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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
. 2021 Feb 20;29(2):156–162. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20191021-00390

中国东北地区汉族人群PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926基因多态性与原发性肝癌的相关性

Correlation between PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926 gene polymorphism and primary liver cancerin the Han Population of China's Northeast region

Bing Hao 1, Wang Wei 2, Li Yiling 1,通信作者:
Editor: 朱 红梅
PMCID: PMC12814721  PMID: 33685085

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the correlation between patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3(PNPLA3) rs738409 and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2(TM6SF2) rs58542926 gene polymorphisms and the incidence of primary liver cancer in the Han population of China's Northeast region.

Methods

A case-control study was used to enroll 521 patients with primary liver cancer as the case group and 164 healthy people as the control group. The case group was divided into groups with and without liver cirrhosis according to etiology. The polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method was used to detectthe genetic polymorphisms of PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926, respectively.

Results

Compared with the control group, the frequency distribution of PNPLA3 rs738409 G allele in the case group was significantly different (OR=1.583, P=0.001). Further grouping showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the control and hepatitis C-related liver cancer group(P=0.161), but there were significant differences in other groups(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the frequency of TM6SF2 rs58542926 T allele in the case group was significantly higherthanthat in the control group(OR=1.759,P=0.048).After grouping,the frequency of CT/TT genotype in the liver cancer group combined with liver cirrhosis and the T allele frequency in the alcohol-related liver cancer group had statistically significant difference(P=0.045 and 0.032, respectively) when compared with control group. The patients were divided into CG/GG group and CC group, and CT/TT group and CC group according to whether they carried PNPLA3 rs738409 G allele, and TM6SF2 rs58542926 T allele. Results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in liver enzyme indexes, albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TBIL), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and fasting blood glucose between CG/GG group and CC group, and CT/TT group and CC group. The patients with liver cirrhosis in the case group were divided into≥7 groups and<7 groups according to the Child-Pugh score. Results showed that there were no statistically significant difference in the Child-Pugh score between PNPLA3 rs738409 CG/GG group and CC group patients and TM6SF2 rs58542926 CT/TT group and CC group patients(P>0.05).

Conclusion

PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926 gene polymorphisms are correlated with the occurrence of primary liver cancer in the Han population of China's Northeast region. PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926 gene polymorphisms have no effect on indexes' such as liver enzymes, ALB, TBIL, AFP and FBS in primary liver cancer..

Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Polymorphism, single nucleotide; Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3; Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2


肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是最常见的消化道肿瘤,约占原发性肝癌的90%[1],占癌症发病率的第6位,居癌症死亡原因第3位[2]。原发性肝癌的主要病因包括乙型病毒性肝炎、丙型病毒性肝炎、过量饮酒及黄曲霉毒素等,目前我国原发性肝癌的主要原因仍为乙型病毒性肝炎。随着非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)发病率的逐年升高,其在原发性肝癌中的作用也在逐年提高。原发性肝癌的发病机制十分复杂,近年来遗传因素在原发性肝癌发病中的作用不断得到重视。

patatin样磷脂酶域3(patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3,PNPLA3)参与脂质代谢。其编码基因位于第22号染色体上,rs738409处I148M变异影响肝细胞内甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)的水解,使TG在肝细胞内的蓄积增加[34]。近年来研究发现,PNPLA3 rs738409处的突变会促进肝细胞脂肪变性及纤维化,进一步促进NAFLD、肝硬化及肝癌的发生[45]。跨膜蛋白6超家族2(transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2,TM6SF2)位于第19号染色体上(19p12),rs58542926处的基因突变通过减少肝内富甘油三酯脂蛋白的分泌使肝内TG聚集增加,影响肝脂肪代谢[6],进而促进NAFLD及其相关肝硬化的发生,而该基因在肝癌形成中的作用尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926在原发性肝癌中的作用。

