Abstract
Background:
Shopping addiction refers to excessive, unnecessary shopping and is characterized by an inclination to acquire unnecessary items to feel pleasure and escape negative emotions. It is a type of behavioral addiction where the person finds the behavior rewarding psychologically while getting engaged in the activity but may later feel guilt, remorse, or even overwhelmed by the consequences.
Aim:
To understand the prevalence and to assess the relation between shopping addiction and psychopathology, self-esteem, impulsivity, and personality traits.
Materials and Methods:
A total sample of 250 was taken for the study through purposive sampling, and responses were collected in both offline and online modes. The tools used were sociodemographic sheet, self-structured shopping behavior questionnaire, Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Barratt Impulsivity Scale Abbreviated (BIS-A), and Big Five Inventory-10 (BFI-10).
Results:
A total of 122 individuals have been scored a cutoff score of 3 or more, indicating the presence of shopping addiction in them. Further analysis of these individuals suggests a relationship between impulsivity and extraversion personality trait and dimensions of shopping addiction.
Conclusion:
Shopping addiction is a growing concern which needs to be explored more for treatment planning.
Keywords: Personality traits, psychopathology, self-esteem, shopping addiction
Addiction is the strong desire to do or to have something like a particular substance or activity. The term behavioral addiction refers to a form of addiction that involves a strong desire to engage in a rewarding non-drug-related behavior, despite any negative consequences to the person’s physical, mental, social, or financial wellbeing, and shopping addiction is considered by many to be a behavioral addiction.[1,2,3] Shopping addiction manifests as preoccupation with shopping, unnecessary purchases, euphoria after shopping, regret, and debt accumulation.
Shopping addiction has been defined as “being overly concerned about shopping, driven by an uncontrollable shopping motivation, and investing so much time and effort into shopping that it impairs other important life areas.”[4] Several authors share this view[1,5,6] as a growing body of research shows that those with problematic shopping behavior report specific addiction symptoms such as craving, withdrawal, loss of control, and tolerance.[7,8]
People with shopping addiction are psychologically dependent upon shopping and experience sensation of euphoria while shopping and after purchasing. For many of them, shopping is a way to calm anxiety, grief, or stressful feelings. Some of the emotional signs of a person with shopping addiction are like having a tendency to hide the purchased items, lying about how much was spent during shopping, soothing the guilt from the last shopping spree, having conflicts in personal relationships because of shopping, or spending too much money due to absolute inability to control the spending leads to usually excessive amount of debt.
A relationship of shopping addiction with other psychological disorders especially with depression, anxiety and even psychotic episodes has been found in previous researches. Previous researches[9] have analyzed the relationship between shopping addiction and a set of individual factors where results show that addictive shopping is significantly associated with a high level of anxiety, depression, and obsessive complusiveness. Other studies have also shown that depression to be highly comorbid with problematic shopping.[10] It can be understood that anxiety has an essential role in shopping addiction, as an antecedent or a triggering factor.[11,12,13,14]
Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct composed of three different aspects: cognitive impulsivity, which is related to restlessness of thought and rapid decision-making; motor impulsivity, which involves acting rashly without prior reflection; and unplanned impulsivity, which refers to performing actions without planning for the future.[15] People with shopping addiction often present with poor impulsivity comorbid with anxious-depressive symptoms[16] and even often experience a “withdrawal syndrome” when they are not doing shopping.[17,18] However, there is little research on the role of impulsivity and shopping addiction,[19] although in behavioral addiction, impulsivity could mediate the relationship between the addiction and other variables like attachment styles and emotional regulation.[20]
Shopping addiction has also been related with personality features such as extroversion, which has been positively associated with shopping addiction.[21,22,23,24] Neuroticism has also been consistently related to shopping addiction.[22,23,24,25] The relationship between agreeableness and shopping addiction appears to be more ambivalent as some studies have reported a positive relationship,[22,26] while others a negative one.[21,23] Finally, the openness to experience trait has typically been unrelated to shopping addiction.[23,25,26]
There has been a dearth of literature on shopping addiction and its relationship with other variables. In an attempt to understand these relationships, the current research has been conducted to assess the prevalence of shopping addiction and its relationship with psychopathology and variables like impulsivity and personality traits.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethics
The current research has been approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of IPGME and R Research Oversight Committee, IPGME&R (Memo no: IPGME and R/IEC/2024/230; dated 11/02/2024, Kolkata, West Bengal.
