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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2026 Feb 20;46(2):301–315. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.02.08

基于液相色谱-质谱串联法技术的32种类固醇激素的检测方法建立及其在妊娠全周期变化应用

Development of an LC-MS/MS method for 32 steroid hormones and exploration of their gestational variations

ZHOU Qiqi 1,1, CHEN Junhe 1, NIE Chengtao 1, WANG Qian 1, XIA Fangbo 1,, ZHOU Hongwei 1,
PMCID: PMC12867651  PMID: 41633687

Abstract

Objective

To establish a highly sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based analytical method for detecting steroid hormones in human serum.

Methods

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample pretreatment. Chromatographic conditions were optimized to achieve baseline separation, and mass spectrometry parameters were adjusted to ensure accurate detection of trace amounts of hormones. After validation of the linear range, accuracy, and precision, the method was applied in detection of serum samples from normal pregnant women for analyzing dynamic variation characteristics of 32 steroid hormones during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Results

The linear range of the method was 0.001-7500 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0007 ng/mL. Both intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variation (CV) of the method were less than 10%, the spiked recovery ranged from 86.21% to 112.67%, the extraction efficiency was 85.05%-106.3%, and the matrix effects were 85.60%-113.22%. The results of detection using this method for serum steroid hormones during pregnancy revealed significant elevation of most of the hormones (such as 11-deoxycortisol, 11β-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and estriol) with the progression of pregnancy, indicating a close correlation with the development of fetal-placental function. Some hormones increased in the third trimester, possibly due to maternal adaptive regulation and maturation of fetal adrenal function.

Conclusion

The detection results using the method established in this study reveal dynamic variations of steroid hormones during pregnancy, which provides clues for further physiological and pathological studies of these hormones.

Keywords: steroid hormones, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, solid-phase extraction


类固醇激素是由性腺与肾上腺合成的胆固醇衍生而来的脂溶性化合物,胆固醇经一系列酶促反应转化为盐皮质激素、糖皮质激素、雌激素和雄激素等类固醇激素1。类固醇激素在生物体内含量极微但作用关键,广泛参与人体生长发育、生殖功能及代谢调节等生理过程23。类固醇激素水平失衡与多种内分泌疾病密切相关,准确检测对疾病诊断与治疗评估具有重要意义。

血清是评估类固醇激素的理想基质,但其中激素浓度极低(可达pg/mL级),且存在大量结构类似物及复杂基质干扰,对检测方法的灵敏度和特异性提出极高要求4,传统免疫分析法因抗体交叉反应等问题也易产生结果偏差。本研究旨在建立一种基于固相萃取(SPE)处理结合液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)的分析方法,实现血清中32种类固醇激素的同步、高灵敏检测。通过优化SPE流程有效去除基质干扰,采用13 min色谱梯度实现结构类似物的基线分离,结合稳定同位素内标与多反应监测(MRM)模式,确保方法在痕量水平下的准确性与特异性5,该方法可显著提升先天性肾上腺皮质增生症、原发性醛固酮增多症、库欣综合征等疾病的诊断精准度,并在乳腺癌疗效评估与辅助生殖技术监测中发挥重要作用6-10

类固醇激素检测方法需兼具高灵敏度与特异性。免疫分析法(如放射免疫分析法、酶联免疫吸附测定法)存在交叉反应及灵敏度局限11-17;气相色谱-质谱联用技术需衍生化处理,流程繁琐1819。LC-MS/MS技术通过液相分离与质谱定量,结合电喷雾电离(ESI)等软电离技术,实现多组分同步检测与高特异性分析20-23。该方法可避免免疫法中嗜异性抗体和生物素干扰24-28,但面临实验室间标准化挑战(偏差可达25.3%)及基质效应影响2930。前处理方法中,蛋白质沉淀法简便但净化能力有限31;SPE净化效果好且易于自动化2032-34;液液萃取能有效减弱基质效应;衍生化可提升某些激素的电离效率,但副反应较多3536

因此,本研究基于LC-MS/MS技术建立血清类固醇激素的靶向定量方法,通过优化前处理与仪器参数,进行系统方法学验证,并应用于临床样本分析,为内分泌疾病诊断提供可靠技术支撑。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 材料与试剂