资料与方法

1.研究对象:纳入2014年3月至2019年3月于沈阳中国医科大学附属第一医院及沈阳市第六人民医院住院治疗的原发性肝癌患者共521例为病例组。纳入标准:(1)年龄>18岁,汉族,彼此间无血缘关系;(2)原发性肝癌诊断符合《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)摘要》[7]的诊断标准;(3)自愿参加本研究并签署知情同意书。排除标准:(1)肝脏良性占位性病变;(2)病因未明的肝癌;(3)肝转移性癌;(4)不同意进行基因学研究。病例组根据是否合并肝硬化分为合并肝硬化肝癌组及不合并肝硬化肝癌组;根据病因分为3组:乙型病毒性肝炎相关性肝癌组(以下简称乙肝相关性肝癌组)、丙型病毒性肝炎相关性肝癌组(以下简称丙肝相关性肝癌组)及酒精相关性肝癌组。对照组为同期就诊于沈阳中国医科大学附属第一医院体检中心的健康体格检查者164名,纳入标准:(1)年龄>18岁,汉族,彼此间无血缘关系;(2)既往及本次体检没有疾病史的健康人群;(3)无长期饮酒史,近期无饮酒、服药等影响肝脏功能的事件;(4)自愿参加本研究并签署知情同意书。排除标准:(1)既往或现症占位性病变以及其他疾病;(2)长期饮酒史或近期具有饮酒、服药等影响肝脏功能事件;(3)不同意进行基因学研究。本研究已通过中国医科大学伦理委员会审核批准(科伦审201281号)。

2.血液标本的采集:完善所有研究对象个人资料,静脉采血前3d低脂饮食,采血前空腹8h以上,肘静脉采血约20ml进行生物化学指标的检测。

3.基因组DNA的摄取:采集空腹静脉血约2~3ml,置于乙二胺四乙酸抗凝管中,于-20℃冰箱中冻存,用基因组DNA提取试剂盒(购自美国普洛麦格公司)进行DNA提取。用紫外线分光光度计检测DNA在260nm和280nm处的吸光度(A)值,DNA纯度为1.6~1.8,用p H值为7.5的三羟甲基氨基甲烷-乙二胺四乙酸缓冲液稀释使DNA浓度在25~50μg/L,以便进行实时定量PCR扩增及基因分型检测。

4.PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926等位基因分型:PNPLA3与TM6SF2基因的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点(rs738409与rs58542926)均采用美国AB公司设计合成的引物及探针(C_7241_10与C_89463510_10),其序列分别为5′-AGGCCTTGG TATGTTCCTGCTTCAT[C/G]CCCTTCTACAG TGGCCTTATCCCTC-3′及5′-GTGAGGAAGAA GGCAGGCCTGATCT[C/T]GGAGCTGTATTTG CCTTCCATGGTG-3′。用美国AB公司的7900型荧光定量PCR仪进行实时荧光定量PCR。Taq Man扩增反应体系:去RNA酶水1.40μl、40×Assay Mix0.10μl、2×Master Mix 2.50 μl、DNA 1.00μl,共5μl。反应条件:95℃ 10 min,95℃ 15s,60℃1min,40个循环。配置反应mix,分装到384孔板中,分别向384个孔中加入样本,混匀后上机检测;并设定检测探针的荧光参数,目前采用的是VIC和FAM。

5.统计学方法:数据分析采用SPSS 22.0统计软件。应用x2检验进行Hardy Weinberg遗传平衡检验。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(Inline graphic±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析;偏态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位数)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验及Kruskal-Wallis H检验。计数资料组间比较采用x2检验或Fisher确切概率法,计算比值比(odds ratio,OR)和95%可信区间(confidence intervals,CI),以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.基本情况:病例组共纳入521例,根据探针上荧光标记的不同,将PNPLA3 rs738409基因分为GG基因型(蓝色)、CG基因型(绿色)、CC基因型(红色),C为野生型,G为突变型。TM6SF2 rs58542926基因分3种基因型:TT基因型(蓝色)、CT基因型(绿色)和CC基因型(红色),C为野生型,T为突变型,测序结果见图1图2。研究对象一般情况见表1,健康对照组的年龄及性别构成与病例组相比,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。与健康对照组相比,病例组白蛋白明显降低,血糖无明显差异,余肝脏酶学指标、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBil)及甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)均明显升高(P值均<0.05)。

图1. patatin样磷脂酶域3 rs738409基因型分布.

图1

图2. 跨膜蛋白6超家族2 rs58542926基因型分布.

图2

表1. 患者一般情况比较.