Study design
Selection and description of participants
The current research was a cross-sectional study, and the mode of data collection has been both online and offline. A sample of 250 participants was considered for the conduction of the research using random sampling.
Participants aged between 25 and 50 years, both male and female, having minimum educational qualification of graduation and above, employed, and without any history of pre-existing psychiatric illness will be included for the initial data collection after obtaining informed consent from each participant. Participants obtaining a score of 3 or more (cutoff score ≥3) on Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) have been included further for the administration of the remaining scales (SCL-90, BIS-A, BFI-10). The final sample size included for the research was 122.
Participants having past history of psychiatric illness, head injury, and scoring below a score of 3 on BSAS have been excluded for the current research.
Tools used
Sociodemographic details and shopping behavior details
Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS)[27]: This scale has been used to assess the shopping addiction of each participant. It consists of 28 statements rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (completely disagree) to 4 (completely agree). A scoring of 3 or more indicates the presence of shopping addiction.
Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R)[28]: This checklist is used to evaluate a broad range of symptoms of psychopathology. It consists of 90 items yielding scores across 9 clinical dimensions. The scoring ranges from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely) and the raw scores for each dimension are converted to T-score where an obtained T-score of 63 or more indicates elevation in that clinical dimension.
Barratt Impulsivity Scale-15 (BIS-15)[29]: This scale is used to assess the impulsivity of each participant. It is an abbreviated 15-item scale of the original BIS-11, which is a 30-item scale, and it assesses three aspects of impulsivity as nonplanning impulsivity, motor impulsivity, and attentional impulsivity. The scoring is based on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (rarely) to 4 (almost always), and a higher score means high impulsivity.
Big Five Inventory-10 (BFI-10)[30]:
This scale has been used to gain an understanding on the personality pattern. In this inventory, there are 10 questions on a 5-point scale ranging from disagree strongly to agree strongly. Scoring is done by adding the scores in the five domains.
Statistical analysis
Appropriate statistical computation (mean and SD for continuous variables, frequency and percentage for discrete variables, Spearman’s correlation, linear regression analysis) was applied to analyze the data using SPSS 20.
RESULTS
Table 1 shows the mean age and frequency and percentage of the sociodemographic details of the shopping-addicted individuals.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic Variables
| Variables | Shopping Addicted (n=122) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/SD | Frequency/% | ||
| Age | 30.47 | 4.15 | |
| Gender | Female | 68 | 56% |
| Male | 54 | 44% | |
| Residential Status | Urban | 97 | 80% |
| Semiurban | 25 | 20% | |
| Educational Qualification | Graduation | 47 | 38% |
| Postgraduation | 63 | 52% | |
| M.Phil/Ph.D | 12 | 105 | |
| Monthly Income | Below Rs 25,000 | 13 | 11% |
| Rs 25,000-75,000 | 82 | 67% | |
| Above Rs 75,000 | 27 | 22% | |
| Marital Status | Married | 89 | 73% |
| Unmarried | 33 | 27% | |
The majority of the individuals (females) preferred shopping online mostly for clothing and accessories from online business pages on social media (Facebook, Instagram) and also from shopping apps. Most men shop mostly electronic gadgets and accessories from shopping apps. The majority has reported to shop for 2 to 3 times a week with an average amount: around Rs 1000–2000.
Table 2 shows the mean and SD value of the dimensions of the BSAS for the shopping-addicted individuals. The highest mean value of 11.13 has been found for tolerance, indicating the shopping-addicted individuals’ increased desire of shopping activity to achieve happiness.
Table 2.
Mean scores on dimensions of shopping addiction (Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale - BSAS)
| Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) | Sample (n=122) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Mean | Standard Deviation | |
| Salience | 9.10 | 2.23 |
| Mood Modification | 9.47 | 3.20 |
| Conflict | 3.40 | 2.34 |
| Tolerance | 11.13 | 2.89 |
| Relapse | 9.13 | 1.85 |
| Withdrawal | 10.80 | 4.38 |
| Problems | 7.00 | 2.33 |
| BSAS Total | 62.83 | 6.51 |
Table 3 shows the correlation between dimensions of shopping addiction (BSAS) and psychopathology (SCL-90-R). A positive correlation has been found between depression and relapse (r = 0.11; P < 0.05) and also between anxiety and conflict (r = 0.27; P < 0.01).
