Abstract
肝纤维化是由各种病因引起的肝细胞炎症和坏死从而导致细胞外基质过度沉积的病理性变化。肝纤维化如发现和治疗不及时,将进展为肝硬化甚至肝癌。因此,肝纤维化的早期诊断和及时干预治疗对预防肝硬化与肝癌具有重要意义。近年来,肝纤维化的无创诊断仍存在一定局限性,理想的早期无创诊断方法仍是研究热点。壳多糖酶3样蛋白1(CHI3L1)属于壳多糖酶家族的成员,是由人类CHI3L1基因编码,为高度肝富集基因。CHI3L1作为一种具有细胞因子和生长因子特性的分泌性糖蛋白,在多种炎症和纤维化病程中扮演重要角色。近期的研究表明,血清CHI3L1作为新兴的生物标志物已被广泛应用于肝脏相关疾病的筛查与诊断,该文就血清CHI3L1在无创诊断肝纤维化中的作用及与肝纤维化的分期、肝硬化及原发性肝癌的关系进行综述,为临床治疗提供参考。
Keywords: 肝纤维化, 肝硬化, 生物标志物, 无创性诊断
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathological change caused by hepatocyte inflammation and necrosis due to various etiologies, leading to excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, it can progress to liver cirrhosis or even cancer if not detected and treated in a timely manner. Therefore, early-stage diagnosis and timely intervention are of great significance for the prevention of liver cirrhosis and cancer. In recent years, the non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis still has certain limitations, hence an ideal non-invasive diagnostic method for early-stage remains a research hotspot. Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) is a member of the chitinase family, encoded by the human CHI3L1 gene, which is highly expressed in the liver, playing an important role in various inflammatory and fibrotic disease processes with its secretion as a glycoprotein with cytokine and growth factor properties. Recent studies have shown that serum CHI3L1, as an emerging biomarker, has been widely used in the screening and diagnosis of liver-related diseases. This paper reviews the role of serum CHI3L1 in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis non-invasively and its relationship with the staging of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer, providing references for clinical treatment.
Keywords: Liver fibrosis, Liver cirrhosis, Biomarker, Non-invasive diagnosis
肝纤维化是由病毒、酒精(乙醇)及其他各种原因导致的肝脏慢性损伤,进而引发肝脏细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的合成与降解平衡失调,致使肝内纤维结缔组织异常沉积的病理性过程[1]。肝纤维化引起的肝硬化,已被证明是肝细胞癌的高危因素之一[2-3]。壳多糖酶3样蛋白1(chitinase-3-like protein 1,CHI3L1)作为一种具有细胞因子和生长因子特性的分泌性糖蛋白,在多种炎症和纤维化病程中扮演重要角色。肝内CHI3L1主要来源于肝巨噬细胞及肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell,HSC),在肝纤维化时高度表达,已被《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019年版)》与《肝硬化肝性脑病诊疗指南》引用[4-5]。早期肝纤维化具有可逆性。因此,肝纤维化的早期诊断和及时干预治疗对预防肝硬化与肝癌具有重要意义。目前,肝纤维化诊断的“金标准”为肝活组织检查,但肝活组织检查属于侵入性检查,存在较高的抽样误差,并且费用昂贵,患者依从性差[6]。瞬时弹性成像是另一种快速、可靠、可重复且无创的检测方法,用于评估肝纤维化并能够监测肝纤维化的进展程度。然而,肥胖、急性水肿、组织炎症和酒精(乙醇)等混杂因素都会影响肝脏硬度,从而影响瞬时弹性成像对肝纤维化的诊断效能[7]。因此,探索新的具有高灵敏度和高特异度的无创诊断肝纤维化的生物标志物是相当迫切的任务。本文就血清CHI3L1与肝纤维化的相互关系及在不同肝脏疾病中的研究进展作一综述,以期供临床诊断参考。
一、. CHI3L1的生物学特点
