse B. M. Functional organization of clathrin in coats: combining electron cryomicroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Mol Cell. 1999 Jun;3(6):761–770. doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765(01)80008-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Nesterov A., Carter R. E., Sorkina T., Gill G. N., Sorkin A. Inhibition of the receptor-binding function of clathrin adaptor protein AP-2 by dominant-negative mutant mu2 subunit and its effects on endocytosis. EMBO J. 1999 May 4;18(9):2489–2499. doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.9.2489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Nesterov A., Wiley H. S., Gill G. N. Ligand-induced endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptors that are defective in binding adaptor proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Sep 12;92(19):8719–8723. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.19.8719. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Nossal R. Energetics of clathrin basket assembly. Traffic. 2001 Feb;2(2):138–147. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2001.020208.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Oakley R. H., Laporte S. A., Holt J. A., Caron M. G., Barak L. S. Differential affinities of visual arrestin, beta arrestin1, and beta arrestin2 for G protein-coupled receptors delineate two major classes of receptors. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 2;275(22):17201–17210. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M910348199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Ohno H., Stewart J., Fournier M. C., Bosshart H., Rhee I., Miyatake S., Saito T., Gallusser A., Kirchhausen T., Bonifacino J. S. Interaction of tyrosine-based sorting signals with clathrin-associated proteins. Science. 1995 Sep 29;269(5232):1872–1875. doi: 10.1126/science.7569928. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Oleinikov A. V., Zhao J., Makker S. P. Cytosolic adaptor protein Dab2 is an intracellular ligand of endocytic receptor gp600/megalin. Biochem J. 2000 May 1;347(Pt 3):613–621. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Olusanya O., Andrews P. D., Swedlow J. R., Smythe E. Phosphorylation of threonine 156 of the mu2 subunit of the AP2 complex is essential for endocytosis in vitro and in vivo. Curr Biol. 2001 Jun 5;11(11):896–900. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00240-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Owen D. J., Evans P. R. A structural explanation for the recognition of tyrosine-based endocytotic signals. Science. 1998 Nov 13;282(5392):1327–1332. doi: 10.1126/science.282.5392.1327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Owen D. J., Setiadi H., Evans P. R., McEver R. P., Green S. A. A third specificity-determining site in mu 2 adaptin for sequences upstream of Yxx phi sorting motifs. Traffic. 2001 Feb;2(2):105–110. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2001.020205.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Owen D. J., Vallis Y., Noble M. E., Hunter J. B., Dafforn T. R., Evans P. R., McMahon H. T. A structural explanation for the binding of multiple ligands by the alpha-adaptin appendage domain. Cell. 1999 Jun 11;97(6):805–815. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80791-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Owen D. J., Vallis Y., Pearse B. M., McMahon H. T., Evans P. R. The structure and function of the beta 2-adaptin appendage domain. EMBO J. 2000 Aug 15;19(16):4216–4227. doi: 10.1093/emboj/19.16.4216. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Page L. J., Robinson M. S. Targeting signals and subunit interactions in coated vesicle adaptor complexes. J Cell Biol. 1995 Nov;131(3):619–630. doi: 10.1083/jcb.131.3.619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Parent J. L., Labrecque P., Driss Rochdi M., Benovic J. L. Role of the differentially spliced carboxyl terminus in thromboxane A2 receptor trafficking: identification of a distinct motif for tonic internalization. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 8;276(10):7079–7085. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M009375200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Pearse B. M., Bretscher M. S. Membrane recycling by coated vesicles. Annu Rev Biochem. 1981;50:85–101. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.000505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Pearse B. M., Crowther R. A. Structure and assembly of coated vesicles. Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem. 1987;16:49–68. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bb.16.060187.000405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Pearse B. M. Receptors compete for adaptors found in plasma membrane coated pits. EMBO J. 1988 Nov;7(11):3331–3336. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03204.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Pearse B. M., Smith C. J., Owen D. J. Clathrin coat construction in endocytosis. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2000 Apr;10(2):220–228. doi: 10.1016/s0959-440x(00)00071-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Petrelli Annalisa, Gilestro Giorgio F., Lanzardo Stefania, Comoglio Paolo M., Migone Nicola, Giordano Silvia. The endophilin-CIN85-Cbl complex mediates ligand-dependent downregulation of c-Met. Nature. 