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Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences)
. 2025 May 20;56(3):825–830. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12182/20250560401

高原低氧对癫痫大鼠体内苯妥英钠药代动力学及脑分布的影响

Effect of High-Altitude Hypoxia on the Pharmacokinetics and Brain Distribution of Phenytoin Sodium in Epileptic Rats

Xiaojing ZHANG 1, Yan Zhong 1, Hongfang MU 2, Wenbin LI 2, Xiaomin YANG 2, Rong WANG 1,Δ
PMCID: PMC12439657  PMID: 40964104

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effects of high-altitude hypoxic environment on the pharmacokinetic characteristics and brain tissue distribution of phenytoin sodium in epileptic rats.

Methods

A total of 70 male SPF-grade Wistar rats aged 2 months and weighing (200 ± 20) g were used in the study. An epilepsy model was induced in the rats using the lithium chloride-pilocarpine method. The successfully modeled rats were randomly assigned to a normoxic treatment group and a high-altitude hypoxic treatment group. Phenytoin sodium was administered via intragastric gavage at a dose of 50 mg/kg in both groups. Blood samples were collected from the orbital venous plexus before treatment and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h post treatment. The animals were euthanized after the final blood collection, and samples of the liver and the whole brain tissue were collected. In the brain tissue distribution experiment, brain tissue samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h after drug administration. The concentration of phenytoin sodium in rat plasma and brain tissue was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using WinNolin 8.1 software. The expression levels of CYP2C9 in liver tissue and those of P-gp in brain tissue of epileptic rats were determined by Western blot.

Results

Compared with those in the normoxia group, the peak concentration, peak time, and half-life of phenytoin sodium in the high-altitude hypoxia group were significantly decreased by 46.0%, 42.3%, and 55.5%, respectively (all P < 0.05); the clearance rate was significantly increased by 162.0% (P < 0.05); and the area under the curve of plasma concentration-time curve was decreased by 45.6% (P < 0.01). At 0.5, 1, and 2 hours after administration, compared with that in the normoxia treatment group, the concentration of phenytoin sodium in the brain tissue of the high-altitude hypoxia treatment group was significantly decreased by 78.1%, 63.5%, and 32.5%, respectively (all P < 0.05). Western blot results showed that the expression levels of CYP2C9 in the liver tissue and P-gp in the brain tissue of rats in the high-altitude hypoxia group were approximately 1.78 and 1.65 times higher than those in the normoxia group, respectively (both P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The hypoxic environment at high altitudes can promote the metabolism of phenytoin sodium, reduce its absorption efficiency, and change the characteristics its distribution in the brain, which may be related to the up-regulation of the expression of CYP2C9 in the liver and that of P-gp in the brain.

Keywords: High altitude hypoxia, Phenytoin sodium, Pharmacokinetics, Brain tissue distribution, CYP2C9, P-gp


在医学领域,高原被定义为海拔高度超过2 500 m的地理区域,具有低氧、寒冷、强辐射等环境特征[1]。高原低氧环境可诱导机体组织结构、形态及生理生化指标发生代偿性适应性改变[2]。此类生理学变化可能干扰药物的吸收、分布、代谢及排泄过程,进而显著影响其药代动力学参数[3-4]。鉴于药代动力学参数是临床合理用药的重要依据,探究高原低氧环境下治疗指数、低且治疗窗窄的药物的药代动力学变化特征具有重要的临床价值。

癫痫是一种慢性、易复发的神经系统疾病,全球患病人数为6500万~7000万[5]。在我国,癫痫的发病率约为7‰,是临床第二大常见的慢性神经系统疾病[6]。流行病学研究显示,高原地区癫痫的发病率、患病率及死亡率均显著高于低海拔地区[7]。目前,药物治疗仍是癫痫的基础及主要干预手段,也是首选治疗方案。然而,临床常用抗癫痫药物多具有低治疗指数和窄治疗窗的特点,而高原低氧环境可能通过改变其药代动力学特征,影响药物疗效及毒性反应,进而增加不良反应的发生风险[78]