甲醇、乙腈(HPLC级,Merck),正己烷(色谱纯,广东化学试剂厂),氟化铵(纯度 ≥98%,阿拉丁生化科技),蒸馏水(屈臣氏集团有限公司),牛血清白蛋白(西格玛奥德里奇贸易有限公司),PBS磷酸盐缓冲液(干粉)(北京兰杰柯科技有限公司),色谱柱Kinetex 2.6u C18,100A(Phenomenex),96孔固相萃取小柱(天津博纳艾杰尔科技有限公司)。

32种类固醇激素(睾酮、17-羟孕酮、皮质醇、11-脱氧皮质醇、21-脱氧皮质醇、脱氢表雄酮、皮质酮、21-羟孕酮、双氢睾酮、孕烯醇酮、雌酮、17α-羟孕烯醇酮、地塞米松、可的松、孕酮、雌二醇、雌三醇、褪黑素、醛固酮、肾上腺甾酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮、雄烯二酮、11β-羟-雄烯二酮、11β-羟孕酮、11β-羟-睾酮、11-酮-睾酮、18-羟基皮质酮、18-羟基皮质醇、18-氧皮质醇、表雄酮、表睾酮、雄酮)类固醇激素标准品分别购自北京曼哈格生物科技有限公司、北京索莱宝科技有限公司、上海义准生物有限公司、上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司、上海源叶生物科技有限公司和上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司、天津阿尔塔科技有限公司。激素内标包括睾酮-d 3、皮质醇-d 3、孕酮-d 9、雌二醇-d 4、雄烯二酮-d 7、醛固酮-d 8(天津阿尔塔科技有限公司)。

1.2. 实验仪器

Triple Quad™ 6500+质谱仪(SCIEX);LC-40DX3高效液相色谱仪(日本岛津);BY-R18医用离心机(北京白洋);DW-HL678D超低温冷冻储存箱(中科美菱);NDK200-2N氮吹仪(杭州米欧);VORTEX-5涡旋混匀仪器(其林贝尔);BCY9601型96孔正压提取装置(逗点生物)。

1.3. 实验样本

研究样本为45份无添加剂新鲜血清,来自45名健康孕妇志愿者。志愿者分别处于不同怀孕阶段(孕早期T1n=15;孕中期T2n=15;孕晚期T3n=15)。所有血清均采集自南方医科大学珠江医院检验医学部,经严格筛选排除溶血、黄疸及高脂血症后,用于类固醇激素的检测与分析。研究获得南方医科大学珠江医院科研伦理委员会的伦理批准和患者的书面知情同意(伦理批号:2020-KY-076-02)。

1.4. 方法

1.4.1. 标准品和内标的配制

准确称取0.0020 g的睾酮、17-羟孕酮、皮质醇、11-脱氧皮质醇、21-脱氧皮质醇、脱氢表雄酮、皮质酮、21-羟孕酮、双氢睾酮、孕烯醇酮、雌酮、17α-羟孕烯醇酮、地塞米松、可的松、孕酮、雌二醇、雌三醇、褪黑素、醛固酮、肾上腺甾酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮、雄烯二酮、11β- 羟-雄烯二酮、11β- 羟孕酮、11β-羟-睾酮、11-酮-睾酮、18-羟基皮质酮、18-羟基皮质醇、18-氧皮质醇、表雄酮、表睾酮、雄酮,分别用1 mL的纯甲醇溶解,得到2 mg/mL的标准品原液。再将32种类固醇激素标准品原液按比例进行混合,用纯甲醇进行稀释,构建了32种类固醇激素的标准曲线,浓度覆盖适用于临床的检测范围。将睾酮-d 3、皮质醇-d 3、孕酮-d 9、雌二醇-d 4、雄烯二酮-d 7、醛固酮-d 8的内标原液用纯甲醇分别稀释成浓度为1 µg/mL的单标溶液,取500 μL雌二醇-d 4单标溶液,其余5种单标溶液各100 μL得混合内标工作液以备用,使用时向每份样本中加入10 μL。所有标准溶液、工作液均保存在-80 ℃以备用。

