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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2026 Feb;40(2):321–327. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202508083

淋巴管静脉吻合术治疗继发性淋巴水肿的研究进展

Research progress of lymphaticovenous anastomosis in treatment of secondary lymphedema

Ziyi LUO 1, Shune XIAO 1,*, Chengliang DENG 1
PMCID: PMC12948513  PMID: 41730744

Abstract

Objective

To summarize the research progress on the clinical application of lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA).

Methods

A comprehensive review of previous literature on LVA was conducted, summarizing the anastomosis sites, techniques, number of anastomoses, and clinical applications, with particular emphasis on the evolution and development of LVA anastomosis sites and techniques.

Results

LVA is a bypass drainage surgery that has undergone multiple stages of development since its inception. Due to individual differences, the location, method, number of anastomoses, and clinical applications are often based on the surgeon’s experience, and there is still no unified application scenario.

Conclusion

LVA is a highly promising surgical procedure that can effectively relieve symptoms of early- and mid-stage lymphedema. With the advantages of minimal invasiveness and rapid recovery, it can serve as a first-line surgical option for lymphedema.

Keywords: Secondary lymphedema, lymphaticovenous anastomosis, anastomosis site, anastomosis technique, anastomosis number, functional lymphatic vessels


继发性淋巴水肿是一种慢性进行性疾病,主要由恶性肿瘤手术、放疗、感染、创伤、严重烧伤等因素导致淋巴回流受阻,继而引起患肢肿胀及功能障碍等。疾病早期,受损淋巴系统内的淋巴液瘀滞,进而引起局部肿胀、脂肪组织异常增生与肥大,最终导致晚期纤维化,引起患肢肿胀、疼痛和功能障碍等,严重影响患者生活质量[1]。目前全球受累患者已超过2.5亿[2]

继发性淋巴水肿的治疗主要分为保守治疗和手术治疗。早期通常采用以综合消肿疗法为主[3]的保守治疗,但随着疾病进展,单纯综合消肿治疗效果逐渐有限,往往须辅以手术治疗才能有效缓解淋巴水肿[4]。随着显微外科与影像技术的发展,淋巴静脉分流术逐渐成为继发性淋巴水肿外科治疗的常用手段。该术式是一类旁路引流手术的统称,通过将淋巴液引流至静脉来缓解继发性淋巴水肿,主要包括淋巴管静脉吻合术(lymphaticovenous anastomosis,LVA)和淋巴结静脉吻合术。其中,LVA是目前临床常用的手术方式。然而,LVA在吻合方式、部位及数量等方面仍多依赖术者个人经验,缺乏统一的操作标准。因此,本文围绕LVA的吻合方式、部位、数量及其临床应用,系统性总结其在临床实践中的优势与面临的挑战,以期为临床医生制定手术方案提供更系统的参考依据。

1. LVA的吻合部位

淋巴管静脉吻合术是一种通过将淋巴管与相邻静脉吻合,将患肢多余淋巴液引流至静脉系统,从而缓解淋巴水肿的术式。自提出以来,其吻合部位经历了从高位吻合到远端吻合、再回归高位吻合的阶段性演变,各阶段内不同理念相互交织。通过系统梳理这一演变过程,有助于更深入地把握LVA术式的理念。

LVA的起源可追溯至1962年,Jacobson和Suarez在犬模型中首次证实,通过吻合腹股沟区阻塞的淋巴管与邻近静脉可缓解肢体淋巴水肿,为该术式的临床应用奠定了理论与实践基础[5]。1969年,Yamada首次在淋巴水肿患者大腿部实施淋巴管-静脉吻合,术后3个月随访显示患肢水肿程度减少2~8 cm,但当时尚未明确提出LVA的概念[6]。直至1977年,O’Brien在研究中逐步明确将这一术式定义为LVA并进行推广。其在22例接受肘及以上部位LVA的患者中观察到约2/3患者患肢体积减小,但由于当时技术水平有限、远端淋巴管与静脉较细,吻合部位多选择高位,而高位静脉压力往往较高,导致术后静脉返流率较高[7]。1979年,朱家恺团队率先在国内开展了首例LVA[8]。2000年,Koshima等[9]将超显微外科技术引入淋巴水肿外科治疗,成功实现将0.3~0.8 mm的淋巴管与相邻皮下浅静脉吻合,使得LVA得以在前臂、踝部、小腿等肢体远端实施,有效避免了因高位吻合引起的静脉返流问题,推动LVA进入超显微时代。

