What influences older people to join a community hub to engage in healthy ageing programs? An exploratory study

Abstract

Objectives

Most people seek to stay connected to their community as they age; this has been a major focus in the development of innovative community programs in Australia. This study aimed to explore what influences older people to join a community hub to engage in healthy ageing programs.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews (n = 29) were conducted during an Open Day in early 2023 at an urban community hub in Western Australia, followed by telephone interviews (n = 9) of a purposive sample of older individuals, community hub facilitators and coordinators of national community hubs. Analysis used a socio‐ecological framework.

Results

Deductive content analysis identified social prescribing as an overarching influencer for older people to join and engage in healthy ageing programs and main themes of (i) supporting community hub facilitators to harness community assets, (ii) link‐supports provided to older members by paid community hub concierges triggered positive outcomes at individual and community levels, (iii) online and in‐person social and physical healthy ageing activities tailored to member interests and (iv) nurturing social networks and reciprocity between members sustained engagement in healthy ageing activities.

Conclusions

The dynamic process of social prescribing was a central influencer for older adults to engage in healthy ageing programs, and the social network perpetuated through community hubs was an immeasurable social investment that boosted the resilience of intergenerational populations in Australian communities. Policy support is required for communities to meet the challenge of being responsive to the needs of members who seek to remain independent as they age in place.

Policy impact

Harnessing local assets and connections at community hubs influences older people to engage in healthy ageing programs and perpetuates social networks and resilience. Policy support is required as a social investment for communities to meet the challenge to be responsive to the needs of older members as they age in place.

Practice impact

The dynamic process of social prescribing was a central influencer for older people to engage in healthy ageing programs. Themes of supporting facilitators to be responsive to older members' needs by linking support with local resources triggered memberships and perpetuated a social network that bolstered resilience, reciprocity and intergenerational well‐being.

1. INTRODUCTION

Ageing across the global population has seen an increased focus on the development of innovative community‐based programs, and the adoption of public health policies to maximise the health and social participation of older people living in the community. ¹ Health and social problems become more chronic and complex as people age. ² Nine out of ten Australians aged 65 years or older live with at least one chronic disease, ³ 2 in 10 experience loneliness, ⁴ and 1 in 10 are socially isolated. ⁴ People who are isolated are more vulnerable to poor health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease and dementia, ⁵ comparable to risk levels of smoking and reduced physical activity. ⁶ These isolated populations represent one of the greatest challenges in the shift of preventive health care away from health centres towards the community. ⁷ The World Health Organization (WHO) 2018 guideline on integrated care for older people recommended a shift from managing age‐related chronic diseases to a holistic approach that focuses on addressing the impact on older people's physical, social, mental, vocational and spiritual dimensions of wellness. ⁸ This was resounded by the voices of over 100,000 patients living with chronic conditions from 19 countries in the 2025 Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) Patient‐Reported Indicator Surveys (PaRIS) report. ⁹

Exercise participation is a healthy ageing activity, yet less than half of Australian older people participate in the recommended amount of at least 150 min per week. ¹⁰ Social connectedness is another healthy ageing activity that enables well‐being and reduces problems of depression and anxiety. ¹¹ , ¹² Older people living with chronic diseases who are socially isolated and living with physical disability are vulnerable to reliance on social and health care. ⁵ , ¹³ This impacts populations ageing in rural areas of Australia, where service provision gaps were recently identified. ¹⁴ , ¹⁵ To address this, current evidence suggests more responsive programs based in the older person's community. ¹ , ³ , ¹⁶

Community hubs provide structural and social infrastructure for multipurpose services that reflect the needs of the local community, featuring local facilitators and programs developed using a person‐centred approach for people of all ages. ¹⁷ Though there is no one single formula for person‐centredness, community hubs feature ‘key attributes of high‐performing person‐centred health‐care organisations’ ¹⁸ to achieve the outcomes that matter the most to people in the community. The concept of community hubs as necessary social infrastructure to support physical and social connections for healthy ageing amongst community members who are ageing in place has gained significant recognition in recent research. ¹⁷ , ¹⁹ However, there is less recognition of community hubs in government policy as critical ‘anchor institutions for addressing vulnerability and community resilience’. ¹⁷ In 2019, the Australian government provided limited funding for community hub development, leaving them reliant on local community assets to foster sustainability. ²⁰ In supporting the vision of promoting healthy ageing of older people who are ageing in place in their community, ¹⁴ , ¹⁵ , ¹⁶ our study aimed to address the research question of what influences older people to join a community hub to undertake healthy ageing programs.

