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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
. 2024 Jun 20;32(6):481–483. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20240409-00184

重视肝硬化“易被忽视”并发症的诊治

Pay attention to the diagnosis and treatment of "easily neglected" complications in liver cirrhosis

Xu Jinghang 1, Yu Yanyan 1, Xu Xiaoyuan 1,通信作者:
Editor: 朱 红梅
PMCID: PMC12898960  PMID: 38964887

Abstract

Managing cirrhosis complications is an important measure for improving patients' clinical outcomes. Therefore, in order to provide a complete disease assessment and comprehensive treatment, improve quality of life, and improve the prognosis for patients with cirrhosis, it is necessary to pay attention to complications such as thrombocytopenia and portal vein thrombosis in addition to common or severe complications such as ascites, esophagogastric variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. The relevant concept that an effective albumin concentration is more helpful in predicting the cirrhosis outcome is gradually being accepted; however, the detection method still needs further standardization and commercialization.

Keywords: Liver cirrhosis, Complications, Diagnosis, Treatment, Thrombocytopenia, Portal vein thrombosis, Effective albumin


肝硬化带来沉重的疾病负担:全球约有1.12亿代偿期肝硬化和1060万失代偿期肝硬化患者[1,2],我国有700万肝硬化及数亿可能发展为肝硬化的高危者[3];而代偿期和失代偿期肝硬化患者的病死率分别为普通人群的5倍和10倍[4]。改善肝硬化临床结局既要控制其病因,也要积极防治其并发症。肝硬化所致的腹水、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征和感染等并发症较常见或危急,中华医学会肝病学分会、感染病学分会、消化病学分会、消化内镜学分会等已经制定了相关指南和/或共识[5,6,7,8,9]。肝硬化“少见并发症”,如乳糜性腹水、血性腹水、肝性胸水、少见病原菌感染的自发性腹膜炎、肝硬化心肌病、门静脉性肺动脉高压、肝性脊髓病、获得性肝脑变性、肝硬化骨病、门静脉高压性胃病、门静脉高压性肠病等,应引起大家重视,《中华肝脏病杂志》曾组织专家撰稿梳理其临床诊治进展[10,11],以提高其诊治水平。除此之外,还有一些肝硬化并发症[如门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)、血小板减少症(thrombocytopenia,TCP)]和相关概念[如有效白蛋白(effective albumin,eAlb)]在临床上容易被忽视。

《中华肝脏病杂志》本期的“肝硬化临床容易忽视的并发症”重点号邀请了相关领域学者撰写了系列文章。首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院丁惠国教授、首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院谢雯教授和广州医科大学附属市八医院的关玉娟教授分别就PVT[12]、eAlb检测[13]和TCP管理[14]进行了探讨。北京大学第一医院徐京杭教授团队分析了该院肝硬化住院患者合并TCP的相关因素[15]。希望本专题有助于提高读者对该领域的兴趣并提高诊疗水平。

一、. 肝硬化PVT防治的新靶点

PVT指门静脉主干和/或其主要分支发生血栓,伴或不伴肠系膜静脉和脾静脉血栓形成[16]。PVT是肝硬化常见的并发症之一,抗凝治疗是其重要治疗措施之一[17,18],但符合抗凝治疗指征的肝硬化PVT患者常面临食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血等风险,从而使抗凝治疗受阻[19,20]。因此,肝硬化PVT的抗凝治疗时机和最佳方案仍有待优化,开发新治疗靶点有重要意义[21]。丁惠国教授团队指出,靶向肠道菌群及其代谢产物的精准干预方法显示出了一定的应用潜力[12]。

二、. eAlb水平

白蛋白具有维持胶体渗透压、转运多种小分子物质和抗炎等多种功能[22]。肝硬化(尤其是失代偿期)时因肝细胞合成减少和血液稀释等原因常见低白蛋白血症[6,23]。随着肝硬化的进展,除血浆总白蛋白水平下降外,结构及功能完整的eAlb水平也随之下降;与总白蛋白水平相比,入院时eAlb水平更能预测肝硬化急性失代偿患者的预后[24]。基于其在反映疾病严重程度和预测预后方面的优势,eAlb有望成为预测肝硬化结局的新指标,并可能成为指导人血白蛋白治疗的标志物。但目前尚缺乏简单统一的检测方法。谢雯教授团队指出,基于液相色谱串联质谱技术的白蛋白结构分析及基于电子顺磁共振技术的白蛋白功能分析技术具有较大的应用前景,期待其在及时性、便捷性、经济性和准确性等方面的进步,未来能够更好地指导肝硬化患者的诊疗[13]。

三、. 肝硬化TCP

肝硬化相关TCP是指各种病因的肝硬化患者在疾病发展过程中,因肝硬化本身或肝硬化相关治疗所致的血小板(platelet,PLT)减少,国内通常定义为PLT < 100×109/L,国外研究常定义为PLT < 150×109/L[14]。其发生机制包括:血小板生成素(thrombopoietin,TPO)生成减少,病毒、乙醇及药物引起骨髓抑制,PLT生成减少、PLT破坏增加、PLT消耗增加及PLT在脾脏内滞留所致分布异常等[25,26,27,28]。PLT减少时,肝硬化患者食管胃静脉曲张出血等风险明显增加,而且会限制患者进行肝病相关的手术及有创操作,从而影响肝硬化患者的诊疗。

在北京大学第一医院2517例住院肝硬化患者中有57%合并TCP[15],其数值尽管较既往国外研究(76%[29]和64%[30])低,但仍足以说明TCP很常见。与TCP最相关的因素是脾功能亢进。此外,女性较男性的TCP率更高、合并食管胃静脉曲张者TCP率更高。TCP影响了有创操作的开展并与不良结局相关,提示积极管理TCP的必要性[15]。

PLT还可能有助于抑制肝纤维化、促进肝细胞再生和改善肝功能[31],且有研究结果显示PLT输注后慢性肝病及肝硬化患者肝功能改善[32]。考虑到PLT制品的紧缺性和无效输注的风险,值得探讨重组人TPO[33]和TPO受体激动剂[34]等升PLT药物是否有助于改善肝硬化结局的问题。

总之,管理肝硬化患者时不仅要关注常见和危急的并发症,也不能忽视其他“少见”或非危急的并发症。临床工作中应力求为肝硬化患者提供完整的病情评估和全面的治疗,提高其生活质量,改善其预后。

作者贡献声明

徐京杭:查找文献及起草论文;于岩岩、徐小元:论文审阅和指导

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Funding Statement

基金项目:“十三五”国家科技重大专项(2017ZX10202202)

Fund program: Prominent National Science and Technology Initiatives(2017ZX10202202)

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