Skip to main content
PMC home page
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society logoLink to Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
. 1994;92:385–401.

Transgenic models of retinoblastoma: what they tell us about its cause and treatment.

D M Albert 1, A E Griep 1, P F Lambert 1, K A Howes 1, J J Windle 1, J G Lasudry 1
PMCID: PMC1298518  PMID: 7886874

Full text

PDF
387

Images in this article

388FIGURE 1
on p.388
390FIGURE 2
on p.390
392FIGURE 3 A
on p.392
392FIGURE 3 B
on p.392
392FIGURE 3 C
on p.392
393FIGURE 4 A
on p.393
393FIGURE 4 B
on p.393
393FIGURE 4 C
on p.393
393FIGURE 4 D
on p.393
394FIGURE 5
on p.394

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Albert D. M., Marcus D. M., Gallo J. P., O'Brien J. M. The antineoplastic effect of vitamin D in transgenic mice with retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Jul;33(8):2354–2364. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Albert D. M., Saulenas A. M., Cohen S. M. Verhoeff's query: is vitamin D effective against retinoblastoma? Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Apr;106(4):536–540. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1988.01060130582042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Brodeur G. M., Seeger R. C., Schwab M., Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M. Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage. Science. 1984 Jun 8;224(4653):1121–1124. doi: 10.1126/science.6719137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Clark J. W., Posner M. R., Marsella J. M., Santos A., Uskokovic M., Eil C., Lasky S. R. Effects of analogs of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 on the proliferation and differentiation of the human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, RWLeu-4. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1992;118(3):190–194. doi: 10.1007/BF01410133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Clarke A. R., Purdie C. A., Harrison D. J., Morris R. G., Bird C. C., Hooper M. L., Wyllie A. H. Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature. 1993 Apr 29;362(6423):849–852. doi: 10.1038/362849a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cohen S. M., Saulenas A. M., Sullivan C. R., Albert D. M. Further studies of the effect of vitamin D on retinoblastoma. Inhibition with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Apr;106(4):541–543. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1988.01060130587043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Colston K. W., Mackay A. G., James S. Y., Binderup L., Chander S., Coombes R. C. EB1089: a new vitamin D analogue that inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Dec 15;44(12):2273–2280. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90669-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Comings D. E. A general theory of carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Dec;70(12):3324–3328. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.12.3324. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cory S., Adams J. M. Transgenic mice and oncogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol. 1988;6:25–48. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.06.040188.000325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. DeCaprio J. A., Ludlow J. W., Figge J., Shew J. Y., Huang C. M., Lee W. H., Marsilio E., Paucha E., Livingston D. M. SV40 large tumor antigen forms a specific complex with the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Cell. 1988 Jul 15;54(2):275–283. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90559-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. DiPaolo J. A., Woodworth C. D., Popescu N. C., Notario V., Doniger J. Induction of human cervical squamous cell carcinoma by sequential transfection with human papillomavirus 16 DNA and viral Harvey ras. Oncogene. 1989 Apr;4(4):395–399. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dyson N., Howley P. M., Münger K., Harlow E. The human papilloma virus-16 E7 oncoprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science. 1989 Feb 17;243(4893):934–937. doi: 10.1126/science.2537532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dürst M., Croce C. M., Gissmann L., Schwarz E., Huebner K. Papillomavirus sequences integrate near cellular oncogenes in some cervical carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Feb;84(4):1070–1074. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.4.1070. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Friend S. H., Bernards R., Rogelj S., Weinberg R. A., Rapaport J. M., Albert D. M., Dryja T. P. A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature. 1986 Oct 16;323(6089):643–646. doi: 10.1038/323643a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Fung Y. K., Murphree A. L., T'Ang A., Qian J., Hinrichs S. H., Benedict W. F. Structural evidence for the authenticity of the human retinoblastoma gene. Science. 1987 Jun 26;236(4809):1657–1661. doi: 10.1126/science.2885916. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Goodrich D. W., Lee W. H. Abrogation by c-myc of G1 phase arrest induced by RB protein but not by p53. Nature. 