组别 例数 性别(男/女,例) 年龄( x¯ ±s ,岁) 丙氨酸转氨酶(四分位数,U/L) 天冬氨酸转氨酶(四分位数,U/L) γ-谷氨酰转氨酶(四分位数,U/L) 碱性磷酸酶(四分位数,U/L) 总胆红素(四分位数,µmol/L) 白蛋白(四分位数,g/L) 空腹血糖(四分位数,mmol/L) 甲胎蛋白(四分位数,ng/ml)
对照组 164 89/75 56.68±11.20 15.0(12.00~20.00) 19.0(17.00~22.00) 20.00(15.00~28.00) 67.50(55.25~80.75) 10.50(8.30~13.55) 48.00(46.53~49.10) 5.39(5.09~5.83) 3.92(3.19~5.13)
病例组 521 295/226 57.64± 9.84 34.0(23.00~58.00) 36.0(26.00~57.00) 66.00(36.00~125.00) 91.0(70.00~117.00) 17.0(11.90~26.40) 37.10(33.10~40.80) 5.28(4.84~6.00) 34.20(5.32~394.10)
χ 2 /t/U 0.281 1.045 74004.5 76568.0 75714.0 63063.5 65753.0 3396.0 39120.5 70096.0
P 0.596 0.297 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.119 <0.001

2.Hardy Weinberg遗传平衡检验:两个基因位点的多态性经Pearson x2检验,均符合Hardy Weinberg遗传平衡定律。PNPLA3 rs738409C>G:对照组:P=0.928,病例组P= 0.174;TM6SF2 rs58542926C>T:对照组:P= 0.240,病例组P=0.603。

3.PNPLA3 rs738409与TM6SF2 rs58542926在各组内的基因分布:PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926基因型及等位基因分布情况见表24。可以看出合并肝硬化肝癌组PNPLA3 rs738409的突变率大于不合并肝硬化肝癌组。G等位基因频率在丙肝相关性肝癌组、乙肝相关性肝癌组及酒精相关性肝癌组中依次升高。与对照组相比,PNPLA3 rs738409 CG/GG基因型频率及G等位基因频率差异均有统计学意义(OR=1.633,95%CI:1.145~2.327,P=0.006;OR=1.583,95%CI:1.214~2.064,P=0.001),且这种统计学差异在合并肝硬化肝癌组及不合并肝硬化肝癌组中仍然存在。根据病因分组后,对照组与乙肝相关性肝癌组及酒精相关性肝癌组中CG/GG基因型频率及G等位基因分布差异仍有统计学意义,而对照组与丙肝相关性肝癌组CG/GG基因型及G等位基因分布差异无统计学意义。

表2. 病例组与对照组基因型频率及等位基因频率差异比较.

组别 例数 patatin样磷脂酶域3 跨膜蛋白6超家族2
C(%) G(%) C/C[例(%)] C/G[例(%)] G/G[例(%)] C(%) T(%) C/C[例(%)] C/T[例(%)] T/T[例(%)]
对照组 164 69.5 30.5 79(48.2) 70(42.7) 15(9.1) 95.4 4.6 150(91.5) 13(7.9) 1(0.6)
病例组 521 59.0 41.0 189(36.3) 237(45.5) 95(18.2) 92.2 7.8 444(85.2) 73(14.0) 4(0.8)
OR 1 1.583 1 1.633 1 1.759 1 1.858
95% CI 1.214~2.064 1.145~2.327 0.999~3.096 1.021~3.382
P 0.001 0.006 0.048 0.040

表4. 根据病因分组后各组与对照组基因型频率及等位基因频率差异比较.

项目 例数 patatin样磷脂酶域 跨膜蛋白6超家族2
C(%) G(%) 3C/C[例(%)] C/G[例(%)] G/G[例(%)] C(%) T(%) C/C[例(%)] C/T[例(%)] T/T[例(%)]
对照组 164 69.5 30.5 79(48.2) 70(42.7) 15(9.1) 95.4 4.6 150(91.5) 13(7.9) 1(0.6)
乙肝相关性肝癌组 374 58.7 41.3 133(35.6) 173(46.3) 68(18.2) 92.6 7.4 321(85.8) 51(13.6) 2(0.5)
丙肝相关性肝癌组 109 63.8 36.2 47(43.1) 45(41.3) 17(15.6) 92.2 7.8 93(85.3) 15(13.8) 1(0.9)
酒精相关性肝癌组 38 48.7 51.3 9(23.7) 19(50.0) 10(26.3) 88.2 11.8 30(78.9) 7(18.4) 1(2.6)
乙肝相关性肝癌组与对照组比较
OR 1 1.605 1 1.684 1 1.656 1 1.769
95% CI 1.217~2.116 1.161~2.444 0.921~2.977 0.952~3.289
P 0.001 0.006 0.089 0.068
丙肝相关性肝癌组与对照组比较
OR 1 1.296 1 1.226 1 1.765 1 1.843
95% CI 0.902~1.862 0.753~1.996 0.862~3.613 0.860~3.951
P 0.161 0.412 0.116 0.112
酒精相关性肝癌组与对照组比较
OR 1 2.403 1 2.995 1 2.803 1 2.857
95% CI 1.447~3.992 1.335~6.720 1.177~6.674 1.102~7.410
P 0.001 0.006 0.032 0.052

表3. 合并肝硬化肝癌组及不合并肝硬化肝癌组与对照组基因型频率及等位基因频率比较.