尽管高位吻合存在返流率高、无法充分引流远端淋巴液等挑战,但由于其能以有限切口引流更多淋巴液,相关研究从未停止。2015年,Seki等[10]提出膝上缘切口法,指出在该部位行LVA可通过肌肉收缩促进淋巴液回流,显著改善静脉返流问题,且该区域在不同个体中均能稳定找到可用静脉,从而重新引领了LVA高位吻合理念。2025年,Chang等[11]开展的一项前瞻性队列研究进一步支持高位吻合的价值。他们比较了仅在腹股沟行高位吻合与在远端常规吻合的两组患者,发现患肢体积改善存在差异,且高位吻合组手术时间更短、切口更少,显示出良好应用前景。

LVA自提出至今,吻合部位随着技术革新不断演变。1962年—2000年以近端吻合为主;2000年—2015年转向远端吻合;2015年至今,高位吻合重新受到重视,并与低位吻合形成互补,进一步提升了手术效果。目前临床对LVA吻合部位的选择趋于多样化与个体化,不再局限于单一近端或远端,但对于高位吻合的有效性与可行性,仍需更多研究进一步验证。见表1

表 1.

Evolution of LVA anastomosis sites

LVA吻合部位演变

时间段
Period
吻合部位
Anastomosis site
优点
Advantages
缺点
Disadvantages
1962年—2000年 高位吻合 肘窝[12] 解剖结构显露,便于操作 静脉压高易返流
2000年—2015年 远端吻合 手背、手腕[2] 静脉压较高位吻合低,不易返流 解剖结构微小,操作难度大
足背、近踝[13]
2015年至今 远端+高位 腹股沟[11] 引流区域大,效率高 解剖结构深在,操作难度大;易阻塞
Seki point[10] 解剖固定且不易发生返流 淋巴管的检测困难
多点吻合[14-15] 多点引流,可跨过阻塞区 手术时间长,操作难度大

2. LVA的吻合方式

尽管目前临床存在多种吻合方式,但具体实施多依赖医生术前与术中的个体化评估。探讨各吻合方式的优劣及适用情况,有助于深化对LVA术式的理解与把握,从而更精准地实施个体化LVA。在LVA中,吻合方式的选择是决定手术成功率和远期疗效的关键因素。不同吻合方式在技术操作、解剖适应性及流体力学特性上存在显著差异,直接影响术后淋巴液能否持续、有效地引流至静脉系统。选择合适的吻合方式能最大限度提升手术效果,通过有限的吻合口实现更优的引流效果。

目前常用的淋巴静脉吻合方式包括端端吻合(end to end anastomosis,E-E)、端侧吻合(end-to-side anastomosis,E-S)[16]、侧端吻合(side-to-end anastomosis,S-E)[17-18]和侧侧吻合(side-to-side anastomosis,S-S)[19-20]。其中,E-E吻合因操作相对简单、技术难度低,是临床目前应用最广泛的方式,但其术后远期易发生返流,即静脉血逆流入淋巴管。正常情况下,淋巴管与静脉内的瓣膜可防止液体回流[21],但随着淋巴水肿进展,淋巴管扩张、瓣膜功能发生障碍,淋巴液则会发生返流[22]。为改善返流,Chen等[23]提出了“章鱼吻合”,通过将多根淋巴管吻合至同一静脉,以增加顺向流速,但该方式易发生吻合口瘘。在此基础上,有研究进一步将“文丘里效应”应用于S-E吻合,以优化引流效率。S-E吻合因引流效率高被认为是最具潜力的吻合方式之一[1824],文丘里效应则是利用流体力学原理,通过压力差促使淋巴液更顺畅地流入静脉。2024年,Cho等[25]的回顾性研究表明,采用文丘里效应的S-E吻合在术后3个月内具有更高的引流效率。此外,还有π型吻合[26]、λ型吻合[27]等多种改良术式,许多日本学者亦提出了“梯形吻合”[19]、“钻石吻合”[28]、改良的λ吻合[29]等改良方式。这些改良方式的本质均在于改善返流、提升引流效率,并更好地适应个体差异。需指出的是,各吻合方式并非相互排斥,同一切口内也可结合多种方式进行吻合。例如Matsutani等[30]曾在1例切口内同时实施4种吻合方式的“全明星”吻合,但其有效性与可行性仍需大样本研究验证。

