Skip to main content
PMC home page
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society logoLink to Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
. 1996;94:919–1028.

Visual impairment, visual functioning, and quality of life assessments in patients with glaucoma.

R K Parrish 2nd
PMCID: PMC1312116  PMID: 8981717

Abstract

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To determine the relation between visual impairment, visual functioning, and the global quality of life in patients with glaucoma. METHODS: Visual impairment, defined with the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment; visual functioning, measured with the VF-14 and the Field Test Version of the National Eye Institute-Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ); and the global quality of life, assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), were determined in 147 consecutive patients with glaucoma. RESULTS: None of the SF-36 domains demonstrated more than a weak correlation with visual impairment. The VF-14 scores were moderately correlated with visual impairment. Of the twelve NEI-VFQ scales, distance activities and vision specific dependency were moderately correlated with visual impairment. Of the twelve NEI-VFQ scales, distance activities and vision specific dependency were moderately correlated with visual field impairment; vision specific social functioning, near activities, vision specific role difficulties, general vision, vision specific mental health, color vision, and driving were modestly correlated; visual pain was weakly correlated; and two were not significantly correlated. Correcting for visual actuity weakened the strength of the correlation coefficients. CONCLUSIONS: The SF-36 is unlikely to be useful in determining visual impairment in patients with glaucoma. Based on the moderate correlation between visual field impairment and the VF-14 score, this questionnaire may be generalizable to patients with glaucoma. Several of the NEI-VFQ scales correlate with visual field impairment scores in patients with a wide range of glaucomatous damage.

Full text

PDF
1028

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aaronson N. K., Acquadro C., Alonso J., Apolone G., Bucquet D., Bullinger M., Bungay K., Fukuhara S., Gandek B., Keller S. International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. Qual Life Res. 1992 Oct;1(5):349–351. doi: 10.1007/BF00434949. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aaronson N. K., Ahmedzai S., Bergman B., Bullinger M., Cull A., Duez N. J., Filiberti A., Flechtner H., Fleishman S. B., de Haes J. C. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 Mar 3;85(5):365–376. doi: 10.1093/jnci/85.5.365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Applegate W. B., Miller S. T., Elam J. T., Freeman J. M., Wood T. O., Gettlefinger T. C. Impact of cataract surgery with lens implantation on vision and physical function in elderly patients. JAMA. 1987 Feb 27;257(8):1064–1066. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bailey I. L., Bullimore M. A. A new test for the evaluation of disability glare. Optom Vis Sci. 1991 Dec;68(12):911–917. doi: 10.1097/00006324-199112000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bailey I. L., Lovie J. E. New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1976 Nov;53(11):740–745. doi: 10.1097/00006324-197611000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baker F., Intagliata J. Quality of life in the evaluation of community support systems. Eval Program Plann. 1982;5(1):69–79. doi: 10.1016/0149-7189(82)90059-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bassett S. S., Folstein M. F. Cognitive impairment and functional disability in the absence of psychiatric diagnosis. Psychol Med. 1991 Feb;21(1):77–84. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700014677. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bergner L., Hallstrom A. P., Bergner M., Eisenberg M. S., Cobb L. A. Health status of survivors of cardiac arrest and of myocardial infarction controls. Am J Public Health. 1985 Nov;75(11):1321–1323. doi: 10.2105/ajph.75.11.1321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bergner M., Bobbitt R. A., Carter W. B., Gilson B. S. The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care. 1981 Aug;19(8):787–805. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198108000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bergner M., Bobbitt R. A., Kressel S., Pollard W. E., Gilson B. S., Morris J. R. The sickness impact profile: conceptual formulation and methodology for the development of a health status measure. Int J Health Serv. 1976;6(3):393–415. doi: 10.2190/RHE0-GGH4-410W-LA17. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bergner M., Bobbitt R. A., Pollard W. E., Martin D. P., Gilson B. S. The sickness impact profile: validation of a health status measure. Med Care. 1976 Jan;14(1):57–67. doi: 10.1097/00005650-197601000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bergner M., Hudson L. D., Conrad D. A., Patmont C. M., McDonald G. J., Perrin E. B., Gilson B. S. The cost and efficacy of home care for patients with chronic lung disease. Med Care. 1988 Jun;26(6):566–579. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198806000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bernth-Petersen P. Visual functioning in cataract patients. Methods of measuring and results. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1981 Apr;59(2):198–205. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1981.tb02979.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bloom J. R., Monterossa S. Hypertension labeling and sense of well-being. Am J Public Health. 1981 Nov;71(11):1228–1232. doi: 10.2105/ajph.71.11.1228. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Brandt J., Celentano D., Stewart W., Linet M., Folstein M. F. Personality and emotional disorder in a community sample of migraine headache sufferers. Am J Psychiatry. 1990 Mar;147(3):303–308. doi: 10.1176/ajp.147.3.303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brenner M. H., Curbow B., Javitt J. C., Legro M. W., Sommer A. Vision change and quality of life in the elderly. Response to cataract surgery and treatment of other chronic ocular conditions. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993 May;111(5):680–685. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090050114040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Browman G. P., Levine M. N., Hodson D. I., Sathya J., Russell R., Skingley P., Cripps C., Eapen L., Girard A. The Head and Neck Radiotherapy Questionnaire: a morbidity/quality-of-life instrument for clinical trials of radiation therapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1993 May;11(5):863–872. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.5.863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Canales S., Ganz P. A., Coscarelli C. A. Translation and validation of a quality of life instrument for Hispanic American cancer patients: methodological considerations. Qual Life Res. 1995 Feb;4(1):3–11. doi: 10.1007/BF00434377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Carter W. B., Bobbitt R. A., Bergner M., Gilson B. S. Validation of an interval scaling: the sickness impact profile. Health Serv Res. 1976 Winter;11(4):516–528. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Cassard S. D., Patrick D. L., Damiano A. M., Legro M. W., Tielsch J. M., Diener-West M., Schein O. D., Javitt J. C., Bass E. B., Steinberg E. P. Reproducibility and responsiveness of the VF-14. An index of functional impairment in patients with cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Dec;113(12):1508–1513. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1995.01100120038005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Cassel E. J. The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. N Engl J Med. 1982 Mar 18;306(11):639–645. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198203183061104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Cella D. F., Bonomi A. E., Lloyd S. R., Tulsky D. S., Kaplan E., Bonomi P. Reliability and validity of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung (FACT-L) quality of life instrument. Lung Cancer. 1995 Jun;12(3):199–220. doi: 10.1016/0169-5002(95)00450-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cella D. F., VonRoenn J., Lloyd S., Browder H. P. The Bristol-Myers Anorexia/Cachexia Recovery Instrument (BACRI): a brief assessment of patients' subjective response to treatment for anorexia/cachexia. Qual Life Res. 1995 Jun;4(3):221–231. doi: 10.1007/BF02260861. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Claesson M., Klarén L., Beckman C., Sjöstrand J. Glare and contrast sensitivity before and after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1994 Feb;72(1):27–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1994.tb02732.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cluff L. E. Chronic disease, function and the quality of care. J Chronic Dis. 1981;34(7):299–304. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(81)90067-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Cook D. J., Guyatt G. H., Juniper E., Griffith L., McIlroy W., Willan A., Jaeschke R., Epstein R. Interviewer versus self-administered questionnaires in developing a disease-specific, health-related quality of life instrument for asthma. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993 Jun;46(6):529–534. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90125-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Croog S. H., Levine S., Testa M. A., Brown B., Bulpitt C. J., Jenkins C. D., Klerman G. L., Williams G. H. The effects of antihypertensive therapy on the quality of life. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jun 26;314(26):1657–1664. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198606263142602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. DePaulo J. R., Folstein M. F., Gordon B. Psychiatric screening on a neurological ward. Psychol Med. 1980 Feb;10(1):125–132. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700039659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Deyo R. A., Diehl A. K. Measuring physical and psychosocial function in patients with low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1983 Sep;8(6):635–642. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198309000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Deyo R. A., Inui T. S., Leininger J., Overman S. Physical and psychosocial function in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical use of a self-administered health status instrument. Arch Intern Med. 1982 May;142(5):879–882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Deyo R. A., Inui T. S., Leininger J., Overman S. Physical and psychosocial function in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical use of a self-administered health status instrument. Arch Intern Med. 1982 May;142(5):879–882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Elliott D. B., Bullimore M. A. Assessing the reliability, discriminative ability, and validity of disability glare tests. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 Jan;34(1):108–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Elliott D. B., Gilchrist J., Whitaker D. Contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity changes with three types of cataract morphology: are these techniques necessary in a clinical evaluation of cataract? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1989 Jan;9(1):25–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00800.