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. 2025 Aug;29(39):1–31. doi: 10.3310/POYW3311

Optimising cardiac surgery outcomes in people with diabetes: the OCTOPuS pilot feasibility study.

Richard Ig Holt, Katharine Barnard-Kelly, Mayank Patel, Philip Newland-Jones, Suvitesh Luthra, Jo Picot, Helen Partridge, Andrew Cook; OCTOPuS Study Group
PMCID: PMC12376008  PMID: 40820703

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Surgical outcomes are worse in people with diabetes, in part, because of the effects of hyperglycaemia, obesity and other comorbidities. Two important uncertainties in the management of people with diabetes undergoing major surgery exist: (1) how to improve diabetes management prior to an elective procedure and (2) whether that improved management leads to better post-operative outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

The Optimising Cardiac Surgery ouTcOmes in People with diabeteS project aimed to assess whether a pre-operative outpatient intervention delivered by a multidisciplinary specialist diabetes team could improve diabetes management and cardiac surgical outcomes for people with diabetes. Although the intervention could be applied to any surgical discipline, cardiothoracic surgery was chosen because 30-40% of those undergoing elective cardiac revascularisation have diabetes.

METHODS

The project had three phases: (1) designing the intervention, (2) a pilot study of the intervention and (3) a multicentre randomised controlled study in United Kingdom cardiothoracic centres to assess whether the intervention could improve surgical outcomes. The first two phases were completed, but the COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent effects on cardiothoracic services and research capacity in the United Kingdom meant that the randomised controlled study could not be undertaken.

INTERVENTION DEVELOPMENT

Two rapid literature reviews were undertaken to understand what factors influence surgical outcomes in people with diabetes and what interventions have previously been tested. The Optimising Cardiac Surgery ouTcOmes in People with diabeteS intervention was based on an existing nurse-led outpatient intervention, delivered in the 3 months before elective orthopaedic surgery. This intervention reduced pre-operative glycated haemoglobin and reduced length of stay. We undertook a survey of United Kingdom cardiothoracic surgeons, which found limited and inconsistent pre-operative management of people with diabetes awaiting cardiothoracic surgery. A prototype intervention was developed following discussions with relevant stakeholders.

PILOT STUDY

The pilot feasibility study recruited 17 people with diabetes and was undertaken by the diabetes and cardiothoracic surgery departments at University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust. Biomedical data were collected at baseline and prior to surgery. We assessed how the intervention was used. In-depth qualitative interviews with participants and healthcare professionals explored perceptions and experiences of the intervention and how it might be improved. Thirteen people completed the study and underwent cardiothoracic surgery. All components of the Optimising Cardiac Surgery ouTcOmes in People with diabeteS intervention were used, but not all parts were used for all participants. Minor changes were made to the intervention following feedback from the participants and healthcare professionals. Median (interquartile range) glycated haemoglobin fell 10 mmol/mol (3-13) prior to surgery. The median duration of admission for surgery was 7 (interquartile range 6-9) days.

MULTICENTRE RANDOMISED CONTROLLED STUDY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM CARDIOTHORACIC CENTRES

We could not proceed to the multicentre randomised controlled study because of the impact of COVID-19 on the delivery of cardiothoracic surgical services and research capacity.

CONCLUSION

There remains an urgent need to improve the surgical outcomes for people with diabetes. This project demonstrated that it is possible to develop a clinical pathway to improve diabetes management prior to admission.

LIMITATIONS

We could not test the effectiveness of the intervention in a multicentre randomised controlled trial because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

FUTURE WORK

The intervention is available for future research or clinical implementation.

FUNDING

This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programmme as award number 16/25/12.

Plain language summary

People with diabetes whose blood sugar levels are too high tend to have a slower recovery after surgery. They are more likely to get infections (both chest infections and in their surgical wounds). They cannot go home as quickly after surgery as those without diabetes or those with diabetes whose sugar levels are closer to normal. Their risk of dying after surgery is also higher. Several years ago, a hospital in Bournemouth developed an outpatient-based approach to improve blood glucose levels in the weeks before surgery. They have shown that in patients receiving joint replacements, this approach reduced the time they had to stay in hospital. In this project, we adapted the approach from Bournemouth so that it could be used for people undergoing heart surgery. We tested it in Southampton and showed that it was well received by patients and healthcare professionals and reduced blood sugar levels. We originally planned to test this approach in up to 15 hospitals across the United Kingdom in a large trial, but we were unable to perform this study because of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, we have made the intervention available for use, and this could form the basis for future research or use in clinical practice.

Full text of this article can be found in Bookshelf.

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