组别 例数 patatin样磷脂酶域 跨膜蛋白6超家族2
C(%) G(%) 3C/C[例(%)] C/G[例(%)] G/G[例(%)] C(%) T(%) C/C[例(%)] C/T[例(%)] T/T[例(%)]
对照组 164 69.5 30.5 79(48.2) 70(42.7) 15(9.1) 95.4 4.6 150(91.5) 13(7.9) 1(0.6)
合并肝硬化肝癌组 435 58.9 41.1 156(35.9) 200(46.0) 79(18.2) 92.3 7.7 371(85.3) 61(14.0) 3(0.7)
不合并肝硬化肝癌组 86 59.9 40.1 33(38.4) 37(43.0) 16(18.6) 91.9 8.1 73(84.9) 12(14.0) 1(1.2)
合并肝硬化肝癌组与对照组比较
OR 1 1.594 1 1.662 1 1.741 1 1.848
95% CI 1.216~2.091 1.156~2.391 0.980~3.094 1.006~3.397
P 0.001 0.006 0.056 0.045
不合并肝硬化肝癌组与对照组比较
OR 1 1.527 1 1.493 1 1.849 1 1.908
95% CI 1.039~2.245 0.877~2.540 0.871~3.926 0.853~4.268
P 0.031 0.139 0.105 0.111

两组相比,TM6SF2 rs58542926 CT/TT基因型频率及T等位基因频率差异具有统计学意义(OR= 1.858,95%CI:1.021~3.382,P=0.040;OR=1.759,95%CI:0.999~3.096,P=0.048)。进一步分组结果显示,合并肝硬化肝癌组TM6SF2 rs58542926 CT/TT基因型频率与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P=0.045),而不合并肝硬化肝癌组与对照组CT/TT基因型频率及T等位基因频率差异无统计学意义。在乙肝相关性肝癌组、丙肝相关性肝癌组及酒精相关性肝癌组中TM6SF2 rs58542926T等位基因频率依次升高,与对照组相比,仅酒精相关性肝癌组T等位基因频率差异具有统计学意义(P= 0.032)。

4.PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926与各组生物化学指标的关系:将病例组按照是否携带PNPLA3 rs738409 G等位基因分成CG/GG与CC组;按照是否携带TM6SF2 rs58542926 T等位基因分成CT/TT与CC组,两组生物化学指标的差异比较见表5。在病例组中,CG/GG与CC组及CT/TT与CC组肝脏酶学指标、TBil、白蛋白、AFP及空腹血糖差异均无统计学意义。

表5. 病例组PNPLA3、TM6SF2 rs58542926基因型与临床指标的关系.

组别 例数 性别(男/女,例) 年龄(四分位数,岁) ALT(四分位数,U/L) AST(四分位数,U/L) GGT(四分位数,U/L) ALP(四分位数,U/L) TBil(四分位数,µmol/L) Alb(四分位数,g/L) AFP(四分位数,ng/ml) FBS(四分位数,mmol/L)
PNPLA3
CC 189 111/78 58.00(52.00~63.00) 33.00(22.00~59.00) 35.00(26.00~56.00) 70.0(36.00~131.00) 89.00(70.00~117.00) 17.60(12.20~26.80) 37.10(33.30~41.30) 29.7(5.11~242.60) 5.25(4.84~6.00)
CG/GG 332 184/148 58.00(52.00~64.00) 34.00(23.00~55.00) 36.50(26.00~58.00) 65.0(35.25~123.75) 92.00(71.00~118.00) 16.65(11.80~26.23) 37.10(32.73~40.28) 37.9(5.40~420.58) 5.30(4.83~6.02)
P 0.464 0.662 0.778 0.962 0.639 0.597 0.292 0.527 0.478 0.656
TM6SF2
CC 444 243/201 58.00(52.00~63.00) 33.00(22.00~58.00) 36.00(26.00~58.00) 66.0(36.00~128.00) 92.00(71.00~119.00) 17.30(11.90~26.60) 37.10(33.10~41.00) 34.4(5.21~466.90) 5.28(4.79~6.00)
CT/TT 77 52/25 58.00(52.25~64.00) 35.50(25.25~51.00) 35.50(27.25~53.25) 70.5(35.50~123.25) 89.00(67.50~114.50) 15.50(11.33~25.88) 37.35(32.73~40.28) 24.4(5.60~242.40) 5.31(5.00~6.83)
P 0.036 0.561 0.437 0.959 0.662 0.547 0.254 0.789 0.937 0.171