1.4.2. 样品制备

取样本200 μL和内标工作液10 μL于1.5 mL离心管中,加入200 μL 50%甲醇水进行蛋白沉淀,用震荡器2500 r/min震荡混匀1 min,瞬时离心后加入200 μL纯水,再次震荡混匀1 min(2500 r/min),然后在4 ℃、14 000 g条件下离心20 min,使沉淀物充分离心到下层。将SPE板放置在正压提取装置下,向各孔依次加入650 μL纯甲醇、650 μL纯水进行活化;加入500 μL的样本上清液,使样本缓慢通过小柱进入废液收集板;依次加入200 μL 10%乙腈水、200 μL正己烷进行淋洗;将废液板更换为收集板,加入400 μL甲醇:乙腈1∶9混合溶液进行洗脱。随后将收集板液体转移至1.5 mL离心管进行氮吹。加入200 μL 50%乙腈进行复溶,震荡混匀5 min(2500 r/min),在4 ℃、14 000 g条件下离心10 min,取上清至内插管,装入2 mL玻璃小瓶并旋紧盖子,待上机。

1.4.3. 液相色谱、质谱条件

色谱柱采用C18 色谱柱(Kinetex 2.6 μm,100 A),柱温保持在45 ℃,进样量为10 μL。流动相A 为 0.5 mmol/L氟化铵水溶液,流动相B为甲醇,对目标化合物进行梯度洗脱(表1)。采取针泵进样的方式,配制32种类固醇激素浓度为100 ng/mL的单标溶液,单独进质谱进行全扫描,每个化合物分别在正离子模式和负离子模式下优化和确定了最佳的母离子、子离子及其对应的最佳去簇电压和碰撞能量(表2)。采用电喷雾离子源,扫描方式为MRM;分别在正、负离子模式下采集数据。正离子模式下的气帘气为30.0 psi;碰撞气:Medium;离子化电压:5500 V;离子源温度:600 ℃;喷雾气:60.0 psi;辅助加热气:60.0 psi;负离子模式:气帘气:30.0 psi;碰撞气:7.0 psi;离子化电压:-4500 V;离子源温度:600 ℃;喷雾气:60.0 psi;辅助加热气:60.0 psi。

表1.

液相洗脱程序

Tab.1 Liquid phase washing procedure

Elution time (min) A (0.5 mmol/L NH4F, %) B (Methanol, %) Flow (mL/min)
0.00 50.0 50.0 0.4
4.80 40.0 60.0 0.4
7.00 25.0 75.0 0.4
8.50 10.0 90.0 0.4
11.00 10.0 90.0 0.4
11.10 50.0 50.0 0.4
13.50 50.0 50.0 0.4
表2.

LC-MS/MS方法的质谱参数

Tab.2 Mass spectrometry parameters of LC-MS/MS method

NO. Analyte Q1 Mass (m/z) Q3 Mass (m/z) DP (V) CE (V) Retention time (min)
1 Melatonin 233.00 159.10 25 36 1.74
2 18-oxocortisol 377.00 313.10 110 27 2.13
3 18-hydroxycortisol 379.10 267.10 40 24 2.40
4 Estriol 287.10 171.00 -180 -45 2.72
5 Aldosterone 361.10 315.20 40 28 2.80
6 Cortisone 361.30 163.10 40 32 3.12
7 11β-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione 303.10 267.20 40 24 3.13
8 18-Hydroxycorticosterone 363.10 269.20 60 28 3.22
9 Adrenosterone 301.10 257.30 75 32 3.40
10 Cortisol 363.22 121.03 40 36 3.57
11 Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate 367.10 97.00 -280 -60 3.79
12 11-Ketotestosterone 303.10 121.20 40 36 3.93
13 21-Deoxycortisol 347.30 311.20 40 24 4.58
14 Dexamethasone 393.30 373.40 25 16 4.70
15 11β-Hydroxytestosterone 305.10 269.10 40 24 4.87
16 Corticosterone 347.10 329.14 80 20 4.96
17 11-Deoxycortisol 347.10 97.10 60 52 5.21
18 Androstenedione 287.40 97.00 80 28 6.38
19 Estrone 269.10 145.10 -100 -45 6.55
20 Estradiol 271.20 145.10 -40 -45 6.75
21 21-Hydroxyprogesterone 331.20 97.03 60 32 6.94
22 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone 331.20 313.10 85 24 7.10
23 Testosterone 289.24 97.30 25 28 7.25
24 17-Hydroxyprogesterone 331.15 97.10 40 28 7.56
25 Dehydroepiandrosterone 271.00 213.10 60 16 7.82
26 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 331.10 287.30 -70 -30 7.87
27 Epitestosterone 289.10 109.10 65 36 8.20
28 Epiandrosterone 291.00 273.30 40 15 8.32
29 Dihydrotestosterone 291.10 255.30 25 23 8.51
30 Androsterone 291.00 273.30 40 15 9.20
31 Pregnenolone 299.00 159.30 40 31 9.62
32 Progesterone 315.30 97.10 40 32 9.73

DP: Declustering potential; CE: Collision energy.