2. METHODS

2.1. Design

Ethics approval was obtained from the University Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Western Australia (2022/ET000540). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation, and additional verbal consent was obtained at the start of each telephone interview. The Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative research (COREQ) ²¹ were used in the reporting of this study (Appendix S1).

A qualitative phenomenological design ²² and realist approach ²³ were used to address the study aims. The realist approach acknowledges that community hub healthy ageing programs might suit individuals in different situations and circumstances. ²³ A socio‐ecological framework ²⁴ was used to explore what influences older people to join community hubs to engage in healthy ageing programs from the context of the individual person (micro‐level), community hub organisation level (meso‐level) and national representative level (macro‐level).

2.2. Setting

The site of Connect Village Hub was selected to recruit older individuals and community hub staff at the organisation level. It is the first of its kind in Western Australia, with more than 500 members since established in 2018. The community hub organisation previously partnered with the primary researcher and her team in 2020 to pilot a healthy ageing program that addressed domains of wellness. ²⁵

2.3. Research team and reflexivity

The primary researcher led the research in close collaboration with her research team, the community hub partner organisation and consumer reference group to enable recruitment, surveys and interviews for data collection in this study. She is an experienced physiotherapist and implementation researcher who approached Connect Village Hub CEO and consumer representatives to be co‐investigators (CIs) of this study.

2.4. Procedure

2.4.1. Participants and recruitment

A multi‐stakeholder approach was used to identify a broad range of individuals at the individual, community hub organisation and national levels who could contribute different information to address the study aim (see Figure 1 Procedure). Inclusion criteria were the following:

• Individual level: community‐dwelling older people aged 55 years or older may have already attended a community hub and are accessing formal or informal social supports. Potential participants were approached during an Open Day in 2023 at Connect Village Hub.

• Community hub organisation level: paid and unpaid staff who were coordinators, concierges and instructors who delivered programs to older people at a community hub. Potential participants present at the Open Day (n = 10) were approached to complete a semi‐structured survey; in addition, those working at other community hubs in regional and remote areas were approached using email introductions by the primary researcher.

• The web‐based audit included identification of coordinators and fund managers of national community hubs who were potential participants, invited through an introductory email to make a time at their convenience to complete an in‐depth telephone interview.

FIGURE 1.

Procedure using socio‐ecological framework. ²⁴

2.4.2. Data collection

Outcomes were features of community hubs as influencers or mechanisms for older people to join a community hub and engage in healthy ageing programs (see Figure 1). Question‐led category matrices were constructed for individual, organisational and national member‐level responses using a context, mechanisms and outcomes (CMO) framework to provide insight into how features of community hubs work in different ways for different people. ²⁶ Data were collected in early 2023 through multiple sources:

1. a semi‐structured survey administered during an Open Day hosted at Connect Village Hub from individual older people (Appendix S2). The survey was anonymous and included open questions about their engagement in healthy ageing activities, community hub programs and any facilitators to their engagement from their perspective for themselves.

2. an audio‐recorded telephone semi‐structured interview that was conducted with a purposive sample of older individuals, community hub facilitator and coordinators of national village hubs (Appendix S2). Purposive sampling considered a representative mix of participants with consideration of inclusion criteria at national, community and individual older person levels who had direct experience with community hubs and healthy ageing programs located in urban and remote areas of Australia. A funnel approach was used during telephone interviews that involved initially asking broad, open‐ended questions about healthy ageing programs in the community, success factors of community hub programs and any suggestions for improvement.