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Elliott D. B., Hurst M. A. Simple clinical techniques to evaluate visual function in patients with early cataract. Optom Vis Sci. 1990 Nov;67(11):822–825. doi: 10.1097/00006324-199011000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Elliott D. B., Hurst M. A., Weatherill J. Comparing clinical tests of visual function in cataract with the patient's perceived visual disability. Eye (Lond) 1990;4(Pt 5):712–717. doi: 10.1038/eye.1990.100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Ellwood P. M. Shattuck lecture--outcomes management. A technology of patient experience. N Engl J Med. 1988 Jun 9;318(23):1549–1556. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198806093182327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Esterman B. Functional scoring of the binocular field. Ophthalmology. 1982 Nov;89(11):1226–1234. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(82)34647-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Esterman B. Grid for scoring visual fields. I. Tangent screen. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967 Jun;77(6):780–786. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1967.00980020782012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Esterman B. Grid for scoring visual fields. II. Perimeter. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968 Apr;79(4):400–406. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1968.03850040402007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Eypasch E., Williams J. I., Wood-Dauphinee S., Ure B. M., Schmülling C., Neugebauer E., Troidl H. Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index: development, validation and application of a new instrument. Br J Surg. 1995 Feb;82(2):216–222. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800820229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Flanagan J. C. Measurement of quality of life: current state of the art. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982 Feb;63(2):56–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Follick M. J., Smith T. W., Ahern D. K. The sickness impact profile: a global measure of disability in chronic low back pain. Pain. 1985 Jan;21(1):67–76. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(85)90078-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Geigle R., Jones S. B. Outcomes measurement: a report from the front. Inquiry. 1990 Spring;27(1):7–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Genensky S. M. Acuity measurements-- do they indicate how well a partially sighted person functions of could function? Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1976 Dec;53(12):809–812. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Goldberg D. P., Blackwell B. Psychiatric illness in general practice. A detailed study using a new method of case identification. Br Med J. 1970 May 23;1(5707):439–443. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5707.439. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Goldberg D. P., Cooper B., Eastwood M. R., Kedward H. B., Shepherd M. A standardized psychiatric interview for use in community surveys. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1970 Feb;24(1):18–23. doi: 10.1136/jech.24.1.18. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Goldberg D. P., Rickels K., Downing R., Hesbacher P. A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. Br J Psychiatry. 1976 Jul;129:61–67. doi: 10.1192/bjp.129.1.61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Golden R. R., Teresi J. A., Gurland B. J. Development of indicator scales for the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE) interview schedule. J Gerontol. 1984 Mar;39(2):138–146. doi: 10.1093/geronj/39.2.138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Hart L. G., Evans R. W. The functional status of ESRD patients as measured by the Sickness Impact Profile. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40 (Suppl 1):117S–136S. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9681(87)80041-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Hays R. D., Kallich J. D., Mapes D. L., Coons S. J., Carter W. B. Development of the kidney disease quality of life (KDQOL) instrument. Qual Life Res. 1994 Oct;3(5):329–338. doi: 10.1007/BF00451725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hirsch R. P., Nadler M. P., Miller D. Clinical performance of a disability glare tester. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Nov;102(11):1633–1636. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031323017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Holladay J. T., Prager T. C., Trujillo J., Ruiz R. S. Brightness acuity test and outdoor visual acuity in cataract patients. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1987 Jan;13(1):67–69. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(87)80016-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hunt S. M., McKenna S. P., Doward L. C. Preliminary report on the development of a disease-specific instrument for assessing quality of life of adults with growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993 Jun;128 (Suppl 2):37–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Irvine E. J. Quality of Life--rationale and methods for developing a disease-specific instrument for inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1993;199:22–27. doi: 10.3109/00365529309098351. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Javitt J. C., Brenner M. H., Curbow B., Legro M. W., Street D. A. Outcomes of cataract surgery. Improvement in visual acuity and subjective visual function after surgery in the first, second, and both eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993 May;111(5):686–691. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090050120041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. KATZ S., FORD A. B., MOSKOWITZ R. W., JACKSON B. A., JAFFE M. W. STUDIES OF ILLNESS IN THE AGED. THE INDEX OF ADL: A STANDARDIZED MEASURE OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTION. JAMA. 1963 Sep 21;185:914–919. doi: 10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Knighton R. W., Slomovic A. R., Parrish R. K., 2nd Glare measurements before and after neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985 Nov 15;100(5):708–713. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(85)90627-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Koch D. D. Glare and contrast sensitivity testing in cataract patients. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1989 Mar;15(2):158–164. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(89)80004-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Koch D. D., Jardeleza T. L., Emery J. M., Franklin D. Glare following posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1986 Sep;12(5):480–484. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(86)80119-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Lawton M. P., Brody E. M. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969 Autumn;9(3):179–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. LeClaire J., Nadler M. P., Weiss S., Miller D. A new glare tester for clinical testing. Results comparing normal subjects and variously corrected aphakic patients. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982 Jan;100(1):153–158. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030030155019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Legro M. W. Quality of life and cataracts: a review of patient-centered studies of cataract surgery outcomes. Ophthalmic Surg. 1991 Aug;22(8):431–443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Martin L. L. Validity and reliability of a quality-of-life instrument: the chronic respiratory disease questionnaire. Clin Nurs Res. 1994 May;3(2):146–156. doi: 10.1177/105477389400300207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Masket S. Reversal of glare disability after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1989 Mar;15(2):165–168. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(89)80005-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. McDermott W. Absence of indicators of the influence of its physicians on a society's health; impact of physician care on society. Am J Med. 1981 Apr;70(4):833–843. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90540-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. McSweeny A. J., Grant I., Heaton R. K., Adams K. M., Timms R. M. Life quality of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1982 Mar;142(3):473–478. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Mills R. P., Drance S. M. Esterman disability rating in severe glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1986 Mar;93(3):371–378. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33732-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Ott C. R., Sivarajan E. S., Newton K. M., Almes M. J., Bruce R. A., Bergner M., Gilson B. S. A controlled randomized study of early cardiac rehabilitation: the Sickness Impact Profile as an assessment tool. Heart Lung. 1983 Mar;12(2):162–170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Pollard W. E., Bobbitt R. A., Bergner M., Martin D. P., Gilson B. S. The Sickness Impact Profile: reliability of a health status measure. Med Care. 1976 Feb;14(2):146–155. doi: 10.1097/00005650-197602000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Portenoy R. K., Thaler H. T., Kornblith A. B., Lepore J. M., Friedlander-Klar H., Kiyasu E., Sobel K., Coyle N., Kemeny N., Norton L. The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale: an instrument for the evaluation of symptom prevalence, characteristics and distress. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(9):1326–1336. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)90182-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Prager T. C., Urso R. G., Holladay J. T., Stewart R. H. Glare testing in cataract patients: instrument evaluation and identification of sources of methodological error. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1989 Mar;15(2):149–157. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(89)80003-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Regan D., Giaschi D. E., Fresco B. B. Measurement of glare susceptibility using low-contrast letter charts. Optom Vis Sci. 1993 Nov;70(11):969–975. doi: 10.1097/00006324-199311000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Regan D. The Charles F. Prentice Award Lecture 1990: specific tests and specific blindnesses: keys, locks, and parallel processing. Optom Vis Sci. 1991 Jul;68(7):489–512. doi: 10.1097/00006324-199107000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Reid D. T., Renwick R. M. Preliminary validation of a new instrument to measure life satisfaction in adolescents with neuromuscular disorders. Int J Rehabil Res. 1994 Jun;17(2):184–188. doi: 10.1097/00004356-199406000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Ross J. E., Bron A. J., Clarke D. D. Contrast sensitivity and visual disability in chronic simple glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984 Nov;68(11):821–827. doi: 10.1136/bjo.68.11.821. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Rowe B. H., Oxman A. D. An assessment of the sensibility of a quality-of-life instrument. Am J Emerg Med. 1993 Jul;11(4):374–380. doi: 10.1016/0735-6757(93)90171-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Rubin G. S., Roche K. B., Prasada-Rao P., Fried L. P. Visual impairment and disability in older adults. Optom Vis Sci. 1994 Dec;71(12):750–760. doi: 10.1097/00006324-199412000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Schag C. A., Ganz P. A., Heinrich R. L. CAncer Rehabilitation Evaluation System--short form (CARES-SF). A cancer specific rehabilitation and quality of life instrument. Cancer. 