Table 3.
Correlation between dimensions of shopping addiction (BSAS) with psychopathology (SCL-90-R) among shopping addicted individuals
| n=122 Domains | Salience | Mood Modification | Tolerance | Withdrawal | Conflict | Relapse | Problems |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Somatization | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.38 |
| Obsessive-Compulsive | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.41 | 0.25 |
| Interpersonal Sensitivity | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.13 |
| Depression | 0.39 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.11* | 0.22 |
| Anxiety | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.27** | 0.35 | 0.11 |
| Hostility | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
| Phobic Anxiety | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.05 |
| Paranoid Ideation | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.09 |
| Psychoticism | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.17 |
*=Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **=Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Table 4 shows a positive correlation has been found between motor impulsivity and tolerance (r = 0.15; P < 0.01) and relapse (r = 0.11; P < 0.01) and also between nonplanning impulsivity and relapse (r = 0.28; P < 0.05).
Table 4.
Correlation between dimensions of shopping addiction (BSAS) and impulsivity (BIS-15) among shopping addicted individuals
| n=122 Domains | Salience | Mood Modification | Tolerance | Withdrawal | Conflict | Relapse | Problems |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attentional Impulsivity | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.47 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.09 |
| Motor Impulsivity | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.15** | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.11** | 0.22 |
| Nonplanning Impulsivity | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.28* | 0.06 |
*=Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **=Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Table 5 shows the correlation between dimensions of shopping addiction (BSAS) and personality traits (BFI-10). A positive correlation has been found between extraversion trait and tolerance (r = 0.13, P < 0.01) and relapse (r = 037; P < 0.05).
Table 5.
Correlation between dimensions of shopping addiction (BSAS) with personality traits (BFI-10) among shopping addicted individuals
| n=122 Domains | Salience | Mood Modification | Tolerance | Withdrawal | Conflict | Relapse | Problems |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extraversion | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.13** | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.37* | 0.49 |
| Agreeableness | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.25 |
| Conscientiousness | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.14 |
| Neuroticism | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.02 |
| Openness | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.41 |
*=Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **=Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Table 6 suggests the multiple regression analysis indicating that impulsivity can account for 26% (R2) of the increase in shopping addiction. Regarding the contribution of the single variable (motor impulsivity), the gradient of the regression line (Beta value = 0.63) reflects that if the predictor value is increased by 1 unit (motor impulsivity), then the current model predicts 0.63 percent increase in shopping addiction. With addition of another variable (nonplanning impulsivity), the gradient of the regression line (Beta value = 1.49) reflects that if the predictor value is increased by 1 unit (nonplanning impulsivity), then the current model predicts 1.49 percent increase in shopping addiction. With the addition of another variable (Extraversion Personality Trait), the gradient of the regression line (Beta value = 2.47) reflects that if the predictor value is increased by 1 unit (Extraversion Personality Trait), then the current model predicts 2.47 percent increase in shopping addiction.
Table 6.
Multiple Regression Analysis between dimensions of shopping addiction and impulsivity among shopping addicted individuals
| Model | Unstandardized Coefficients |
Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Standard Error | Beta | |||
| 1 (Constant) 2 Motor Impulsivity 3 Non-planning Impulsivity 4 Extraversion Personality Trait |
12.35 0.63 1.49 2.47 |
12.20 0.19 0.23 0.26 |
0.35 1.26 2.05 0.49 |
2.16 1.55 2.26 2.55 |
0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 |
Dependent Variable: Dimensions of Shopping Addiction
DISCUSSION
Shopping addiction is one of the major behavioral addictions which have emerged as a rising concern since the past few years. Since the advent of the covid-19 pandemic, an era of digital dependence has also ushered in. An increased reliance on e-commerce platforms has accentuated the fertile ground on which these shopping behaviors have manifested. Hence, shopping addiction is a noteworthy phenomenon that warrants comprehensive investigation.