CHI3L1是人类CHI3L1基因编码的一种分泌型糖蛋白,属于哺乳动物几丁质酶样蛋白家族,也称几丁质酶3样蛋白1。CHI3L1最早在骨肉瘤细胞株MC63的体外培养中被发现,相对分子质量约为40×103[8]。CHI3L1属于18-糖基水解酶家族,多肽链由383个氨基酸组成,肽链的3个N端氨基酸分别是酪氨酸(Y)、赖氨酸(K)、亮氨酸(L),故又称YKL40[9]。
CHI3L1广泛表达于肝细胞、成纤维细胞、软骨细胞、肿瘤细胞、中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞等,其中以肝细胞表达最为丰富,为肝特异性或高度肝富集基因[9]。在慢性肝脏疾病中,由于促纤维化和抗纤维化机制的不平衡导致增殖、收缩和迁移的肌成纤维细胞持续激活,从而引起ECM的过量产生。在肝脏中表达的CHI3L1主要参与ECM的重构和急、慢性炎症反应,白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α可刺激血清CHI3L1表达[10]。当CHI3L1在肝脏库普弗细胞中被诱导表达后,可激活HSC,可能参与肝纤维化的形成。
在结缔组织细胞表达的CHI3L1可作为其生长因子促进细胞增殖、黏附、迁移、分化、激活及血管生成,参与各种炎症反应、先天免疫反应以及ECM重塑[11]。血清CHI3L1浓度水平的升高与某些自身免疫性疾病如类风湿性关节炎亦存在相关性[12]。CHI3L1信号转导在癌细胞生长、增殖、侵袭、转移、血管生成、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞激活和CD4+ T细胞的Th2极化中起关键作用[13]。
二、. CHI3L1参与肝纤维化发生和发展的作用机制
1.CHI3L1与HSC激活的相互关系:肝内CHI3L1主要来源于肝巨噬细胞及HSC,是成纤维细胞和HSC的生长因子,可激活HSC并促进造血干细胞分化为肌成纤维细胞,表达平滑肌肌动蛋白及细胞珠蛋白,分泌大量ECM蛋白,包括胶原纤维Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型,从而导致肝纤维化。体外研究表明,重组CHI3L1促进原代人HSC的增殖和活化,HSC是肝纤维化的主要驱动因素,进一步证明CHI3L1通过对HSC的直接影响促进肝脏纤维化生成,在衰老肝脏中CHI3L1会增加纤维化易感性[14]。
2.CHI3L1参与肝纤维化进程的关键信号通路:(1)CHI3L1激活HSC的信号通路:CHI3L1通过激活核因子-κB和促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶信号通路,促进炎症因子的释放(如肿瘤坏死因子-α、IL-6和IL-1β),加剧肝脏炎症反应[15]。炎症反应的持续存在激活HSC,导致ECM的过度沉积。CHI3L1通过结合受体[如IL-13Rα2或Th2细胞上的趋化受体同源分子(chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells,CRTH2)]激活HSC,促进其向肌成纤维细胞转化[16]。(2)CHI3L1通过CRTH2介导纤维增生:CRTH2是一种G蛋白偶联受体,已知与前列腺素D2结合并在嗜酸性粒细胞显性过敏性T辅助细胞2型炎症的发病机制中发挥重要作用[17]。激活的HSC分泌大量胶原蛋白(如Ι型和Ⅲ型胶原),导致ECM沉积和纤维化。CHI3L1通过增强转化生长因子-β信号通路,促进HSC的活化和ECM的合成[18-19]。转化生长因子-β是肝纤维化的关键调控因子,CHI3L1通过与其协同作用,进一步加剧纤维化。(3)CHI3L1通过调控血管内皮生长因子和基质金属蛋白酶,参与血管生成和组织重塑[13,20]。这一过程在肝纤维化晚期和肝硬化中尤为重要。Wnt/β连环蛋白信号通路在胚胎发育和肿瘤的发生发展、炎症反应,以及创面愈合中有重要作用[21]。CHI3L1通过调控PI3K/AKT和Wnt/β-联蛋白信号通路,影响肝细胞的凋亡和再生[7,13,16]。这些通路在肝纤维化的进展和修复中起重要作用。(4)CHI3L1作用于急性肝损伤的信号通路:研究表明,CHI3L1通过抑制T-bet/STAT3信号通路减少CD4+干扰素-γ+Th1细胞的分化从而减轻急性肝损伤的程度[22]。严重的肝损伤会发展为肝纤维化,因此该通路可能作为急性肝损伤的新治疗靶点,以达到早期预防肝纤维化的目的。
三、. CHI3L1在肝纤维化发生和发展中的诊断价值
1.血清CHI3L1在肝纤维化诊断中的应用:(1)血清CHI3L1水平可随着肝纤维化程度的进展而升高:血清CHI3L1是一种检测纤维化进展的无创指标,慢性肝病患者血清CHI3L1水平可随着纤维化程度的进展而升高[23]。研究表明CHI3L1具有诊断肝纤维化的能力。血清CHI3L1水平可以区分S2与S3/S4期肝纤维化或肝硬化,血清CHI3L1水平与Child-Pugh分级呈正相关[23-24]。透明质酸是ECM的主要成分,血清CHI3L1水平联合透明质酸水平诊断S2~S4期肝纤维化的准确性显著高于单独使用血清CHI3L1[25-26]。血清CHI3L1对HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化的诊断效力较高且对肝纤维化分期具有积极意义,与天冬氨酸转氨酶与血小板比值指数、纤维化4因子和肝脏硬度测量相比,血清CHI3L1在一定程度上是区分乙型肝炎病毒相关肝纤维化患者轻度纤维化(F0~F1)和中度纤维化(F2~F3)的最佳标志物[27-28]。(2)血清CHI3L1与其他生物标志物的联合使用可提高肝纤维化诊断效力:慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化患者血清高尔基体跨膜糖蛋白73和CHI3L1水平显著升高,与肝纤维化程度有一定的相关性,这两项指标的联合使用有利于慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化的诊断[29]。基于血清CHI3L1、甲胎蛋白和血小板3项生物标志物联合的受控衰减参数指标,对于慢性乙型肝炎相关且具有临床意义的肝纤维化具有重要的诊断价值,且该模型能够准确区分此类患者肝纤维化的不同严重等级[30]。(3)血清CHI3L1作用于肝巨噬细胞导致肝脏纤维化:CHI3L1通过抑制肝脏巨噬细胞凋亡来加剧肝纤维化进展,提示CHI3L1有望成为肝纤维化的潜在治疗靶点[23,31]。在非酒精性脂肪性肝炎小鼠模型中,CHI3L1调节巨噬细胞-HSC路径,CHI3L1可能直接刺激巨噬细胞导致HSC活化因子表达上调。在体外研究中,用重组CHI3L1刺激LX-2细胞,结果显示CHI3L1通过受体IL-13Rα2直接激活HSC,这导致肝脏中促纤维化因子的上调[32]。