苯妥英钠(phenytoin sodium)作为乙内酰脲类抗癫痫药物,广泛用于复杂部分性发作、单纯部分性发作、全身强直-阵挛性发作及癫痫持续状态的治疗,其有效血药浓度范围为10~20 μg/mL[9]。然而,该药物在临床应用中可能引发牙龈增生、中枢神经系统抑制、小脑功能障碍及运动障碍等不良反应[10]。基于此,本研究以癫痫大鼠为动物模型,系统考察高原低氧环境对苯妥英钠药代动力学特征及脑组织分布的影响,以期为高原地区癫痫患者的个体化用药提供理论依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 材料

1.1.1. 实验动物

70只SPF级Wistar大鼠,雄性,2月龄,体质量(200±20) g,购于济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司〔SCXK(鲁)2022 0006〕。本研究已获中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九四〇医院伦理委员会批准(批准号2022KYLL204)。

1.1.2. 主要试剂和仪器

无水氯化锂(C8381,纯度≥99%)购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司;硫酸阿托品注射液(国药准字H12020382,规格:1 mL∶0.5 mg)购于天津金耀药业有限公司;苯妥英钠(D107846,纯度≥98%)、盐酸毛果芸香碱(P129614,纯度≥99%)购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;氯雷他定(B33865,纯度≥98%)购于上海源叶生物科技有限公司;10%葡萄糖注射液(国药准字H51020632)购于四川科伦药业股份有限公司;乙腈(色谱纯)购于MERCK公司;CYP2C9(ab4236)、P-gp(ab170904)购于Abcam公司,β-actin(GB15003)、HRP标记山羊抗兔(GB23303)购于武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。高效液相色谱仪(UFLC-20A,日本岛津);三重四级杆串联质谱仪(API 3200,美国应用生物系统);高速低温离心机(Microfuge 22R,美国贝克曼);真空离心浓缩仪(RVC-2-25,德国Marin Christ)。

1.2. 研究方法

1.2.1. 癫痫模型的构建及分组

采用氯化锂-匹罗卡品法构建大鼠癫痫模型[11-13]。大鼠腹腔注射127 mg/kg氯化锂溶液20 h后,腹腔注射1 mg/kg硫酸阿托品溶液,30 min后腹腔再次注射30 mg/kg毛果芸香碱溶液。根据Racine分级观察大鼠癫痫发作情况,若30 min后仍未出现Ⅳ级以上发作则再次注射10 mg/kg毛果芸香碱溶液直至大鼠出现Ⅳ级以上癫痫发作。当癫痫持续发作60 min后腹腔注射10%水合氯醛溶液(300 mg/kg)以终止发作。造模成功的大鼠均给予10%葡萄糖溶液直至其恢复正常饮食饮水。

癫痫大鼠随机分为常氧组和高原低氧组。常氧组于兰州(海拔1500 m,氧气体积分数18.55%)进行实验;高原低氧组于玉树巴塘(海拔4010 m,氧气体积分数12.70%)进行实验,大鼠在实验室适应性饲养3 d后开始实验。

1.2.2. HE染色观察脑组织病理学改变

取正常大鼠和癫痫大鼠脑组织(每组3只),体积分数为4%多聚甲醛固定、石蜡包埋、切片、HE染色、脱水封片,镜下观察大鼠脑组织病理学改变。

1.2.3. 药代动力学观察

常氧组和高原低氧组大鼠均禁食(不禁水)12 h,灌胃50 mg/kg苯妥英钠,每组8只。分别于给药前和给药后0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、10、24 h眼眶采血0.5 mL,血液4 ℃下,4500 r/min离心10 min,收集血浆,置于-80 ℃。自给药4 h后,大鼠每次采血后均补充等体积的生理盐水。末次采血后处死大鼠,取肝组织和脑组织,置于-80 ℃待测。