3. Audit and web‐based data that included features of community hubs at the organisation and national levels.

2.5. Data analysis using CMO framework

Nominal categorical data from web‐based audits were analysed using non‐parametric methods. Qualitative data were transcribed verbatim and managed using the NVivo analysis software. Transcripts included participant quotations identified according to their context (national, community hub organisation and individual older person) then participant initials, gender, and for individuals, age was provided. Member‐checking occurred at the conclusion of telephone interviews, when main themes and sub‐themes were checked for accuracy; participants were offered a copy of transcripts. Qualitative data were analysed using deductive content analysis and triangulated with the CMO framework. ²⁶ Data saturation and consistency of the main themes with supporting quotes were confirmed between the primary researcher and two CIs. Features of community hubs as mechanisms (M) were coded as main themes that facilitated outcomes (O) influencing engagement of older people in community hub‐based healthy ageing activities, identified in the contexts (C) of national, community hub and individual levels. In the final stage of the analysis, national, organisational and individual participant‐level data were synthesised to deduce what mechanisms worked for whom and under what conditions, forming conjectured CMOs. ²⁶

3. RESULTS

There were 63 attendees at the Open Day, including 53 older people and 10 hub staff who were paid and unpaid. Of these potential participants who were approached, 29 individual older people completed a semi‐structured survey during the Open Day, and nine completed an in‐depth telephone interview at a later date. Of the 10 hub staff approached on the Open Day and via email, there were seven who completed an in‐depth telephone interview. There were two national hub participants, a National Fund manager and a founder of a virtual community hub in a large region of Western Australia (WA). The demographic information of 18 participants who completed an in‐depth telephone interview is presented in Table 1 according to the socio‐ecological framework. ²⁴ Following completion of 18 interviews, variations of the themes were considered until there were no new themes identified, after which data saturation was reached. ²⁷

TABLE 1.

Demographics of participants.

Socio‐ecological framework 24	Participant identification: initials, gender, age a	Experience with community hub healthy ageing programs
National Hub Leads	HM, female	Founder of a Virtual Community Hub in Regional WA
	SE, female	National Fund Manager for Australian Government grants to support the establishment of 12 Community Hubs across Australia from 2021 to 2024
Community Hub Organisation	FM, female	Dance group leader at Connect Village Hub
	LS, female	Coordinator of a Virtual Community Hub in Regional WA
	HH, male	Leads exercise groups at Connect Village Hub
	JM, female	Leads choir group at Connect Village Hub
	LG, male	CEO of Connect Village Hub
	RK, female	Leads exercise at Connect Village Hub
	VP, female	Concierge at Connect Village Hub
Individual older person who are members of Connect Village Hub	DH, female, 67	Attends seated yoga, Pilates and book club
	FG, female, 64	Attends choir, strength and balance exercises, outdoor walking
	GC, male, 61	Attends, cooks and serves weekly at the community hub soup kitchen
	HW, female. 78	Attends card games sessions
	JE, female, 76	Attends coffee with community hub friends, bus outings and seated exercise
	JS, female, 78	Attends strength and balance exercise and regular social events
	NZ, female, 96	Attends social activities
	PC, female, 71	Attends exercise groups
	SB, female, 74	Attends exercise groups

^a Age of individuals only.

3.1. Overarching theme: a model of social prescribing that influenced older people to join community hubs and engage in healthy ageing programs

Table 2 presents the main themes identified using deductive content analysis of experiences from the context (C) of participants at national, organisation and individual levels (socio‐ecological framework). ²⁴ The main themes were categorised using the CMO framework, ²⁶ which captures participants' experience as mechanisms (M) or features of the community hub that influenced older people to join and engage in healthy ageing (outcomes, O).

TABLE 2.

Main themes/influencers using context, mechanisms and outcomes (CMO) framework. ²⁶

Context	Mechanisms/influencers as main themes	Outcomes that triggered and sustained engagement of older people in community hub‐based healthy ageing programs
National—macro‐level	Mentor managers and concierges/facilitators from 12 community hub organisations using a regular Community of Practice online meeting	Facilitation and capacity building of community hub concierges to be capable of nurturing community assets, linking support and dynamically modifying program according to community needs
	Link community‐level services to share information and align vision, goals and implementation plans	Streamlined community health services
		Sustainable social investment in a variety of community hubs in urban, regional and remote communities
Community Hub—meso‐level	Flexible and responsive community hub concierge model that overcomes barriers for engagement with hub activities	Dynamic healthy ageing program provided online/virtually and in person triggered and sustained engagement of local and remote community members in‐person and online
	Locally based paid group facilitators delivering activities	Social investment in local vocational training and employment
	Regular online, telephone and in‐person communications with members	Sustainable diverse and intergenerational social networks between community members who live locally and remotely
	Grassroots relationships between community support providers and local community contractors
	Shared minimal costs, such as pooled transport and catering
Individual—micro‐level	Friendly and professional community hub concierges who know individual members, their interests and needs	Regular engagement by older community members of diverse culture and abilities
	Easy local access to community hub, including online using remote technology, such as video conferencing	Reciprocity and sustainable cycle of support between older community members
	Variety of social and physical activities that includes sharing a meal	Expanded social network for older community members
	Physical activities led by an experienced health professional	Growing membership of older people attending in person and remotely/virtually using remote technology to community hub‐based healthy ageing programs that included social connection, physical activities, craft, cognitive training and cultural events
	Computer and mobile technology training for members.
	Targeted activities to engage diverse groups, such as cultural and language events, men's sporting activities.
	Minimal costs for attendance