1.5. 方法验证

要评估该方法是否具备初步临床应用价值,需从方法检出限(LOD)、定量限(LOQ)、线性范围、精密度、正确度、精密度、萃取效率、基质效应及自动进样器稳定性多个维度对其进行系统验证37

LOD、LOQ及线性范围:LOD与LOQ分别定义为3次重复测定中信噪比(S/N)约为3和10时对应的分析物浓度。为考察方法的线性关系,通过响应值与浓度的拟合回归曲线进行评估。以32种类固醇激素的实际浓度值为横坐标(x),仪器响应值为纵坐标(y),采用线性相关系数(R²)判断标准曲线是否满足定量分析要求。

正确度与精密度验证:采用高、中、低3种不同浓度的同位素标记混合标准品进行方法学验证。通过加标回收试验评价方法的正确度,通过测定日内、日间相对标准偏差(RSD%)评价方法的精密度。回收率可接受标准为85%~115%,RSD%≤15%。日内精密度通过当日重复测定6次计算得出,日间精密度通过连续3 d重复测定计算得出。

萃取效率与基质效应验证:采用低、中、高3种浓度的同位素标记混合标准品,分别在SPE前、后加入血清样本进行分析,以结果的峰面积比较其响应差异。萃取效率(EE)和基质效应(ME)的计算公式如下:

EE(%)=(Rbefore-Rnon)/(Rafter-Rnon)×100%ME(%)=(Rafter-Rnon)/RS×100%

其中 Rbefore 为SPE前向血清中加入混合同位素标记标准品的对应峰面积;Rafter 为SPE后向血清中加入该标准品的对应峰面积;R non为未添加混合同位素标记标准品的血清样本对应峰面积;R S为混合同位素标记标准品纯溶液的对应峰面积。

自动进样器稳定性验证:以混合标准曲线最高点浓度的标准品验证自动进样器稳定性,样品于4 ℃储存72 h,并在储存期间的不同时间点各进行3次重复测定,结果以变异系数(CV)表示。

1.6. 统计学分析

数据采集使用AnalystTM 1.6.3,数据统计分析及绘图使用SPSS Statistic 22.0和GraphPad Prism 8.0。正态分布的定量资料采用均数±标准差表示,多组间定量资料比较采用方差分析;若数据不满足正态分布,采用中位数和四分位距表示;多组间比较采用Kruskal Walis H检验;P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 方法的测定性能

将混合标准品在MRM模式下通过LC-MS/MS进行分析,该方法在13.5 min内实现32种激素的基线的有效分离,其峰型和分离效果均良好(图12)。表明方法特异性、选择性良好,提高了检测的准确性和精确性。

图1.

图1

正离子模式下32种类固醇激素色谱图

Fig.1 Chromatogram of 32 steroid hormones in positive ion mode. 1: Melatonin; 2: 18-oxocortisol; 3: 18-hydroxycortisol; 5: Aldosterone; 6: Cortisone; 7: 11β-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione; 8: 18-Hydroxycorticosterone; 9: Adrenosterone; 10: Cortisol; 12: 11-Ketotestosterone; 13: 21-Deoxycortisol; 14: Dexamethasone; 15: 11β-Hydroxytestosterone; 16: Corticosterone; 17: 11-Deoxycortisol; 18: Androstenedione; 21: 21-Hydroxyprogesterone; 22: 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone; 23: Testosterone; 24: 17-Hydroxyprogesterone; 25: Dehydroepiandrosterone; 27: Epitestosterone; 28: Epiandrosterone; 29: Dihydrotestosterone; 30: Androsterone; 31: Pregnenolone; 32: Progesterone.

图2.

图2

负离子模式下32种类固醇激素色谱图

Fig.2 Chromatogram of 32 steroid hormones in negative ion mode. 4: Estriol; 11: Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; 19: Estrone; 20: Estradiol; 26: 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone.