2.血清CHI3L1对肝硬化失代偿的诊断预测价值:血清CHI3L1在肝纤维化分期中的研究结果证明其对中度肝纤维化的诊断价值,由此可以进一步推断CHI3L1在肝硬化中也有其诊断价值。研究表明,血清CHI3L1在肝硬化患者首次失代偿事件方面可作为事件发生的预测因子,对于代偿期肝硬化患者发生食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的风险有较好的预测价值,且在联合Child-Pugh分级后具有更高的预测价值,临床应用前景广阔[14,33]。
3.血清CHI3L1在原发性肝癌早期诊断中的价值:血清CHI3L1的表达水平在肝纤维化逐步发展为肝硬化直至肝癌的过程中逐渐上调。研究结果显示CHI3L1可能通过调节转化生长因子-β信号通路诱发肝癌,进而通过影响细胞周期促进癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移[19]。Ding等[34]通过蛋白质组学和转录组学的研究结果显示,CHI3L1在肝细胞癌组织中的表达高于癌周正常组织。He等[35]的研究表明,血清CHI3L1是接受根治性切除术的肝细胞癌患者总体生存期和无复发生存期的独立预后因素,血清CHI3L1升高患者的总体生存期和无复发生存期明显短于血清CHI3L1正常的患者。另外,对于根治性切除术后患者血清CHI3L1的连续监测可为预后诊疗提供参考。CHI3L1在肿瘤微环境中的表达通过激活促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶和AKT信号通路促进癌症转移,且CHI3L1通过作用于上皮间质转化通路促进癌细胞侵袭和转移。
四、. 小结与展望
探索更为可靠的血清学生物标志物用于早期诊断肝纤维化对于肝脏疾病的发现和监测具有重要的临床意义。近年来,血清CHI3L1相关的研究使其在肝脏疾病中的作用逐渐显现,表明血清CHI3L1与肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝癌的发生和发展存在密切的联系。血清CHI3L1在早期诊断肝纤维化中有着独特的优势,与其他血清生物标志物的联合使用可以使检测结果更好地体现患者肝纤维化的进展情况。CHI3L1在肝细胞中高度表达,通过核因子-κB和促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶信号通路加剧炎症反应,通过结合受体IL-13Rα2或CRTH2刺激HSC,促进HSC向肌成纤维细胞转化,其中CRTH2受体还可以加强纤维增生。另外,CHI3L1还可通过增强转化生长因子-β信号通路,促进HSC的活化和ECM的合成,从而加快肝纤维化的进展。在肝纤维化的发展过程中,血清CHI3L1在不同阶段均有一定的诊断价值,其参与的信号通路及机制仍未完全阐明,这将成为研究热点和方向,并有望为抗纤维化的诊断和治疗提供新的靶点。
利益冲突:
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
引用本文:
李欣娜,王波.血清壳多糖酶3样蛋白1在肝纤维化无创早期诊断中的研究进展[J].中华肝脏病杂志, 2025, 33(12):1214-1217. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20250222-00068.
Funding Statement
内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2022YFSH0069);内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2020MS08155,2025MS08080);内蒙古医科大学2023年度高等教育教学改革研究项目(NYJXGG2‑023105);内蒙古医科大学2024年教学名师和教坛新秀(NYJTXX202417);内蒙古卫生健康科技计划(2025WSJK008);内蒙古公立医院科研联合基金(2024GLLH0019)
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program Project (2022YFSH0069); Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation (2020MS08155,2025MS08080); Inner Mongolia Medical University 2023 Higher Education Teaching Reform Research Project (NYJXGG2023105); Inner Mongolia Medical University 2024 Teaching Excellence Awards (NYJTXX202417); Inner Mongolia Health Science and Technology Plan (2025WSJK008); Inner Mongolia Joint Research Fund for Public Hospitals (2024GLLH0019)
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