1992 Nov 12;360(6400):177–179. doi: 10.1038/360177a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Griep A. E., Herber R., Jeon S., Lohse J. K., Dubielzig R. R., Lambert P. F. Tumorigenicity by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 in transgenic mice correlates with alterations in epithelial cell growth and differentiation. J Virol. 1993 Mar;67(3):1373–1384. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.3.1373-1384.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hamel P. A., Phillips R. A., Muncaster M., Gallie B. L. Speculations on the roles of RB1 in tissue-specific differentiation, tumor initiation, and tumor progression. FASEB J. 1993 Jul;7(10):846–854. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.7.10.8344484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hiebert S. W., Blake M., Azizkhan J., Nevins J. R. Role of E2F transcription factor in E1A-mediated trans activation of cellular genes. J Virol. 1991 Jul;65(7):3547–3552. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.7.3547-3552.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Howes K. A., Lasudry J. G., Albert D. M., Windle J. J. Photoreceptor cell tumors in transgenic mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Feb;35(2):342–351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Howes K. A., Ransom N., Papermaster D. S., Lasudry J. G., Albert D. M., Windle J. J. Apoptosis or retinoblastoma: alternative fates of photoreceptors expressing the HPV-16 E7 gene in the presence or absence of p53. Genes Dev. 1994 Jun 1;8(11):1300–1310. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.11.1300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hudson J. B., Bedell M. A., McCance D. J., Laiminis L. A. Immortalization and altered differentiation of human keratinocytes in vitro by the E6 and E7 open reading frames of human papillomavirus type 18. J Virol. 1990 Feb;64(2):519–526. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.519-526.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Huibregtse J. M., Scheffner M., Howley P. M. A cellular protein mediates association of p53 with the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus types 16 or 18. EMBO J. 1991 Dec;10(13):4129–4135. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04990.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Inazawa J., Abe T., Inoue K., Nishigaki H., Horiike S., Taniwaki M., Misawa S., Takino T. Simultaneous existence of double minute chromosomes and a homogeneously staining region in a retinoblastoma cell line (Y79) and amplification of N-myc at HSR. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1989 Jan;37(1):133–137. doi: 10.1016/0165-4608(89)90082-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kastan M. B., Onyekwere O., Sidransky D., Vogelstein B., Craig R. W. Participation of p53 protein in the cellular response to DNA damage. Cancer Res. 1991 Dec 1;51(23 Pt 1):6304–6311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Kastan M. B., Zhan Q., el-Deiry W. S., Carrier F., Jacks T., Walsh W. V., Plunkett B. S., Vogelstein B., Fornace A. J., Jr A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell. 1992 Nov 13;71(4):587–597. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90593-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kivelä T., Virtanen I., Marcus D. M., O'Brien J. M., Carpenter J. L., Brauner E., Tarkkanen A., Albert D. M. Neuronal and glial properties of a murine transgenic retinoblastoma model. Am J Pathol. 1991 May;138(5):1135–1148. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Knudson A. G., Jr Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Apr;68(4):820–823. doi: 10.1073/pnas.68.4.820. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lambert P. F., Pan H., Pitot H. C., Liem A., Jackson M., Griep A. E. Epidermal cancer associated with expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncogenes in the skin of transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5583–5587. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5583. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lane D. P., Crawford L. V. T antigen is bound to a host protein in SV40-transformed cells. Nature. 1979 Mar 15;278(5701):261–263. doi: 10.1038/278261a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lee W. H., Bookstein R., Hong F., Young L. J., Shew J. Y., Lee E. Y. Human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene: cloning, identification, and sequence. Science. 1987 Mar 13;235(4794):1394–1399. doi: 10.1126/science.3823889. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lee W. H., Murphree A. L., Benedict W. F. Expression and amplification of the N-myc gene in primary retinoblastoma. 1984 May 31-Jun 6Nature. 309(5967):458–460. doi: 10.1038/309458a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Linzer D. I., Levine A. J. Characterization of a 54K dalton cellular SV40 tumor antigen present in SV40-transformed cells and uninfected embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell. 1979 May;17(1):43–52. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90293-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Lowe S. W., Ruley H. E., Jacks T., Housman D. E. p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell. 1993 Sep 24;74(6):957–967. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90719-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Lowe S. W., Schmitt E. M., Smith S. W., Osborne B. A., Jacks T. p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature. 1993 Apr 29;362(6423):847–849. doi: 10.1038/362847a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Marcus D. M., Carpenter J. L., O'Brien J. M., Kivela T., Brauner E., Tarkkanen A., Virtanen I., Albert D. M. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the midbrain in a murine model of retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Feb;32(2):293–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Martinez J., Georgoff I., Martinez J., Levine A. J. Cellular localization and cell cycle regulation by a temperature-sensitive p53 protein. Genes Dev. 1991 Feb;5(2):151–159. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.2.151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Michalovitz D., Halevy O., Oren M. Conditional inhibition of transformation and of cell proliferation by a temperature-sensitive mutant of p53. Cell. 1990 Aug 24;62(4):671–680. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90113-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Naumova A., Sapienza C. The genetics of retinoblastoma, revisited. Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;54(2):264–273. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Nevins J. R. E2F: a link between the Rb tumor suppressor protein and viral oncoproteins. Science. 1992 Oct 16;258(5081):424–429. doi: 10.1126/science.1411535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. O'Brien J. M., Marcus D. M., Bernards R., Carpenter J. L., Windle J. J., Mellon P., Albert D. M. A transgenic mouse model for trilateral retinoblastoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990 Aug;108(8):1145–1151. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1990.01070100101043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. O'Brien J. M., Marcus D. M., Niffenegger A. S., Bernards R., Carpenter J. L., Windle J. J., Mellon P., Albert D. M. Trilateral retinoblastoma in transgenic mice. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1989;87:301–326. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Prosser J., Thompson A. M., Cranston G., Evans H. J. Evidence that p53 behaves as a tumour suppressor gene in sporadic breast tumours. Oncogene. 1990 Oct;5(10):1573–1579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Rustgi A. K., Dyson N., Bernards R. Amino-terminal domains of c-myc and N-myc proteins mediate binding to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature. 1991 Aug 8;352(6335):541–544. doi: 10.1038/352541a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Saulenas A. M., Cohen S. M., Key L. L., Winter C., Albert D. M. Vitamin D and retinoblastoma. The presence of receptors and inhibition of growth in vitro. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Apr;106(4):533–535. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1988.01060130579041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Scheffner M., Werness B. A., Huibregtse J. M., Levine A. J., Howley P. M. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell. 1990 Dec 21;63(6):1129–1136. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90409-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Squire J., Gallie B. L., Phillips R. A. A detailed analysis of chromosomal changes in heritable and non-heritable retinoblastoma. Hum Genet. 1985;70(4):291–301. doi: 10.1007/BF00295364. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Squire J., Goddard A. D., Canton M., Becker A., Phillips R. A., Gallie B. L. Tumour induction by the retinoblastoma mutation is independent of N-myc expression. Nature. 1986 Aug 7;322(6079):555–557. doi: 10.1038/322555a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Werness B. A., Levine A. J., Howley P. M. Association of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 E6 proteins with p53. Science. 1990 Apr 6;248(4951):76–79. doi: 10.1126/science.2157286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Whyte P., Buchkovich K. J., Horowitz J. M., Friend S. H., Raybuck M., Weinberg R. A., Harlow E. Association between an oncogene and an anti-oncogene: the adenovirus E1A proteins bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature. 1988 Jul 14;334(6178):124–129. doi: 10.1038/334124a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Windle J. J., Albert D. M., O'Brien J. M., Marcus D. M., Disteche C. M., Bernards R., Mellon P. L. Retinoblastoma in transgenic mice. Nature. 1990 Feb 15;343(6259):665–669. doi: 10.1038/343665a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. al-Ubaidi M. R., Font R. L., Quiambao A. B., Keener M. J., Liou G. I., Overbeek P. A., Baehr W. Bilateral retinal and brain tumors in transgenic mice expressing simian virus 40 large T antigen under control of the human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein promoter. J Cell Biol. 1992 Dec;119(6):1681–1687. doi: 10.1083/jcb.119.6.1681. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society are provided here courtesy of American Ophthalmological Society

RESOURCES