2.2. 方法验证

2.2.1. 方法检出限、定量限及线性范围

采用MRM模式将32种类固醇激素内标峰面积与相应浓度构建了标准曲线,显示出优秀的校准线性和不错的相关系数(R 2),线性范围最低0.001 ng/mL,最高7500 ng/mL最低LOD小于0.001 ng/mL(表3)。

表3.

方法的线性方程、线性范围、相关系数、LOQ和LOD

Tab.3 Linear equations, linear ranges, correlation coefficients, LOQ, and LOD of the method

NO. Analytes Linearity LOQ (ng/mL) LOD (ng/mL)
Regression Range (ng/mL) R2
1 Melatonin y=202x-0.0483 0.005-12 0.994 0.005 0.002
2 18-Oxocortisol y=35.6x-0.0212 0.01-15 0.993 0.010 0.007
3 18-Hydroxycortisol y=5x-0.0353 0.03-30 0.997 0.030 0.020
4 Estriol y=2.54e+003x-107 0.2-300 0.999 0.200 0.070
5 Aldosterone y=41.4x-0.0763 0.007-20 0.998 0.007 0.003
6 Cortisone y=2.24x+0.00123 0.02-200 0.993 0.020 0.010
7 11β-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione y=49.7x-0.0161 0.005-10 0.996 0.005 0.003
8 18-Hydroxycorticosterone y=12x+0.00666 0.003-15 0.996 0.003 0.001
9 Adrenosterone y=0.543x+0.00285 0.05-400 0.998 0.050 0.020
10 Cortisol y=3.86x+0.00437 0.02-400 0.996 0.020 0.006
11 Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate y=1.49e+003x+108 1-7500 0.999 1.000 0.900
12 11-Ketotestosterone y=11.5x-0.00131 0.001-6 0.993 0.001 0.0007
13 21-Deoxycortisol y=4.8x-0.00272 0.003-15 0.996 0.003 0.001
14 Dexamethasone y=0.409x-0.00365 0.1-60 0.996 0.100 0.050
15 11β-Hydroxytestosterone y=1.2x-0.00209 0.01-30 0.998 0.010 0.007
16 Corticosterone y=4.65x+0.00826 0.01-30 0.998 0.010 0.007
17 11-Deoxycortisol y=0.358x+0.000234 0.01-15 0.997 0.005 0.001
18 Androstenedione y=2.14x-0.00139 0.01-30 0.997 0.007 0.003
19 Estrone y=1.55e+005x-676 0.1-900 0.997 0.100 0.050
20 Estradiol y=3.52e+004x-344 0.1-600 0.996 0.100 0.070
21 21-Hydroxyprogesterone y 2.24x+ 0.0106 0.007-20 0.992 0.007 0.003
22 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone y=1.21x+0.000691 0.02-50 0.996 0.020 0.010
23 Testosterone y=2.68x+0.0107 0.01-15 0.997 0.005 0.001
24 17-Hydroxyprogesterone y=1.21x+0.00351 0.01-100 0.995 0.010 0.006
25 Dehydroepiandrosterone y=0.338x+0.000631 0.05-100 0.993 0.050 0.020
26 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone y=5.74e+004x-846 0.1-100 0.995 0.100 0.040
27 Epitestosterone y=0.985x-0.00085 0.01-5 0.997 0.010 0.004
28 Epiandrosterone y=0.307x-0.0116 0.01-5 0.997 0.010 0.004
29 Dihydrotestosterone y=3.77x+0.000735 0.005-10 0.996 0.005 0.002
30 Androsterone y=0.938x-0.027 0.1-10 0.997 0.100 0.070
31 Pregnenolone y=0.581x+0.0466 0.1-100 0.995 0.100 0.040
32 Progesterone y=4.93x+0.00683 0.005-30 0.997 0.005 0.003

LOQ: Limit of quantitation; LOD: Limit of detection.

2.2.2. 方法正确度、精密度、萃取效率、基质效应和自动进样器稳定性验证

日内和日间变异系数(CV)的总体变化小于11.62%和12.67% ,加标回收率保持在85.05~113.3%之间;方法的萃取效率为89.28%~113.22%,基质效应为85.80%~112.28%(表4)。通过混合标准曲线最高点对自动进样器的稳定性进行验证,样品于4 ℃条件下储存72 h,并在储存期间的不同时间点分别进行3次重复测量。结果表明,混合标准品在 4 ℃下储存72 h后保持稳定,所有测量结果的CV均小于9.34%(表5)。

表5.

