Skip to main content
PMC home page
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research logoLink to Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research
. 1991 Oct;55(4):310–314.

Xanthine oxidase formation during experimental ischemia of the equine small intestine.

M Prichard 1, N G Ducharme 1, P A Wilkins 1, H N Erb 1, M Butt 1
PMCID: PMC1263475  PMID: 1790484

Abstract

We hypothesized that xanthine oxidase plays a role in the postischemic reperfusion injury in the equine small intestine. Under anesthesia, four horses and two ponies underwent ischemic strangulating obstructions of segments of the proximal jejunum, mid-jejunum and ileum. Prior to vascular occlusion, and at 1 h and 2 h of ischemia, full-thickness intestinal biopsies were collected for histopathological evaluation and for determination of combined xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) plus xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, and XO activity alone. The level of XO activity was expressed in percentage according to the ratio of XO/(XDH + XO). We found a nearly threefold increase in the combined level of XDH plus XO activity from ileum to duodenum (p less than 0.04). However, the preischemic level of % XO activity did not vary significantly (p = 0.61) between segments of jejuno-ileum. Likewise, no significant difference was noted between intestinal segments after ischemia. Therefore, the data from all intestinal segments were pooled for each time and analyzed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test (one-tailed). Compared to the pre-ischemic level of % XO activity (median 27%), the % XO activity increased after 1 h of ischemia (median 37.0%), reaching statistical significance (p = 0.016). There were no statistical differences between the preischemic % XO activity and the % XO activity in non-ischemic bowel at the end of the anesthetic period. During ischemia, % XO activity increased, which lends credence to the importance of xanthine oxidase in previously-documented reperfusion injury in the equine small intestine.

Full text

PDF
312

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ahn H., Lindhagen J., Nilsson G. E., Salerud E. G., Jodal M., Lundgren O. Evaluation of laser Doppler flowmetry in the assessment of intestinal blood flow in cat. Gastroenterology. 1985 Apr;88(4):951–957. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(85)80013-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Battelli M. G., Corte E. D., Stirpe F. Xanthine oxidase type D (dehydrogenase) in the intestine and other organs of the rat. Biochem J. 1972 Feb;126(3):747–749. doi: 10.1042/bj1260747. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bulkley G. B., Zuidema G. D., Hamilton S. R., O'Mara C. S., Klacsmann P. G., Horn S. D. Intraoperative determination of small intestinal viability following ischemic injury: a prospective, controlled trial of two adjuvant methods (Doppler and fluorescein) compared with standard clinical judgment. Ann Surg. 1981 May;193(5):628–637. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198105000-00014. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Dalsing M. C., Grosfeld J. L., Shiffler M. A., Vane D. W., Hull M., Baehner R. L., Weber T. R. Superoxide dismutase: a cellular protective enzyme in bowel ischemia. J Surg Res. 1983 Jun;34(6):589–596. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(83)90115-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. DeWall R. A., Vasko K. A., Stanley E. L., Kezdi P. Responses of the ischemic myocardium to allopurinol. Am Heart J. 1971 Sep;82(3):362–370. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(71)90302-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Feld A. D., Fondacaro J. D., Holloway G. A., Jr, Jacobson E. D. Laser Doppler velocimetry: a new technique for the measurement of intestinal mucosal blood flow. Gastrointest Endosc. 1984 Aug;30(4):225–230. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(84)72391-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Flamm E. S., Demopoulos H. B., Seligman M. L., Poser R. G., Ransohoff J. Free radicals in cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1978 Sep-Oct;9(5):445–447. doi: 10.1161/01.str.9.5.445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fridovich I. The biology of oxygen radicals. Science. 1978 Sep 8;201(4359):875–880. doi: 10.1126/science.210504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Granger D. N., Rutili G., McCord J. M. Superoxide radicals in feline intestinal ischemia. Gastroenterology. 1981 Jul;81(1):22–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Granger D. N., Rutili G., McCord J. M. Superoxide radicals in feline intestinal ischemia. Gastroenterology. 1981 Jul;81(1):22–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. McCord J. M. Free radicals and inflammation: protection of synovial fluid by superoxide dismutase. Science. 1974 Aug 9;185(4150):529–531. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4150.529. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. McCord J. M. Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jan 17;312(3):159–163. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198501173120305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Moss A. A., Kressel H. Y., Brito A. C. Thermographic assessment of intestinal viability following ischemic damage. Invest Radiol. 1978 Jan-Feb;13(1):16–20. doi: 10.1097/00004424-197801000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Moss A. A., Kressel H. Y., Brito A. C. Use of thermography to predict intestinal viability and survival after ischemic injury: a blind experimental study. Invest Radiol. 1981 Jan-Feb;16(1):24–29. doi: 10.1097/00004424-198101000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Parks D. A., Bulkley G. B., Granger D. N. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in digestive tract diseases. Surgery. 1983 Sep;94(3):415–422. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Parks D. A., Granger D. N. Contributions of ischemia and reperfusion to mucosal lesion formation. Am J Physiol. 1986 Jun;250(6 Pt 1):G749–G753. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.6.G749. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Parks D. A., Williams T. K., Beckman J. S. Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in ischemic rat intestine: a reevaluation. Am J Physiol. 1988 May;254(5 Pt 1):G768–G774. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1988.254.5.G768. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Pascoe P. J., McDonell W. N., Trim C. M., Van Gorder J. Mortality rates and associated factors in equine colic operations - a retrospective study of 341 operations. Can Vet J. 1983 Mar;24(3):76–85. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Shepherd A. P., Riedel G. L. Laser-Doppler blood flowmetry of intestinal mucosal hyperemia induced by glucose and bile. Am J Physiol. 1985 Apr;248(4 Pt 1):G393–G397. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1985.248.4.G393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Snyder J. R., Pascoe J. R., Holland M., Kurpershoek C. J. Surface oximetry of healthy and ischemic equine intestine. Am J Vet Res. 1986 Dec;47(12):2530–2535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Sullins K. E., Stashak T. S., Mero K. N. Evaluation of fluorescein dye as an indicator of small intestinal viability in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985 Feb 1;186(3):257–261. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Vasko K. A., DeWall R. A., Riley A. M. Effect of allopurinol in renal ischemia. Surgery. 1972 May;71(5):787–790. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Wapnick S., Solowiejczyk M., Grosman E. Detection of intestinal ischemia: part 2. Temperature difference between mesenteric and antimesenteric margin of bowel as a criterion of intestinal anastomosis viability. Rev Surg. 1977 Nov-Dec;34(6):371–375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Wapnick S., Solowiejczyk M., Shiloh R., Grosman E. Detection of intestinal ischemia. I. Microradiological and temperature differences between mesenteric and antimesenteric margin of the small intestine of the rat. J Surg Res. 1976 Dec;21(6):403–407. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(76)90164-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. White N. A., Moore J. N., Trim C. M. Mucosal alterations in experimentally induced small intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. Am J Vet Res. 1980 Feb;41(2):193–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Wright C. B., Hobson R. W., 2nd Prediction of intestinal viability using Doppler ultrasound technics. Am J Surg. 1975 Jun;129(6):642–645. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(75)90337-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Younes M., Mohr A., Schoenberg M. H., Schildberg F. W. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by superoxide dismutase following regional intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1987;187(1):9–17. doi: 10.1007/BF01854963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research are provided here courtesy of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association

RESOURCES