尽管众多吻合方式为术者和患者提供了更多选择,但它们各有优劣。其选择主要取决于淋巴管与静脉的口径差异以及二者之间的距离[16]。Bianchi等[31]对 232例患者共完成1 000次LVA,E-E吻合是最理想的方式,它能有效减少术后返流发生率,而S-E和S-S吻合由于较高的返流风险已逐渐不再使用,具体如何选择最适宜的吻合方式目前尚缺乏统一标准。本文通过对当前主流LVA吻合方式进行比较分析,探讨各自的优势与潜在不足,以期为临床实践提供参考。见表2

表 2.

Advantages, disadvantages, and indications of different LVA anastomosis techniques

LVA各吻合方式的优劣及适用情况

吻合方式
Anastomosis technique
优点
Advantages
缺点
Disadvantages
适用情况
Indications
E-E[32] 手术操作相对简单 淋巴管必须与静脉口径相近;只能引流远端淋巴液 淋巴管口径与静脉相近
E-S[33] 允许多根淋巴管汇入同一根静脉且口径无需相似 只能引流远端淋巴液;相对于E-E吻合来说技术要求更高 淋巴管口径小于静脉口径
S-E[34] 淋巴管与静脉口径无需相似;引流效率高,可同时引流近端和远端淋巴液 相对于E-E吻合来说技术要求更高 淋巴管口径大于静脉口径
S-S[32] 通过单个吻合口可以实现顺流和逆流 相对于E-E吻合来说技术要求更高;淋巴管与静脉必须相邻 淋巴管未纤维化;管径、距离匹配理想
章鱼吻合[23] 允许多根淋巴管汇入同一根静脉,引流效率高 易发生淋巴吻合口瘘;易发生堵塞,
远期通畅率低
可用静脉较少但淋巴管较多
π型吻合[26] 左右淋巴管独立,堵塞风险低 操作难度大;解剖位置受限 同“章鱼吻合”
λ型吻合[27] 引流效率高 同E-E吻合 早中期淋巴水肿患者
文丘里吻合[25] 引流效率较S-E更高 适宜静脉较难寻找 同S-E
“全明星”吻合[30] 灵活适应吻合口状况 需同时多种吻合术,技术要求高 单一吻合方式引流效果不佳时
梯形吻合[19] 引流效率高 疗效难以确定 特殊吻合口状况:3根淋巴管+1根静脉
钻石吻合[28] 有效改善传统S-S所致的吻合口狭窄 研究较少,长期疗效不确定 特殊吻合口状况:淋巴管与血管横纵交叉

3. LVA的吻合数量

淋巴管与静脉的吻合数量是LVA手术的重要部分,目前文献报道的淋巴管静脉吻合数量为1~18根,但由于个体差异等因素,具体吻合数量尚未形成统一标准,学界观点也存在分歧。Mihara等[14]认为吻合数量越多越好,因为LVA的目标在于引流过多的淋巴液,吻合口增多可提升引流效率。Bianchi等[31]也认为在淋巴管质量不高的情况下,适当增加吻合数量能提高引流量。然而,也有研究表明,过多的吻合数量并未进一步改善LVA疗效,吻合质量才是影响疗效的决定性因素[33]。吻合数量的确定受多种因素影响,包括疾病分期、可用淋巴管与静脉的数量、术者经验以及患者的依从性等。这些因素的复杂性导致吻合数量缺乏统一标准,临床疗效亦不一致。本文通过总结不同吻合数量的优劣,旨在为临床实践中合理把握吻合口数量提供参考,从而进一步提升LVA的治疗效果。见表3

表 3.