自动进样器的稳定性验证

Tab.5 Validation of the stability of the high-performance liquid chromatography autosampler

NO. Analytes Day 1 (n=3) Day 2 (n=3) Day 3 (n=3)
Con (ng/mL) CV (%) Con (ng/mL) CV (%) Con (ng/mL) CV (%)
1 Melatonin 12.58 4.83 11.33 -5.58 12.96 8.0
2 18-Oxocortisol 15.89 5.93 14.17 -5.53 16.02 6.8
3 18-Hydroxycortisol 28.65 -4.50 31.23 4.10 27.84 -7.20
4 Estriol 312.90 4.30 287.10 -4.30 324.60 8.20
5 Aldosterone 20.78 3.90 18.46 -7.70 21.60 8.00
6 Cortisone 96.24 -3.76 103.72 3.72 108.13 8.13
7 11β-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione 10.62 6.20 9.38 -6.20 10.80 8.00
8 18-Hydroxycorticosterone 14.18 -5.47 15.73 4.87 14.48 -3.47
9 Adrenosterone 417.2 4.30 383.6 -4.10 432.40 8.10
10 Cortisol 423.64 5.91 382.88 -4.28 414.48 3.62
11 Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 7875.00 5.00 7125 -5.00 8100.00 8.00
12 11-Ketotestosterone 6.36 6.00 5.58 -7.00 6.54 9.00
13 21-Deoxycortisol 15.89 5.93 14.17 -5.53 16.02 6.80
14 Dexamethasone 63.60 6.00 56.52 -5.80 64.80 80.00
15 11β-Hydroxytestosterone 28.65 -4.50 31.23 4.10 27.84 -7.20
16 Corticosterone 28.65 -4.50 31.23 4.10 27.84 -7.20
17 11-Deoxycortisol 14.18 -5.47 15.73 4.87 14.48 -3.47
18 Androstenedione 28.65 -4.50 31.23 4.10 27.84 -7.20
19 Estrone 943.74 4.86 862.38 -4.18 972.54 8.06
20 Estradiol 624.60 4.10 576.42 -3.93 648.54 8.09
21 21-Hydroxyprogesterone 21.83 9.15 18.38 -8.1 19.14 -4.30
22 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone 53.00 6.00 46.50 -7.00 54.50 9.00
23 Testosterone 14.05 -4.33 14.92 -0.53 15.79 5.27
24 17-Hydroxyprogesterone 107.83 5.83 92.94 -7.06 103.66 3.66
25 Dehydroepiandrosterone 94.61 -5.39 105.27 5.27 107.83 7.83
26 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 105.38 5.38 106.13 6.13 94.11 -5.89
27 Epitestosterone 5.26 5.20 4.75 -5.00 5.40 8.00
28 Epiandrosterone 5.31 6.20 4.69 -6.20 4.60 -8.00
29 Dihydrotestosterone 9.58 -4.20 10.62 6.20 9.17 -8.3
30 Androsterone 9.38 -6.20 10.62 6.20 10.80 8.00
31 Pregnenolone 103.72 3.72 94.18 -5.82 108.13 8.13
32 Progesterone 28.65 -4.50 31.23 4.10 27.84 -7.20

Con: Concentration; CV: Coefficient of variation.

graphic file with name nfykdxxb-46-2-301-g003.jpg

graphic file with name nfykdxxb-46-2-301-g004.jpg

2.3. 液相条件的优化

2.3.1. 前处理条件的优化

在使用SPE对样本前处理的步骤中,对不同组成溶液条件下的回收性能进行了测试。选取不同体积分数的乙腈(ACN)水溶液作为清洗液、选取不同配比的有机溶液作为洗脱液对添加了目标激素工作液的样本进行前处理,计算回收率。结果显示清洗液选取10%乙腈水、洗脱液选取甲醇(MeOH):乙腈(1∶9,V/V)溶液作为实验条件时,激素的回收率最佳(图34)。

图3.

图3

SPE清洗步骤的条件优化

Fig.3 Optimization of washing step conditions in SPE.

图4.

图4

SPE洗脱步骤的条件优化

Fig.4 Optimization of elution conditions in SPE.

2.3.2. 流动相条件的优化

在本实验中采用不同浓度(0.5 m、1.0、1.5 mmo/L)的氟化铵(NH4F)水溶液作为流动相A,并记录目标物的响应情况(以峰面积表示)。结果表明使用0.5 mmo/L NH4F水溶液时回收率最佳(图5)。

图5.