2002 Mar 14;416(6877):187–190. doi: 10.1038/416187a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Pitcher C., Höning S., Fingerhut A., Bowers K., Marsh M. Cluster of differentiation antigen 4 (CD4) endocytosis and adaptor complex binding require activation of the CD4 endocytosis signal by serine phosphorylation. Mol Biol Cell. 1999 Mar;10(3):677–691. doi: 10.1091/mbc.10.3.677. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Polo Simona, Sigismund Sara, Faretta Mario, Guidi Monica, Capua Maria Rosaria, Bossi Giovanna, Chen Hong, De Camilli Pietro, Di Fiore Pier Paolo. A single motif responsible for ubiquitin recognition and monoubiquitination in endocytic proteins. Nature. 2002 Mar 28;416(6879):451–455. doi: 10.1038/416451a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Pond L., Kuhn L. A., Teyton L., Schutze M. P., Tainer J. A., Jackson M. R., Peterson P. A. A role for acidic residues in di-leucine motif-based targeting to the endocytic pathway. J Biol Chem. 1995 Aug 25;270(34):19989–19997. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.34.19989. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Rapoport I., Chen Y. C., Cupers P., Shoelson S. E., Kirchhausen T. Dileucine-based sorting signals bind to the beta chain of AP-1 at a site distinct and regulated differently from the tyrosine-based motif-binding site. EMBO J. 1998 Apr 15;17(8):2148–2155. doi: 10.1093/emboj/17.8.2148. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Ringstad N., Gad H., Löw P., Di Paolo G., Brodin L., Shupliakov O., De Camilli P. Endophilin/SH3p4 is required for the transition from early to late stages in clathrin-mediated synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Neuron. 1999 Sep;24(1):143–154. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80828-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Ringstad N., Nemoto Y., De Camilli P. The SH3p4/Sh3p8/SH3p13 protein family: binding partners for synaptojanin and dynamin via a Grb2-like Src homology 3 domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Aug 5;94(16):8569–8574. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8569. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Rocheville M., Lange D. C., Kumar U., Sasi R., Patel R. C., Patel Y. C. Subtypes of the somatostatin receptor assemble as functional homo- and heterodimers. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 17;275(11):7862–7869. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.11.7862. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Rodionov D. G., Bakke O. Medium chains of adaptor complexes AP-1 and AP-2 recognize leucine-based sorting signals from the invariant chain. J Biol Chem. 1998 Mar 13;273(11):6005–6008. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.11.6005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Rohde Gundula, Wenzel Dirk, Haucke Volker. A phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate binding site within mu2-adaptin regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Biol. 2002 Jul 15;158(2):209–214. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200203103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Rothenberger S., Iacopetta B. J., Kühn L. C. Endocytosis of the transferrin receptor requires the cytoplasmic domain but not its phosphorylation site. Cell. 1987 May 8;49(3):423–431. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90295-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Sachse M., van Kerkhof P., Strous G. J., Klumperman J. The ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis motif is required for efficient incorporation of growth hormone receptor in clathrin-coated pits, but not clathrin-coated lattices. J Cell Sci. 2001 Nov;114(Pt 21):3943–3952. doi: 10.1242/jcs.114.21.3943. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Sackmann E. The seventh Datta Lecture. Membrane bending energy concept of vesicle- and cell-shapes and shape-transitions. FEBS Lett. 1994 Jun 6;346(1):3–16. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00484-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Salcini A. E., Chen H., Iannolo G., De Camilli P., Di Fiore P. P. Epidermal growth factor pathway substrate 15, Eps15. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1999 Aug;31(8):805–809. doi: 10.1016/s1357-2725(99)00042-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Santini F., Marks M. S., Keen J. H. Endocytic clathrin-coated pit formation is independent of receptor internalization signal levels. Mol Biol Cell. 1998 May;9(5):1177–1194. doi: 10.1091/mbc.9.5.1177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Santini Francesca, Gaidarov Ibragim, Keen James H. G protein-coupled receptor/arrestin3 modulation of the endocytic machinery. J Cell Biol. 2002 Feb 11;156(4):665–676. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200110132. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Santini Francesca, Keen James H. A glimpse of coated vesicle creation? Well almost! Nat Cell Biol. 2002 Oct;4(10):E230–E232. doi: 10.1038/ncb1002-e230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Santolini E., Puri C., Salcini A. E., Gagliani M. C., Pelicci P. G., Tacchetti C., Di Fiore P. P. Numb is an endocytic protein. J Cell Biol. 2000 Dec 11;151(6):1345–1352. doi: 10.1083/jcb.151.6.1345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Schafer Dorothy A., Weed Scott A., Binns Derk, Karginov Andrei V., Parsons J. Thomas, Cooper John A. Dynamin2 and cortactin regulate actin assembly and filament organization. Curr Biol. 2002 Oct 29;12(21):1852–1857. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)01228-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Schmid S. L. Clathrin-coated vesicle formation and protein sorting: an integrated process. Annu Rev Biochem. 1997;66:511–548. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Schmid S. L., McNiven M. A., De Camilli P. Dynamin and its partners: a progress report. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998 Aug;10(4):504–512. doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(98)80066-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Schmidt A., Wolde M., Thiele C., Fest W., Kratzin H., Podtelejnikov A. V., Witke W., Huttner W. B., Söling H. D. Endophilin I mediates synaptic vesicle formation by transfer of arachidonate to lysophosphatidic acid. Nature. 1999 Sep 9;401(6749):133–141. doi: 10.1038/43613. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Schmidt Anne A. Membrane transport: the making of a vesicle. Nature. 2002 Sep 26;419(6905):347–349. doi: 10.1038/419347a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Schwake Lukas, Henkel Andreas W., Riedel Hans D., Schlenker Thorsten, Both Matthias, Migala Andrea, Hadaschik Boris, Henfling Nataly, Stremmel Wolfgang. Regulation of transferrin-induced endocytosis by wild-type and C282Y-mutant HFE in transfected HeLa cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 May;282(5):C973–C979. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00415.2001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Seachrist Jennifer L., Laporte Stephane A., Dale Lianne B., Babwah Andy V., Caron Marc G., Anborgh Pieter H., Ferguson Stephen S. G. Rab5 association with the angiotensin II type 1A receptor promotes Rab5 GTP binding and vesicular fusion. J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 26;277(1):679–685. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109022200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Sengar A. S., Wang W., Bishay J., Cohen S., Egan S. E. The EH and SH3 domain Ese proteins regulate endocytosis by linking to dynamin and Eps15. EMBO J. 1999 Mar 1;18(5):1159–1171. doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.5.1159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Sever S., Muhlberg A. B., Schmid S. L. Impairment of dynamin's GAP domain stimulates receptor-mediated endocytosis. Nature. 1999 Apr 8;398(6727):481–486. doi: 10.1038/19024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Sheetz M. P., Singer S. J. Biological membranes as bilayer couples. A molecular mechanism of drug-erythrocyte interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Nov;71(11):4457–4461. doi: 10.1073/pnas.71.11.4457. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Shenoy S. K., McDonald P. H., Kohout T. A., Lefkowitz R. J. Regulation of receptor fate by ubiquitination of activated beta 2-adrenergic receptor and beta-arrestin. Science. 2001 Oct 4;294(5545):1307–1313. doi: 10.1126/science.1063866. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Shih W., Gallusser A., Kirchhausen T. A clathrin-binding site in the hinge of the beta 2 chain of mammalian AP-2 complexes. J Biol Chem. 1995 Dec 29;270(52):31083–31090. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Shupliakov Oleg, Bloom Ona, Gustafsson Jenny S., Kjaerulff Ole, Low Peter, Tomilin Nikolay, Pieribone Vincent A., Greengard Paul, Brodin Lennart. Impaired recycling of synaptic vesicles after acute perturbation of the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Oct 15;99(22):14476–14481. doi: 10.1073/pnas.212381799. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Simonsen A., Bremnes B., Nordeng T. W., Bakke O. The leucine-based motif DDQxxLI is recognized both for internalization and basolateral sorting of invariant chain in MDCK cells. Eur J Cell Biol. 1998 May;76(1):25–32. doi: 10.1016/S0171-9335(98)80014-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Smirnova E., Shurland D. L., Newman-Smith E. D., Pishvaee B., van der Bliek A. M. A model for dynamin self-assembly based on binding between three different protein domains. J Biol Chem. 1999 May 21;274(21):14942–14947. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.21.14942. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Smith C. J., Grigorieff N., Pearse B. M. Clathrin coats at 21 A resolution: a cellular assembly designed to recycle multiple membrane receptors. EMBO J. 1998 Sep 1;17(17):4943–4953. doi: 10.1093/emboj/17.17.4943. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Soubeyran Philippe, Kowanetz Katarzyna, Szymkiewicz Iwona, Langdon Wallace Y., Dikic Ivan. Cbl-CIN85-endophilin complex mediates ligand-induced downregulation of EGF receptors. Nature. 2002 Mar 14;416(6877):183–187. doi: 10.1038/416183a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Stowell M. H., Marks B., Wigge P., McMahon H. T. Nucleotide-dependent conformational changes in dynamin: evidence for a mechanochemical molecular spring. Nat Cell Biol. 1999 May;1(1):27–32. doi: 10.1038/8997. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Strous G. J., van Kerkhof P., Govers R., Ciechanover A., Schwartz A. L. The ubiquitin conjugation system is required for ligand-induced endocytosis and degradation of the growth hormone receptor. EMBO J. 1996 Aug 1;15(15):3806–3812. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Strous Ger J., van Kerkhof Peter. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the regulation of growth hormone receptor availability. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002 Nov 29;197(1-2):143–151. doi: 10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00258-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Subtil A., Gaidarov I., Kobylarz K., Lampson M. A., Keen J. H., McGraw T. E. Acute cholesterol depletion inhibits clathrin-coated pit budding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 8;96(12):6775–6780. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.12.6775. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Sweitzer S. M., Hinshaw J. E. Dynamin undergoes a GTP-dependent conformational change causing vesiculation. Cell. 1998 Jun 12;93(6):1021–1029. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81207-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Südhof Thomas C. Synaptotagmins: why so many? J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 5;277(10):7629–7632. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R100052200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Takei K., Haucke V. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis: membrane factors pull the trigger. Trends Cell Biol. 2001 Sep;11(9):385–391. doi: 10.1016/s0962-8924(01)02082-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Takei K., McPherson P. S., Schmid S. L., De Camilli P. Tubular membrane invaginations coated by dynamin rings are induced by GTP-gamma S in nerve terminals. Nature. 1995 Mar 9;374(6518):186–190. doi: 10.1038/374186a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Takei K., Slepnev V. I., Haucke V., De Camilli P. Functional partnership between amphiphysin and dynamin in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nat Cell Biol. 1999 May;1(1):33–39. doi: 10.1038/9004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Tebar F., Bohlander S. K., Sorkin A. Clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia (CALM) protein: localization in endocytic-coated pits, interactions with clathrin, and the impact of overexpression on clathrin-mediated traffic. Mol Biol Cell. 1999 Aug;10(8):2687–2702. doi: 10.1091/mbc.10.8.2687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Tebar F., Sorkina T., Sorkin A., Ericsson M., Kirchhausen T. Eps15 is a component of clathrin-coated pits and vesicles and is located at the rim of coated pits. J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 15;271(46):28727–28730. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.46.28727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Thiele C., Hannah M. J., Fahrenholz F., Huttner W. B. Cholesterol binds to synaptophysin and is required for biogenesis of synaptic vesicles. Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Jan;2(1):42–49. doi: 10.1038/71366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Thien C. B., Langdon W. Y. Cbl: many adaptations to regulate protein tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Apr;2(4):294–307. doi: 10.1038/35067100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Ungewickell E. Clathrin: a good view of a shapely leg. Curr Biol. 1999 Jan 14;9(1):R32–R35. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(99)80040-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Uruno T., Liu J., Zhang P., Fan Yx, Egile C., Li R., Mueller S. C., Zhan X. Activation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization by cortactin. Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Mar;3(3):259–266. doi: 10.1038/35060051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Verhey K. J., Birnbaum M. J. A Leu-Leu sequence is essential for COOH-terminal targeting signal of GLUT4 glucose transporter in fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 28;269(4):2353–2356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Vigers G. P., Crowther R. A., Pearse B. M. Location of the 100 kd-50 kd accessory proteins in clathrin coats. EMBO J. 1986 Sep;5(9):2079–2085. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04469.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Vigers G. P., Crowther R. A., Pearse B. M. Three-dimensional structure of clathrin cages in ice. EMBO J. 1986 Mar;5(3):529–534. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04242.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Wang Z., Moran M. F. Requirement for the adapter protein GRB2 in EGF receptor endocytosis. Science. 1996 Jun 28;272(5270):1935–1939. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5270.1935. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Warren R. A., Green F. A., Enns C. A. Saturation of the endocytic pathway for the transferrin receptor does not affect the endocytosis of the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jan 24;272(4):2116–2121. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.4.2116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Waterman H., Yarden Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying endocytosis and sorting of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases. FEBS Lett. 2001 Feb 16;490(3):142–152. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02117-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Weissman A. M. Themes and variations on ubiquitylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Mar;2(3):169–178. doi: 10.1038/35056563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. West M. A., Bright N. A., Robinson M. S. The role of ADP-ribosylation factor and phospholipase D in adaptor recruitment. J Cell Biol. 1997 Sep 22;138(6):1239–1254. doi: 10.1083/jcb.138.6.1239. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Wigge P., McMahon H. T. The amphiphysin family of proteins and their role in endocytosis at the synapse. Trends Neurosci. 1998 Aug;21(8):339–344. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01264-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Williams M. A., Fukuda M. Accumulation of membrane glycoproteins in lysosomes requires a tyrosine residue at a particular position in the cytoplasmic tail. J Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;111(3):955–966. doi: 10.1083/jcb.111.3.955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Willnow T. E., Nykjaer A., Herz J. Lipoprotein receptors: new roles for ancient proteins. Nat Cell Biol. 1999 Oct;1(6):E157–E162. doi: 10.1038/14109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Witke W., Podtelejnikov A. V., Di Nardo A., Sutherland J. D., Gurniak C. B., Dotti C., Mann M. In mouse brain profilin I and profilin II associate with regulators of the endocytic pathway and actin assembly. EMBO J. 1998 Feb 16;17(4):967–976. doi: 10.1093/emboj/17.4.967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Wu X., Zhao X., Baylor L., Kaushal S., Eisenberg E., Greene L. E. Clathrin exchange during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Biol. 2001 Oct 15;155(2):291–300. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200104085. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Ybe J. A., Greene B., Liu S. H., Pley U., Parham P., Brodsky F. M. Clathrin self-assembly is regulated by three light-chain residues controlling the formation of critical salt bridges. EMBO J. 1998 Aug 10;17(5):1297–1303. doi: 10.1093/emboj/17.5.1297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Ye W., Lafer E. M. Bacterially expressed F1-20/AP-3 assembles clathrin into cages with a narrow size distribution: implications for the regulation of quantal size during neurotransmission. J Neurosci Res. 1995 May 1;41(1):15–26. doi: 10.1002/jnr.490410104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Ye W., Lafer E. M. Clathrin binding and assembly activities of expressed domains of the synapse-specific clathrin assembly protein AP-3. J Biol Chem. 1995 May 5;270(18):10933–10939. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.18.10933. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Zaremba S., Keen J. H. Assembly polypeptides from coated vesicles mediate reassembly of unique clathrin coats. J Cell Biol. 1983 Nov;97(5 Pt 1):1339–1347. doi: 10.1083/jcb.97.5.1339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Zerial M., McBride H. Rab proteins as membrane organizers. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Feb;2(2):107–117. doi: 10.1038/35052055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Zha X., Pierini L. M., Leopold P. L., Skiba P. J., Tabas I., Maxfield F. R. Sphingomyelinase treatment induces ATP-independent endocytosis. J Cell Biol. 1998 Jan 12;140(1):39–47. doi: 10.1083/jcb.140.1.39. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Zhang B., Ganetzky B., Bellen H. J., Murthy V. N. Tailoring uniform coats for synaptic vesicles during endocytosis. Neuron. 1999 Jul;23(3):419–422. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80794-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Zhang Bing, Zelhof Andrew C. Amphiphysins: raising the BAR for synaptic vesicle recycling and membrane dynamics. Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvsp. Traffic. 2002 Jul;3(7):452–460. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2002.30702.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Zhang J. Z., Davletov B. A., Südhof T. C., Anderson R. G. Synaptotagmin I is a high affinity receptor for clathrin AP-2: implications for membrane recycling. Cell. 1994 Sep 9;78(5):751–760. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(94)90442-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Zhao X., Greener T., Al-Hasani H., Cushman S. W., Eisenberg E., Greene L. E. Expression of auxilin or AP180 inhibits endocytosis by mislocalizing clathrin: evidence for formation of nascent pits containing AP1 or AP2 but not clathrin. J Cell Sci. 2001 Jan;114(Pt 2):353–365. doi: 10.1242/jcs.114.2.353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. ter Haar E., Harrison S. C., Kirchhausen T. Peptide-in-groove interactions link target proteins to the beta-propeller of clathrin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Feb 1;97(3):1096–1100. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.3.1096. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. van Delft S., Schumacher C., Hage W., Verkleij A. J., van Bergen en Henegouwen P. M. Association and colocalization of Eps15 with adaptor protein-2 and clathrin. J Cell Biol. 1997 Feb 24;136(4):811–821. doi: 10.1083/jcb.136.4.811. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. von Poser C., Zhang J. Z., Mineo C., Ding W., Ying Y., Sudhof T. C., Anderson R. G. Synaptotagmin regulation of coated pit assembly. J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 6;275(40):30916–30924. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M005559200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Biochemical Journal are provided here courtesy of The Biochemical Society

RESOURCES