1.2.4. 药物脑组织分布观察

常氧组和高原低氧组大鼠均禁食(不禁水)12 h,灌胃50 mg/kg苯妥英钠,每组24只,给药后0.5、1、2、4 h取脑组织(每个时间点6只),-80℃保存。

1.2.5. 药物浓度测定

(1)色谱和质谱条件

①色谱条件:色谱柱为Gemini C18(75 mm×3.0 mm,3 μm),流动相为乙腈-水-甲酸(体积比为:85∶15∶0.1),运行时间为3 min,进样体积10 μL,流速为0.4 mL/min,柱温40 ℃。

②质谱条件:采用电喷雾离子源、正离子多反应模式方式监测,离子喷雾电压为4600 V,温度为300 ℃,源内气体1、气体2分别为30 psi、25 psi,入口电压为10 V,碰撞单元出口电压为3.2 V,苯妥英钠和内标氯雷他定的碰撞能分别为18.6 V、30 V,解簇电压分别为29 V、43 V。苯妥英钠和内标的监测反应质荷比分别为m/z 253.2→182.2、383.2 →337.2。

(2)标准溶液的配制

分别用甲醇配制1 mg/mL苯妥英钠溶液和0.1 mg/mL氯雷他定溶液,-20 ℃储存备用。内标氯雷他定溶液在使用前用85%乙腈稀释为12.5 ng/mL,即为内标工作液。

(3)血浆和脑组织样品处理

①血浆样品的处理:取大鼠血浆50 μL,加入200 μL预冷乙腈,混匀后12000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液至新的EP管中,真空离心浓缩仪去除有机溶剂,加入80 μL内标工作液复溶,12000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液上机分析。

②脑组织样品处理:大鼠脑组织加入预冷生理盐水进行匀浆(0.5 g/mL)。取100 μL组织匀浆液,加入500 μL预冷乙腈,涡旋震荡后,12000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液至新的EP管中,真空离心浓缩仪去除有机溶剂,加入100 μL内标工作液复溶,12000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液上机分析。

1.2.6. 蛋白质印记实验

提取大鼠肝组织和脑组织蛋白并采用BCA法测定总蛋白浓度。SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳、转膜、5%脱脂奶粉封闭、1×TBST洗膜、加入一抗 CYP2C9 (1∶1000)、P-gp(1∶1000)和 β-actin(1∶5000)并4 ℃孵育过夜。加入山羊抗兔二抗(1∶5000),室温孵育2 h,1×TBST洗膜、超敏电化学发光试剂曝光显影,Quantity One软件对蛋白条带进行灰度值扫描。以目标蛋白条带灰度值与内参β-actin条带灰度值的比值作为目标蛋白的相对表达量。

1.3. 统计学方法

本研究中的实验结果均以Inline graphic表示。平均血药浓度-时间曲线图和脑组织分布组间比较采用重复测量双因素方差分析(用Bonferroni's multiple comparisons test进行P值校正),其余数据组间比较采用t检验分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 癫痫大鼠脑组织病理学评估

经匹罗卡品腹腔注射后,大鼠出现后肢站立、竖尾、跳跃、后仰、全身抽搐甚至跌倒等Ⅳ~Ⅴ级癫痫发作。以癫痫状态持续发作60 min以上作为癫痫模型成功建立的判定标准。海马组织病理学分析显示,正常对照大鼠海马神经元密度较高,细胞形态完整且排列规则,而癫痫大鼠海马神经元呈现显著核固缩、染色加深、结构紊乱,神经元细胞数量减少等特征性病理改变(图1)。

图 1.