Advantages and disadvantages of different LVA anastomosis numbers

LVA各吻合数量的优劣

吻合数量
Anastomosis number
优点
Advantages
缺点
Disadvantages
1~5[10] 手术时间短,创伤小 引流效率相对较低
6~10[35] 临床最常见;手术时间、创伤与收益相匹配 手术时间长,依赖术者经验
11~15[36] 引流路径多,不易阻塞 手术时间长,创伤较大
>15[36] 理论上引流效率高 手术时间、创伤与收益不匹配;创伤大;疗效尚不确定

4. 功能性淋巴管的识别

LVA的成功开展依赖于对具备有效淋巴液运输功能的淋巴管的准确识别[37]。在淋巴水肿进展过程中,淋巴管会逐渐发生扩张、阻塞、塌陷及纤维化,其功能随之下降甚至丧失运输淋巴液的能力。若吻合引流功能差的淋巴管,易导致LVA术后返流问题,因此术前与术中淋巴管功能评估至关重要。目前临床常用的识别功能性淋巴管的方法包括吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green,ICG)近红外荧光淋巴显像和超声等影像学方法。

4.1. ICG近红外荧光淋巴显像

近红外荧光淋巴显像是一种实时动态淋巴成像技术,通过注射ICG并结合近红外摄像头观察皮下1~2 cm深度的淋巴管[38-39]。该技术广泛用于LVA术前的初步评估、术中定位、术后通畅性检查及远期随访,已成为临床识别功能性淋巴管最常用的方法[40]

ICG最初由Kodak研究实验室于1955年发现,2007年由Unno等首次应用于继发性淋巴水肿患者的淋巴管评估[41-42]。ICG注射部位通常选择肢体远端,即淋巴液回流的起始部位,注射后即刻及2~72 h需进行观察。显像模式可分为线性与真皮返流模式[40],后者又包括网状、飞溅型、星尘型和弥漫型。飞溅型的表现介于线性和星尘型之间,呈现为线条断裂、扭曲并向周围飞溅的图像,常见于早期淋巴水肿患者;星尘型表现为细小、点状、颗粒状的亮点,无明显管状结构,常见于中期淋巴水肿患者;弥漫型呈现大片雾化样图案,常见于晚期淋巴水肿患者。注射ICG后即刻只能观察到线性或网状图案,随后网状图案会在2~72 h后转变为飞溅型、星尘型和弥漫型图案[43]。既往认为只有ICG增强的淋巴管才是功能性淋巴管,但2018年Yang等[44]提出ICG未增强的淋巴管也可能具有功能,ICG增强不能作为评价淋巴管功能的唯一指标,因为一些淋巴管虽然ICG未增强,但在显微镜下可以直接观察到淋巴液流动,这些淋巴管也同样具有功能性,这增加了LVA可选淋巴管的范围。然而,该技术探测深度有限,对晚期真皮返流严重的患者识别功能性淋巴管困难[45],且不适用于碘过敏者。

4.2. 超声

超声可无创探测皮下1 cm范围内的淋巴管与静脉[46],尤其适用于ICG成像下真皮返流现象严重的患者或碘过敏患者。超声技术包括高频超声(conventional high-frequency ultrasound,CHFUS)、超高频超声(ultra high-frequency ultrasound,UHFUS)和增强对比超声(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)。CHFUS下淋巴管呈间质均匀的低回声样镜面畸形图像,需与圆形的血管和椭圆形的神经鉴别;特别是对于管径<0.3 mm的淋巴管,识别不明确时可应用UHFUS,它具有更高的分辨率与清晰度,可以更精准地分辨淋巴管[47]。48 MHz和70 MHz的UHFUS能清晰地展示皮下淋巴管及静脉,可作为术前ICG识别功能性淋巴管的补充手段[35]。在LVA术中,一处切口内可以以E-S吻合的方式吻合多根淋巴管达到良好引流效果,或需选择功能最佳淋巴管,此时也可应用超声来进行选择。然而,CHFUS和UHFUS只能识别淋巴管而无法判断其功能性,此时则需应用CEUS,通过注射微泡对比剂来动态显像淋巴管,目前被广泛应用于临床[4548]。超声的应用可大大缩短寻找目标淋巴管及静脉的时间,减少手术时间,更好地识别功能性淋巴管,从而达到更好的手术效果[4749]。但超声也存在相应局限性,其学习曲线陡峭,检查结果依赖操作者经验,且对于位置较深(如距皮肤2~3 cm的上肢或大腿)的淋巴管定位效果有限,此类情况可考虑结合磁共振淋巴造影进行定位[50-51]