图5

流动相添加剂的条件优化

Fig.5 Optimization of mobile phase additive conditions.

2.4. 妊娠全周期样本的类固醇激素检测

2.4.1. 32种类固醇激素在血清基质中的分离度

采用本研究建立的LC-MS/MS分析方法检测45份临床血清样本,血清样本中各目标类固醇激素的保留时间与标准品一致,且峰型清晰,未出现明显的基质干扰峰(图6)。表明本方法能够有效排除血清基质中其他成分的干扰,初步实现对目标分析物的特异性检测和准确定量,适用于临床样本的分析。

图6.

图6

孕中期血清样本中目标类固醇激素的代表性总离子流色谱图

Fig.6 Representative total ion current chromatogram of the target steroid hormones in a second-trimester serum sample. A-D: Mass spectral peak charts with different intensity ranges, showing the chromatographic separation of target compounds in low, medium-low, medium-high, and high response intervals, respectively. 1: Melatonin; 2: 18-oxocortisol; 3: 18-hydroxycortisol; 4: Estriol; 5: Aldosterone; 6: Cortisone; 7: 11β-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione; 8: 18-Hydroxycorticosterone; 9: Adrenosterone; 10: Cortisol; 11: Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; 12: 11-Ketotestosterone; 13: 21-Deoxycortisol; 14: Dexamethasone; 15: 11β-Hydroxytestosterone; 16: Corticosterone; 17: 11-Deoxycortisol; 18: Androstenedione; 19: Estrone; 20: Estradiol; 21: 21-Hydroxyprogesterone; 22: 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone; 23: Testosterone; 24: 17-Hydroxyprogesterone; 25: Dehydroepiandrosterone; 26: 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone; 27: Epitestosterone; 28: Epiandrosterone; 29: Dihydrotestosterone; 30: Androsterone; 31: Pregnenolone; 32: Progesterone.

2.4.2. 妊娠全周期样本的类固醇激素谱分析

根据各激素在不同孕周的检测结果及其变化趋势,将其归纳为4组。第1组激素包括孕酮、11-脱氧皮质醇、11β-羟孕酮、雌三醇、21-羟孕酮、11β-羟睾酮、表睾酮、18-羟基皮质酮、17-羟孕酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮。本组激素在T3浓度呈显著升高趋势,与T1、T2比较均存在统计学差异(P<0.05),部分激素如孕酮、11-脱氧皮质醇、11β-羟孕酮、雌三醇、硫酸脱氢表雄酮在T2开始升高,与T1存在差异(P<0.05,图7)。第2组激素包括醛固酮、雄烯二酮、皮质酮、可的松、雌酮、雌二醇、21-脱氧皮质醇、皮质醇、18-氧皮质醇。本组激素在T1浓度较低,T2显著升高(P<0.05),T2、T3分别与T1比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05,图8),T2与T3相比无显著差异。第3组激素包括11-酮-睾酮、孕烯醇酮,该组激素在T1浓度较高,在T3浓度显著下降,与T1和T2比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05,图8)。其中孕烯醇酮在T2浓度与T1相比降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图9)。

图7.

图7

孕酮、11-脱氧皮质醇、11β-羟孕酮、雌三醇、21-羟孕酮、11β-羟睾酮、表睾酮、18-羟基皮质酮、17-羟孕酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮在妊娠全周期的变化趋势

Fig.7 Variations of progesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 11β-hydroxyprogesterone, estriol, 21-hydroxyprogesterone, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, epitestosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate throughout pregnancy. A: Progesterone; B: 11-Deoxycortisol; C: 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone; D: Estriol; E: 21-Hydroxyprogesterone; F: 11β-Hydroxytestosterone; G: Epitestosterone; H: 18-Hydroxycorticosterone; I: 17-Hydroxyprogesterone; J: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.T1:First trimester;T2: Second trimester;T3:Third trimester. *P<0.05 vs T1; # P<0.05 vs T2.

图8.

图8

雄烯二酮、皮质酮、可的松、雌酮、雌二醇、21-脱氧皮质醇、皮质醇、18-氧皮质醇在妊娠全周期的变化趋势

Fig.8 Trends of androstenedione, corticosterone, cortisone, estrone, estradiol, 21-deoxycortisol, cortisol and 18-hydro-xycortisol throughout pregnancy. A:Androstenedione. B: Corticosterone. C: Cortisone. D: Estrone. E: Estradiol. F: 21-Deoxycortisol. G: Cortisol. H: 18-Hydroxycortisol. *P<0.05 vs T1.