1991 Sep 15;68(6):1406–1413. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19910915)68:6<1406::aid-cncr2820680638>3.0.co;2-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Schein O. D., Steinberg E. P., Cassard S. D., Tielsch J. M., Javitt J. C., Sommer A. Predictors of outcome in patients who underwent cataract surgery. Ophthalmology. 1995 May;102(5):817–823. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30952-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Schipper H., Clinch J., McMurray A., Levitt M. Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients: the Functional Living Index-Cancer: development and validation. J Clin Oncol. 1984 May;2(5):472–483. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1984.2.5.472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Schroeder S. A. Outcome assessment 70 years later: are we ready? N Engl J Med. 1987 Jan 15;316(3):160–162. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198701153160309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Scott I. U., Schein O. D., West S., Bandeen-Roche K., Enger C., Folstein M. F. Functional status and quality of life measurement among ophthalmic patients. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994 Mar;112(3):329–335. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1994.01090150059023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Selby P. J., Chapman J. A., Etazadi-Amoli J., Dalley D., Boyd N. F. The development of a method for assessing the quality of life of cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 1984 Jul;50(1):13–22. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1984.134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Singerman B., Riedner E., Folstein M. Emotional disturbance in hearing clinic patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1980 Jul;137:58–62. doi: 10.1192/bjp.137.1.58. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Solomon G. D., Skobieranda F. G., Gragg L. A. Does quality of life differ among headache diagnoses? Analysis using the medical outcomes study instrument. Headache. 1994 Mar;34(3):143–147. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3403143.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Solomon G. D., Skobieranda F. G., Gragg L. A. Quality of life and well-being of headache patients: measurement by the medical outcomes study instrument. Headache. 1993 Jul-Aug;33(7):351–358. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1993.hed3307351.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Stalfelt A. M., Wadman B. Assessing quality of life in leukemia: presentation of an instrument for assessing quality of life in patients with blood malignancies. Qual Assur Health Care. 1993 Sep;5(3):201–211. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/5.3.201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Steinberg E. P., Tielsch J. M., Schein O. D., Javitt J. C., Sharkey P., Cassard S. D., Legro M. W., Diener-West M., Bass E. B., Damiano A. M. National study of cataract surgery outcomes. Variation in 4-month postoperative outcomes as reflected in multiple outcome measures. Ophthalmology. 1994 Jun;101(6):1131–1141. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31210-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Stewart A. L., Greenfield S., Hays R. D., Wells K., Rogers W. H., Berry S. D., McGlynn E. A., Ware J. E., Jr Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA. 1989 Aug 18;262(7):907–913. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Sugarbaker P. H., Barofsky I., Rosenberg S. A., Gianola F. J. Quality of life assessment of patients in extremity sarcoma clinical trials. Surgery. 1982 Jan;91(1):17–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Tarlov A. R. Shattuck lecture--the increasing supply of physicians, the changing structure of the health-services system, and the future practice of medicine. N Engl J Med. 1983 May 19;308(20):1235–1244. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198305193082028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Vickrey B. G., Hays R. D., Graber J., Rausch R., Engel J., Jr, Brook R. H. A health-related quality of life instrument for patients evaluated for epilepsy surgery. Med Care. 1992 Apr;30(4):299–319. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199204000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Wachtel T., Piette J., Mor V., Stein M., Fleishman J., Carpenter C. Quality of life in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection: measurement by the Medical Outcomes Study instrument. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Jan 15;116(2):129–137. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-116-2-129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Ware J. E., Jr, Sherbourne C. D. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992 Jun;30(6):473–483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Westheimer G. Scaling of visual acuity measurements. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979 Feb;97(2):327–330. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1979.01020010173020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Wu A. W., Rubin H. R., Mathews W. C., Ware J. E., Jr, Brysk L. T., Hardy W. D., Bozzette S. A., Spector S. A., Richman D. D. A health status questionnaire using 30 items from the Medical Outcomes Study. Preliminary validation in persons with early HIV infection. Med Care. 1991 Aug;29(8):786–798. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199108000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society are provided here courtesy of American Ophthalmological Society

RESOURCES