An overarching theme of social prescribing ²⁸ was identified through participants' experiences at the national, organisational and individual levels, and these were further described through the main themes as mechanisms or influencers that triggered membership and engagement of older people in community hub‐based healthy ageing programs. The experience of social prescribing described by participants was a linking of supports that took place at community hubs, in which local assets, such as health professionals, artists and choir leaders were harnessed during healthy ageing programs to meet the interests and needs of older community members. Figure 1 provides a schematic of the social prescribing model formulated from deductive analysis of main themes categorised according to the CMO framework, ²⁶ capturing participant accounts of how social prescribing influenced the membership and engagement of older people in community hub‐based healthy ageing programs.

3.1.1. Influencers identified at the National Manager—macro‐level

Supporting community hub coordinators and concierges at the national level using regular community of practice meetings enabled paid hub facilitators/concierges to share ideas and expand the offerings of healthy ageing activities, which had positive effects on membership and sustainability of community hubs. A national fund manager (SE, female) described her experience of the social prescribing model in inviting guests to talk about their services in different communities to enable linking support at the older individual (micro) level and streamlining of community, health, social services at the community (meso) level.

National participants described their experience of limited funding to operationalise community hubs as a barrier to community hub sustainability, membership and engagement of older people in healthy ageing programs. A national fund manager reported fixed funding grants necessitated diversifying funding sources and transforming their service offerings to guarantee operation of community hub‐based healthy ageing activities.

3.1.2. Influencers identified at the Community Hub Organisation—meso‐level

The flexible and responsive actions taken by the concierge role triggered positive outcomes at the community hub‐level and influenced older people to join and engage in healthy ageing programs (see Table 1 and Figure 2). The paid concierge was a member of the community with local knowledge, hence key functions of this role were outreaching to community members, information sharing, overcoming barriers for individuals to join and engage in healthy ageing activities, such as education support to access digital technologies for virtual/online attendance and local transport services for in‐person attendance. The beneficial functions of the concierge model were described by a variety of community hub facilitators, ‘…we reach out to members with information about renewing their senior's card, updating mobile phones and accessing rebates for transport’ (LS, Manager of virtual community hub). The social network facilitated by the community hub concierge perpetuated ‘two‐way relationships’ (JM, choir leader) and ‘sustained engagement in healthy ageing activities including exercise’ (HH, exercise leader).

FIGURE 2.

Schematic map of social prescribing model and main themes using the context, mechanisms and outcomes (CMO) framework. ²⁶

A dynamic program of online and in‐person events tailored to individual interest and needs enabled older people from across regions to connect remotely and sometimes in‐person, which provided the social benefits of a lifestyle village as they could age in place in their community. The facilitator of an online/virtual and in‐person exercise group at an urban community hub (HH, male) described the benefits of expanding the offerings of social and physical activities using Zoom technology to trigger engagement in physical activities; ‘there were older people coming for social groups in‐person and online (using Zoom) who then stayed connected for the next activity, which was an exercise group that they could also attend online’.

The CEO of an urban community hub (LG, male) reported that introducing online/virtual attendance during the COVID‐19 pandemic enabled the membership to expand in‐person and online. Since then, community awareness of activities at the community hub has expanded the program offerings as local talented facilitators have started more groups, which has also expanded intergenerational and cultural social networks:

We have introduced Aboriginal language groups, an all‐age choir, a wellness program for older members of the local LGBTQI community, and African drumming for people of all ages; we also fly flags to represent different groups in the community at different times of the year.