注:PNPLA3:patatin样磷脂酶域3;TM6SF2:跨膜蛋白6超家族2;C、G:分别为PNPLA3 rs738409野生型、突变型;C、T:分别为TM6SF2 rs58542926野生型、突变型;ALT:丙氨酸转氨酶; AST:天冬氨酸转氨酶; GGT: γ-谷氨酰转氨酶; ALP:碱性磷酸酶; TBil:总胆红素; Alb:白蛋白; AFP:甲胎蛋白; FBS:空腹血糖

5.PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926与肝硬化分级的关系:将病例组伴有肝硬化的患者根据Child-Pugh评分将其分为≥7分组与<7分组,统计学结果显示,在伴肝硬化肝癌患者中,PNPLA3 rs738409 CG/GG型与CC型患者的Child-Pugh评分差异及TM6SF2 rs58542926 CT/TT型与CC型患者的Child-Pugh评分差异均无统计学意义(x2=0.163,P=0.686;x2=0.137, P=0.907)。

讨论

研究结果表明PNPLA3 rs738409与NAFLD、肝硬化、酒精性肝病患者HCC的发生具有相关性[891011]。PNPLA3 rs738409是NAFLD的独立危险因素,与脂肪肝的严重程度相关,对非肥胖患者脂肪肝的发生影响更大[8],PNPLA3 rs738409 G等位基因会增加NAFLD患者肝纤维化、肝功能异常、HCC及肝病死亡的风险[9]。同时,该基因还可以促进非肝硬化患者肝癌的发生[11]

目前,国际上关于PNPLA3 rs738409在病毒性肝炎患者肝癌形成中的作用尚无定论。一项中国汉族人群的研究结果显示,PNPLA3 rs738409在乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者HCC的形成中无促进作用[12]。另有基于亚洲人的研究结果显示PNPLA3 rs738409对于慢性丙型病毒性肝炎患者HCC形成无影响[13]。而一项基于日本东京人群的研究结果显示,PNPLA3 rs738409 SNP可能会通过加速肝细胞脂肪变性而加快丙型病毒性肝炎患者肝癌的发生[14]

Kozlitina等[15]报道了TM6SF2 rs58542926与NAFLD的相关性。近年来研究发现,该基因还会促进酒精性肝病、肝硬化及肝癌的发展[61116]。TM6SF2 rs58542926处的基因突变可以促进酒精性肝硬化患者HCC的发生[10]。之后的研究提出PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926可以明显促进非乙型、非丙型肝炎患者肝癌的发生[17]

近年来,细胞研究显示TM6SF2 rs58542926可以通过调节癌基因及抑癌基因的表达影响肝癌细胞的细胞周期,同时该基因还会促进肝癌细胞炎症因子的表达,进一步可以促进HCC的进展,为该基因促进原发性肝癌的发生提供了依据[1819]

本研究分析了PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926与原发性肝癌的相关性,结果表明,PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926与原发性肝癌的发生存在相关性。本研究为原发性肝癌的遗传因素提供了依据,但目前针对PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926与原发性肝癌发生、发展关系的研究较少。PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926如何促进原发性肝癌的发生、发展,该基因将来是否可成为原发性肝癌的生物标志物及对于靶向治疗的作用仍需大量的进一步研究。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明

邴浩:包括酝酿和设计实验,实施研究,采集数据,分析或解释数据,起草文章,对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅,统计分析;王薇:实施研究,采集数据,分析或解释数据,统计分析;李异玲:酝酿和设计实验,实施研究,采集数据,分析或解释数据,起草文章,对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅,统计分析,获取研究经费与行政、技术或材料支持、指导,支持性贡献

Funding Statement

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81570519)

Fund program: National Natural Science Foundation of China(81570519)

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