图9.

图9

11-酮-睾酮、孕烯醇酮、醛固酮在妊娠全周期的变化趋势

Fig.9 Trends of 11-ketotestosterone, pregnenolone and aldosterone throughout pregnancy. A: 11-Ketotestosterone. B: Pregnenolone. C: Aldosterone. *P<0.05 vs T1; # P<0.05 vs T2.

3. 讨论

为实现血清类固醇激素的准确测定,本研究综合探讨了相关关键改进点,样本前处理的主要改进如下:SPE的清洗步骤推荐使用10%乙腈水溶液,洗脱液推荐使用甲醇:乙腈(1∶9)的混合溶液,可有效提高目标物的回收效率。流动相A推荐采用0.5 mmol/L氟化铵水溶液,适合浓度的氟化铵添加剂可显著提升负离子模式下的离子化效率,优化色谱分离选择性与峰型38。基于本研究的液相方法推荐使用Kinetex 2.6µ C18,100A色谱柱,相比其他类型色谱柱,检测类固醇激素满足高分离度、窄峰型、适配ESI离子化的需求。

本研究实验数据表明,该方法得到的标准曲线的线性良好,其R 2>0.992;在验证的分析范围内,3个水平加标的日内精密度CV<9.00%和日间精密度CV最大9.34%。该方法的加标回收率在为86.21%~112.67%,方法的萃取效率为85.05%~106.3%,基质效应为85.60%~113.22%。

本研究通过高精度的LC-MS/MS技术系统检测小范围样本,初步描绘了妊娠全周期类固醇激素的动态变化图谱。第1组激素如孕酮、11-脱氧皮质醇、雌三醇等激素在妊娠全程呈持续上升趋势。研究报道母体中孕酮浓度的逐步上升,是胚胎着床与生长的必要条件39,间接与本研究中孕酮浓度随孕期升高的变化相印证。类似的,部分研究提出雌三醇的同步上升促进了子宫和乳腺的生长发育4041,并且雌三醇水平可作为评估胎儿健康的重要指标,其在妊娠后期显著升高是胎儿成熟度的可靠标志42。此外,11β-羟孕酮、17-羟孕酮等甾体激素是胎盘甾体合成通路的关键中间产物,通过参与糖皮质激素、盐皮质激素的合成,调节母体水盐代谢、应激反应,同时为胎儿肾上腺发育提供前体物质43。本研究中第2组激素在T2升高后维持在较高水平,雄烯二酮在妊娠中晚期维持较高水平,是促进足月分娩的关键因素44;国内外研究表明,皮质酮、可的松等糖皮质激素随孕期逐步升高,可调节母体糖脂代谢供能胎儿,且通过胎盘屏障调节避免对胎儿的不良影响44-46;雌酮、雌二醇的逐步升高能促进胎盘形成及绒毛生长分化4748;21-脱氧皮质醇水平变化可间接反映母体肾上腺皮质与胎盘代谢的协同状态,为评估胎儿生长风险提供代谢参考50。本研究第3组激素11-酮-睾酮的T3水平较T1、T2下降,可能与胎盘激素分流及母体肝、肾代谢清除率升高相关435152;T2期母体血清醛固酮较T1期升高,可能因血容量扩张需求激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统;T3期醛固酮较T2期下降,可能是孕酮对醛固酮受体的竞争性抑制增强、胎盘成熟后非血管紧张素途径刺激减弱的共同作用53- 55

本研究的主要局限性在于纳入的样本量相对有限。鉴于妊娠全周期包含多个生理阶段,类固醇激素的动态变化可能存在个体差异与阶段特异性,有限的样本量难以全面捕捉各时期激素波动的完整特征,可能在一定程度上影响对其整体变化规律揭示的充分性。

综上所述,本研究初步验证了该方法用于人体血清类固醇激素检测的可行性,所得数据可为妊娠期类固醇激素代谢研究提供参考。后续若能通过大样本数据挖掘类固醇激素谱,或可成为妊娠监测的潜在工具,为改善母婴结局提供新的技术支撑思路。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82102501)

Supported by National Science Foundation of China (82102501).

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