A remote community hub manager (LS, female) described the nurturing of local farming culture through the online/virtual community hub in remote Western Australia that also brought them together in‐person for small bus tours of farms in the regions; ‘… the farming bus tour was such a success in bringing generations of retired farmers together in‐person that included stops along the way on country to share a billy‐tea’.

Grassroots relationships between community, homecare support providers and local community contractors was a sustainable investment in the local community that enabled older people to receive support to remain independent as they aged in place as they continued to engage with community hub‐based healthy ageing programs; ‘we were all experiencing the sadness of watching older people having to leave the community because they needed more support, so we decided to transform the services offered at the community hub’ (LS, manager virtual community hub). In addition to the social investment in local vocational training and employment, this led to positive outcomes for enabling older people to remain independent and to engage in healthy ageing programs at community hubs across four remote regions of Western Australia:

We connect local older people with local contractors who are trained to deliver social support, domestic assistance, and gardening (co‐ordinator of a virtual community hub). (LS, female)

3.1.3. Influencers identified at the Individual older people—micro level

Linking support between older members using online technologies at community hubs was an influencer that enabled engagement in healthy ageing programs and nurtured social connections, friendships and reciprocity between members; ‘…once connections were established, and buddy systems set up, they supported one another to attend events, share rides, and create social gatherings’ (LG, CEO urban community hub). ‘Belonging to a group of people who work together to help others is very satisfying and fulfilling, it felt like winning the lottery to see people so happy’ (PC, female, 74 years old). Members described their experience of mutually supporting one another in‐person and online/over the phone; ‘when one of our older singers who is 92 years of age was sick in hospital due to Covid‐19, our choir sang to her through the phone’ (JM, singing teacher).

3.2. Web‐based audit of existing community hubs in Australia

Web‐based audits found more than 100 community hubs operating across Australia that focused on connecting families who are culturally and linguistically diverse with local services, and often based in primary schools. In response to a mental health inquiry report, ²⁹ the Australian Government introduced The Village Hubs project ³⁰ that established 12 community hubs across Australia between 2021 and 2024 to reduce the impact of loneliness and social isolation for older community‐dwelling people. The co‐designed initiatives were administered by a National Fund Manager who was a national‐level participant in this study. The 12 community hubs feature different healthy ageing activities based on the local community target population, leveraged by existing resources. There were three community hubs in Western Australia, one with a multicultural focus, one with an LGBTI focus and another with in‐person and online/virtual aged care focus. There were two hubs in South Australia, one providing a range of supports through the Council on the Ageing and another hosted at a local coffee house. In Queensland, there were two hubs: one based with a community aged care organisation and another focused on supporting older people with brain injuries. In Victoria, there was a range of meeting places located through the Macedon Ranges Shire. There were three hubs in New South Wales, one a culturally safe space for Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal community members aged 50 years or older; and two local hubs in Hornsby and Orange offered a range of activities. There was one in Tasmania's Huon Valley that provides an information support service.

4. DISCUSSION

A model of social prescribing was an overarching theme and central influencer for older people to join and engage in community hub‐based healthy ageing programs in‐person and online in urban and remote communities of Australia. The social prescribing model was driven by local facilitators (community hub concierges) who were aware of community resources and capable of linking supports to older members to address their interests and needs while ageing in place. ³¹ The model consisted of enabling older people to connect with the community hub in‐person or online to attend healthy ageing activities, using digital technology hybrid options that were made accessible to members through training and telephone support, ³² which is consistent with WHO social prescribing implementation guidelines, ²⁸ global healthy ageing and integrated care strategies to support meaningful person‐centred sustainable health care. ¹ , ² , ⁸

As older people joined and engaged with the healthy ageing programs at the community hub, a positive cycle of social connections, reciprocity and resilience perpetuated throughout the community. Such a focus on the dynamics of change in service offerings led by community hub concierges helped to explain the relative value of hub components, ³³ and indeed the apparent difference between one community hub's success over another in influencing the engagement of the local older population in healthy ageing programs. ³⁴ , ³⁵ National community hub managers emphasised the importance of bringing together and supporting community hub concierge roles through regular training and support to enable them to be adequately informed of local assets and capable of social prescribing that tailors healthy ageing programs to be accessible to older people in‐person and online. ³² , ³⁶