图 1

HE staining of brain tissues from normal and epileptic rats (original magnification ×100)

正常大鼠和癫痫大鼠脑组织HE染色(×100)

2.2. 高原低氧对苯妥英钠药代动力学特征的影响

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)定量分析血浆中苯妥英钠浓度,其平均血药浓度-时间曲线如图2所示。与常氧组相比,高原低氧组大鼠呈现以下药代动力学参数显著改变(表1)。苯妥英钠达峰浓度降低〔(5.13±2.06) μg/mL vs. (9.50±3.32) μg/mL,P<0.05〕、达峰时间加快〔(0.94±0.17) h vs. (1.63±0.48) h,P<0.01〕、半衰期减小〔(3.62±0.92) h vs. (8.13±4.40) h,P<0.05〕、清除率增加〔(2.68±1.66) L·h−1·kg−1 vs. (1.02±0.17) L·h−1·kg−1P<0.05〕、药时曲线下面积显著减少〔(24.38±10.88) h·μg·mL−1vs.(44.79±7.48) h·μg·mL−1P<0.01〕。

图 2.

图 2

Mean blood concentration-time curve of phenytoin sodium in epileptic rats

不同环境癫痫大鼠苯妥英钠均值血药浓度-时间曲线

n = 8. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, vs. Normoxia.

表 1. Pharmacokinetic parameters of phenytoin sodium in epileptic rats.

不同环境癫痫大鼠体内苯妥英钠药代动力学参数

Parameters Normoxia (n = 8) Hypoxia (n = 8) t P
 Tmax: peak time; Cmax: peak concentration; t1/2, half-life; V: apparent volume of distribution; CL: clearance; MRT(0-t): mean residence time from 0 to t; MRT(0-∞):mean residence time from 0 to ∞; AUC(0-t): area under the curve from 0 to t; AUC(0-∞): area under the curve from 0 to ∞.
Tmax/h 1.63 ± 0.48 0.94 ± 0.17 3.556 0.0032
Cmax/(μg/mL) 9.50 ± 3.32 5.13 ± 2.06 2.959 0.0104
t1/2/h 8.13 ± 4.40 3.62 ± 0.92 2.653 0.0189
V/(L/kg) 11.57 ± 5.51 15.22 ± 12.10 0.726 0.4798
CL/(L·h−1·kg−1) 1.02 ± 0.17 2.68 ± 1.66 2.619 0.0202
MRT(0-t)/h 5.88 ± 1.19 4.90 ± 1.13 1.581 0.1362
MRT(0-∞)/h 9.50 ± 4.77 5.18 ± 1.14 2.333 0.0351
AUC(0-t)/(h·μg·mL−1) 44.79 ± 7.48 24.38 ± 10.88 4.090 0.0011
AUC(0-∞)/(h·μg·mL−1) 50.26 ± 8.22 24.59 ± 10.88 4.980 0.0002

2.3. 高原低氧对苯妥英钠在脑组织中分布的影响

图3所示,常氧组癫痫大鼠脑组织中苯妥英钠的浓度在给药后1 h达峰值,高原低氧组则在给药后2 h达峰值。与常氧组相比,高原低氧组给药后0.5、1、2、4 h时脑组织中苯妥英钠浓度分别降低了78.1%、63.5%、32.5%、51.0%。

图 3.

图 3

Changes in the concentration of phenytoin sodium in the brain tissue of epileptic rats

不同环境癫痫大鼠脑组织中苯妥英钠浓度变化

n = 6. * P < 0.05, **** P < 0.0001, vs. Normoxia.

2.4. 代谢酶CYP2C9和转运体P-gp蛋白表达分析

Western blot分析结果显示,与常氧组相比,高原低氧组肝组织代谢酶CYP2C9表达量为常氧组的1.78倍(P<0.05,图4A),脑组织转运体P-gp表达量为常氧组的1.65倍(P<0.01,图4B)。

图 4.

图 4

Expression of CYP2C9 in the liver tissue (A) and that of P-gp in the brain tissue (B) of epileptic rats

癫痫大鼠肝组织CYP2C9(A)和脑组织P-gp(B)的表达水平

n = 4. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, vs. Normoxia.