In this current study, out of 250 individuals, 122 individuals have achieved a cutoff score of 3 or more on the application of BSAS, indicating the presence of shopping addiction. It also reflects the fact that 49% of the sample has shopping addiction. On assessing the various dimensions of shopping addiction, tolerance has been found to be the major addiction symptom present among the shopping-addicted individuals, suggesting that increased amounts of shopping activity are required to achieve the former mood-modifying effects. The shopping-addicted individuals gradually increase the amount, in terms of both quantity and time during their engagement in the shopping activity on every time they shop as evident in previous researches.[7]
A positive relationship has been found between depression and relapse dimension of shopping addiction. Relapse is explained as resumption of involvement in the shopping behavior following an attempt to reduce or discontinue it, and previous studies[14] have indicated that depressive symptoms can trigger for relapse of shopping addiction. Individuals with depression can use shopping behavior to temporarily relieve their depressive symptoms, but when they stop their addiction, the depressive symptoms typically return causing the addiction to relapse.
The dimension of conflict reflects both intrapersonal and interpersonal issues like guilt feeling, difficulties with family members, and financial issues stemming from involvement in the addictive behavior which in turn can cause anxiety among the individuals with shopping addiction. This is explained by the positive relationship present between anxiety and conflict dimension of shopping addiction.
A positive relationship has been found between motor impulsivity and tolerance and relapse dimension of shopping addiction. Motor impulsivity has been defined as an inability to withhold an action. Excessive recruitment of lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity results in self-regulatory failure which results in an immediate reactive behavior that is characterized by low cognitive control. This low self-regulatory control increases shopping behavior resulting in tolerance dimension of shopping addiction and also plays a significant role in the relapse of the addictive behavior.[31] Nonplanning impulsivity can be explained as a tendency to act without considering the consequences or planning ahead, often leading to poor problem solving. Individuals with shopping addiction make a struggle to maintain the balance between present situation and future consequences and find difficulty in monitoring, adhering, and executing their plan too, leading to a relapse in their addictive behavior as found in the current research in the form of positive relationship between nonplanning impulsivity and relapse dimension of shopping addiction, also supported by previous studies.[31]
A positive relationship has been found between extraversion personality trait and tolerance and relapse dimension of shopping addiction. Extraversion traits are characterized by sociability, warmth, excitement seeking, and emotional expressiveness and have been positively associated with tolerance and relapse dimension of shopping addiction,[21,22,23,24] suggesting that extroverts may be using shopping to uphold their social status and sustain their social attractiveness, such as by buying a new outfit and accessories for every occasion, which increases their shopping limit and paves way for relapse.
Considering motor impulsivity as a predictor variable, it has been found that it has a role in the increase of shopping behavior, around 0.63%. On adding nonplanning impulsivity along with it, the shopping behavior increased to around 1.49%. This can be explained by the fact that individuals with impulsive traits have a tendency to work on a spur of moment without thinking of consequences. They choose immediate gratification leading to loss of control over addictive behavior causing an increase in their addiction.[18] With addition of extraversion trait along with impulsivity, the chances of increase in shopping addiction can rise to 2.47%. Individuals with extraversion personality trait being outgoing, sociable is very susceptible to environmental influences like peers, social status, and marketing strategies which lead to an increase of shopping addiction.
Limitations
The current research has some limitations.
The sample size has been small.
Sample characteristics of the current research may over-represent certain groups (e.g., younger individuals, women, urban populations) and can also under-represent diverse demographics (e.g., older adults, rural populations) and findings may not generalize to all populations.
Self-reporting bias could not be overcome due to a tendency of the participants to present themselves in a more favorable light or difficulty in accurately remembering their shopping frequency or spending.
The current study being a cross-sectional one provides a snapshot of behavior at a single point in time and may fail to capture the progression of shopping addiction, its triggers, or the effectiveness of interventions over time.
CONCLUSION
Shopping addiction is a growing concern which needs to be explored more for treatment planning. The findings of the current research indicate a need for a detailed understanding of shopping addiction which will definitely be helpful in establishing clear diagnostic criteria to create a comprehensive treatment plan including relapse prevention which will pave the way for the recovery of the individual with shopping addiction.
Future studies can be conducted with more sample size for a better generalization of the population. Gender-based, domicile-based studies can be conducted for a better understanding of the problematic shopping behavior and psychopathology.
Authors’ contributions
Both authors have contributed equally and significantly in planning, data collection, analyzing and writing of this manuscript.
Data availability
Data can be made available on reasonable request.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank you all the participants who have given their consent and participated In this research by providing responses.
Funding Statement
Nil.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data can be made available on reasonable request.