The importance of understanding the context of what mattered most to older people as end‐users ¹⁹ , ³³ , ³⁷ who engaged in community hub‐based healthy ageing programs was highlighted throughout participants' reports. Older individuals were glad to be listened to and called by their name when they engaged with friendly community hub concierges, ³³ and enjoyed the variety of events that brought them together for a meal or billy tea to share stories, while also ‘doing’ healthy ageing physical activities ¹² , ³⁴ , ³⁵ This approach is consistent with recent recommendations of the OECD Patient‐reported indicator surveys ⁹ of incorporating the voices of older people to transform community health support options organised around where they live. ¹⁴ , ³⁸

National and community hub organisation participants described their experience of fixed‐term government funding in Australia that has forced community hub managers to diversify funding and transition to providing formal home and community care, including training of local contractors to deliver services. We know from the experiences of participants in this study that a collaborative approach is required at national, organisational and individual levels to enable shared learnings, streamlined services and vocational training, which will future‐proof community hubs as an anchor of the community, ¹⁷ where social networks can be more fully realised and strengthened. ¹⁶ , ²⁸ This was personified through the older community hub members in this study who enjoyed reciprocity in sharing their stories with one another, to support each other through a crisis, realise their capacities and share their strengths; and so the social network grows.

4.1. Strengths and limitations

A strength of the current study was the use of two validated frameworks for identifying mechanisms as features of community hubs, framed from the perspective of participants using a socio‐ecological framework ²⁴ to understand how to trigger and sustain engagement of older people in healthy ageing programs and using the Context‐Mechanisms‐Outcomes Framework. ²⁶ The main themes provide pragmatic recommendations to enable change at community hub levels with tangible examples from participants that were triangulated to increase trustworthiness of study findings. ²²

There was genuine rapport and a partnership approach taken by the primary researcher, which was important to enable participants to feel safe to share their real‐life perspectives. ³³ , ³⁹ A limitation of the study is that perspectives were only gathered from participants residing in Western Australia, and those of individual older people were only gathered from those living in urban areas of Perth, not in remote communities of Australia. To address this, purposive sampling was used to gain insight across the sample through National and community hub participants' who have experience of remote virtual community hubs, to maximise understanding of influencers for older people living in remote areas. ¹⁴ , ¹⁵ , ¹⁹

5. CONCLUSIONS

The findings in this study reinforce the benefits of investment in community hubs as critical social infrastructures ¹⁷ , ¹⁸ developed using place‐based approaches. ³⁸ This was reflected in the experiences of community hub funders, managers and facilitators who understood the context of the older population ageing in place in their community, and transformed their hybrid (online and in‐person) service offerings using a collaborative approach. ³⁸ This aligns with evidence‐based recommendations to address Australia's future social infrastructure needs. ¹⁴ , ²⁰

In addition to resourcing large‐scale systems to support the ageing population in Australia, ⁴ , ¹⁴ , ¹⁵ this study highlights the need for government policies to recognise the social return on investment of community hubs that feature in‐person and online hybrid models to enable equitable access, social connections, exercise participation and resilience of communities. ¹⁷ , ¹⁸ , ³³ , ³⁸ In order for social prescribing to thrive through community hubs, local facilitators require local knowledge of existing assets available as a resource, ²⁸ , ⁴⁰ but also secure funding for paid facilitators and online technology to reach the target older population and expand healthy ageing program offerings, consistent with international and national action plans for sustainable health care. ¹³ , ¹⁴ , ¹⁵

FUNDING INFORMATION

This study was supported by a grant awarded to Chiara Naseri by the Australian Association of Gerontology Research Trust (Hal Kendig Development Grant). The funders had no role in the design of the study; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Anne‐Marie Hill receives funding support from the Royal Perth Hospital Medical Research Foundation.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

No conflicts of interest declared.

Supporting information

Appendix S1.

Appendix S2.

Naseri C, Hill A‐M, Xu D, et al. What influences older people to join a community hub to engage in healthy ageing programs? An exploratory study. Australas J Ageing. 2025;44:e70079. doi: 10.1111/ajag.70079

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article and Supporting Information; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.