功能性淋巴管的识别方法多样,临床应依据患者具体情况选择个体化评估方案。目前ICG近红外荧光淋巴显像与超声为最常用手段,二者既可独立应用,亦可联合使用,术前可使用超声来定位淋巴管和静脉,术中辅以ICG来评估淋巴管的功能性,通过互补优势缩短手术时间、提升LVA成功率。

5. 总结与展望

LVA是目前临床应用最广泛的淋巴水肿外科旁路手术,其通过将多余的淋巴液引流至静脉来缓解肢体肿胀。自1962年提出以来,LVA在吻合部位、吻合方式及吻合数量等方面均经历了阶段性演变。吻合部位从高位转向低位,又再次回归高位;吻合方式从早期的E-E吻合发展出“章鱼吻合”、“λ型吻合”、“π型吻合”等多种改良术式;而吻合数量则因个体差异仍存在争议。这些演变背后反映了不同时期学者理念的交织与碰撞,系统梳理各阶段的主流思想,有助于让术者对LVA的认识与理解更加深入。此外,虽然LVA近期效果显著,但因长期返流问题,其远期效果不佳,这是LVA目前的一大局限性。

自淋巴水肿治疗进入超显微外科时代后,对手术精细度提出了更高要求,多种新兴技术开始应用于LVA领域,例如光声淋巴管成像技术、机器人技术[52]、3D数字外视屏[53]、人工智能等。光声淋巴管成像技术于2019年由Kajita和Kishi首次应用于淋巴管三维成像[54]。该技术基于“光激发、声接收”原理,能同时清晰显示淋巴管与邻近静脉的位置关系,且分辨率优于传统ICG淋巴造影。目前用于辅助淋巴水肿超显微外科手术的机器人主要有MUSA和Symani[55-56]。MUSA主要通过减少震颤和缩小运动幅度来协助术者进行精细化操作,于2020年首次用于乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿的LVA手术[57];Symani则进一步提高了吻合精度,并于2022年由Lindenblatt等首次应用于LVA[58]。3D数字外视屏逐步取代了传统手术显微镜,不仅显著改善术者体位、符合人体工学,也增强了团队协作效率,对长时间、高精度的超显微手术尤为重要[59]。人工智能在淋巴水肿的鉴别诊断中表现出显著优势,其诊断准确率可达95.5%[60]。临床有望实现术前通过人工智能与光声成像淋巴水肿患者进行精准诊断与评估,术中借助机器人及3D数字外视屏等技术辅助手术操作。在新兴技术的支持下,LVA的实施将更为精准、高效,从而为淋巴水肿患者提供更优的治疗效果。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点及其报道

作者贡献声明 肖顺娥、邓呈亮:综述构思及设计,观点形成;罗紫依:资料收集、文章构思、设计及撰写;肖顺娥:对文章内容进行批评性审阅和指导

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金资助项目(82372541、82260391、82360448、82560448);贵州省淋巴水肿基础与临床研究科技创新人才团队建设(黔科合人才CXTD[2025]051);贵州省高层次创新型人才“千”层次人才(xmrc120240201);贵州省临床医学研究中心——创面修复研究(黔科合平台LCZX[2025]005)

National Natural Science Foundation of China (82372541, 82260391, 82360448, 82560448); Guizhou Province Lymphedema Basic and Clinical Research Talent Team for Scientific and Technological Innovation (Qian Ke He Talent CXTD [2025] 051); Guizhou Province High-Level Innovative Talent “Thousand-Tier Talent” (xmrc120240201); Guizhou Province Clinical Medicine Research Center-Wound Healing Research (Qian Ke He Platform LCZX [2025] 005)

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