3. 讨论

苯妥英钠作为临床常用抗癫痫药物,其治疗窗窄且个体差异显著[14]。该药的有效血药浓度范围(10~20 μg/mL)与中毒浓度极为接近,当血药浓度超过20 μg/mL时易引发中毒反应[9,15]。高原低氧环境可显著影响抗癫痫药物的药效学与毒理学特征,从而增加药物不良反应风险[7],因此,深入研究高原低氧环境对抗癫痫药物药代动力学特征的影响具有重要临床意义。

既往采用健康大鼠模型的研究表明,高原低氧环境下苯妥英钠呈现半衰期延长、清除率降低及吸收增加的特征[16]。然而,考虑到机体生理状态及环境因素对药物代谢的关键影响,本研究采用氯化锂-匹罗卡品法构建常用的癫痫模型,探讨高原低氧环境对抗癫痫药物苯妥英钠内药代动力学特征的影响。结果表明,高原低氧环境下癫痫大鼠体内苯妥英钠呈现半衰期缩短、清除率增加及吸收减少的特征,此发现与既往研究存在差异,可能与实验采用的癫痫模型特性相关。这一发现对指导高原地区癫痫患者的临床用药具有重要价值。

细胞色素P450(CYP450)作为肝脏最重要的药物代谢酶系统,其活性显著受氧浓度调控[1719]。其中,CYP2C9是肝脏中最丰富的CYP450之一,负责15%~20%临床常用药物的代谢,如华法林、苯妥英钠和丙戊酸钠等[4]。研究表明,苯妥英钠约90%的代谢由CYP2C9完成[15,20]。当CYP2C9活性降低时可导致苯妥英钠的清除率下降并增加不良反应风险[21]。研究表明,高原低氧环境下大鼠肝组织中代谢酶CYP2C9的活性增[22]。本结果表明,本研究发现,与常氧组相比,高原低氧组癫痫大鼠肝组织CYP2C9表达显著上调,为理解高原环境下药物代谢改变提供了分子基础。

TIEDE等[23]研究表明,单纯依赖血药浓度作为中枢神经系统药物浓度的替代指标可能导致给药方案偏差。临床观察发现,部分耐药性癫痫患者虽维持治疗窗内血药浓度,却未能获得预期疗效[24]。这可能与脑组织中外排转运体P-gp等蛋白的过表达有关。大多数抗癫痫药物均为P-gp的底物[12,25]。研究证实,在癫痫模型中,吲哚美辛和塞来昔布可通过抑制癫痫发作诱导的P-gp过表达,从而提高抗癫痫药物的脑内浓度[26]。冯丹等[27]研究发现,芎嗪可降低脑组织P-gp表达,增加苯妥英钠脑内分布。本研究显示,高原低氧环境显著上调癫痫大鼠脑组织P-gp表达(P < 0.05),导致苯妥英钠脑内浓度显著降低。

综上所述,高原低氧环境通过调控肝组织CYP2C9及脑组织P-gp的表达,显著改变苯妥英钠在癫痫大鼠体内的药代动力学特征并降低其脑内浓度。建议高原地区癫痫患者应调整苯妥英钠给药方案,并通过治疗药物监测优化疗效并降低毒性风险。

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作者贡献声明 张晓静负责论文构思、经费获取、研究方法、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,钟艳负责正式分析、调查研究和初稿写作,牟宏芳负责调查研究和研究方法,李文斌负责提供资源和监督指导,杨晓敏负责正式分析和调查研究,王荣负责研究项目管理、提供资源、监督指导和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。

Author Contribution  ZHANG Xiaojing is responsible for conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. ZHONG Yan is responsible for formal analysis, investigation, and writing--original draft. MU Hongfang is responsible for investigation and methodology. LI Wenbin is responsible for resources and supervision. YANG Xiaomin is responsible for formal analysis and investigation. WANG Rong is responsible for project administration, resources, supervision, and writing--review and editing. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Declaration of Conflicting Interests All authors declare no competing interests.

Funding Statement

甘肃省科技计划项目(No. 22JR5RA017)资助

Contributor Information

晓静 张 (Xiaojing ZHANG), Email: 768287765@qq.com.

荣 王 (Rong WANG), Email: wangrong-69@163.com.

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