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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
. 2026 Apr 20;34(4):392–399. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20250902-00361

肝细胞癌免疫治疗应答不佳、耐药机制及其影响因素研究进展

Research progress on poor response, resistance mechanisms, and influencing factors of immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Huang Meng 1, Zhang Fenna 1, Gong Huan 1, Liu Chengcheng 1, Zhao Tingting 1, He Na 1,通信作者:
Editor: 朱 红梅
PMCID: PMC13153949  PMID: 42036237

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors offer hope for patients with advanced- stage HCC, the objective response rate remains only 15% to 30%, mainly due to primary or secondary drug resistance. This article systematically reviews the potential mechanisms and influencing factors of poor immunotherapy responses in HCC, aiming to provide theoretical reference for an in-depth understanding of primary non-response, secondary drug resistance, or immunotherapy resistance and the development of personalized treatment strategies.

Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Immunotherapy, Resistance, Tumor microenvironment


肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)占原发性肝癌的90%以上,其发病率在全球范围内持续上升,目前已成为癌症相关死亡的第4大主要原因1。由于HCC起病隐匿且缺乏早期特异性症状,约70%的患者确诊时已进展至晚期,失去根治性手术机会。值得庆幸的是,随着医学的不断进步,各种新型免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)应运而生,成为继手术、放疗、化疗、靶向治疗后,又一有效治疗手段,并且在晚期HCC治疗中展现出一定潜力2。目前临床上用于HCC治疗的免疫抑制剂主要包括针对程序性死亡受体-1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡配体-1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4)的ICIs,PD-1抑制剂如纳武利尤单克隆抗体(简称单抗)和帕博利珠单抗最初被批准用于二线治疗,而PD-L1抑制剂阿替利珠单抗与贝伐珠单抗组成的“T+A”联合方案已成为一线标准治疗;此外,CTLA-4抑制剂如伊匹木单抗和替西木单抗分别与PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂组成联合方案,进一步拓展了治疗选择3-4。然而,免疫治疗总体有效率有限,临床数据显示,ICIs单药的客观缓解率仅为15%~30%,且部分患者存在原发或继发性耐药5。这种低应答率可能与肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)免疫抑制、基因组异质性及宿主因素等多重机制相关。本文系统综述HCC免疫治疗应答不佳的潜在分子机制及其临床影响因素,以期为个体化治疗策略的开发提供理论依据。

一、. 影响HCC免疫治疗应答效果的外部因素

HCC患者对ICIs的应答差异,与一系列复杂的宿主及临床因素密切相关。这些外部因素通过调节全身免疫状态、塑造局部TME特征、并影响治疗安全窗,共同决定了免疫治疗的临床结局。病因学背景决定了肿瘤发生、发展的免疫代谢基础;患者的基础免疫状态反映了机体抗肿瘤免疫应答的启动能力;而肝脏功能储备则直接制约着治疗的安全性与可行性。

1.不同病因对HCC免疫治疗反应的影响:现有临床证据表明,不同病因学背景的HCC对ICIs的治疗反应存在显著异质性。最近的一项系统评价及荟萃分析显示6,与乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)相关肝癌患者相比,丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)相关肝癌患者的无进展生存期更长,提示HCV影响的免疫微环境可能对免疫治疗更敏感,这一现象可能与HCV和宿主免疫系统的独特相互作用有关,其相较于HBV可能更好地维持了免疫应答能力,从而增强ICIs的疗效,其具体机制仍待进一步研究。已有大量临床研究和事后分析提示,与病毒相关性HCC相比,非病毒性HCC,尤其是代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated steatotic liver disease,MASLD)相关HCC,对免疫治疗的反应和生存率显著降低7-8。此外,Han等9发现,当HBV相关性肝癌患者合并MASLD,会显著降低ICIs的疗效。随着代谢紊乱患病率的增加,MASLD已成为慢性肝病的首要病因,也是HCC发病率大幅增加的病因10,其特征性免疫功能障碍和代谢性炎症在其向HCC的演进中发挥核心作用,尤其在代谢相关脂肪性肝炎(metabolic associated steatohepatitis,MASH)阶段,免疫细胞介导的慢性炎症是疾病进展的关键驱动因素;MASH中抗肿瘤CD4+T细胞的丢失和耗竭、效应记忆细胞的减少可能会损害肿瘤免疫监视功能,降低免疫治疗的疗效11-12。进一步的机制研究发现,MASH-HCC小鼠肿瘤内CD8+T细胞运动速度和位移距离显著降低,同时伴有线粒体质量下降和糖酵解能力减弱13。二甲双胍在调节葡萄糖代谢和重编程CD8+T细胞方面的作用已得到一致认可14,Lujambio等15的研究进一步发现二甲双胍能显著提高线粒体质量并恢复T细胞运动能力,可显著提高MASH-HCC对免疫治疗的应答率。这提示二甲双胍有可能为HCC免疫治疗增效带来新的思路。然而,目前除MASLD之外,尚未在“非病毒性HCC”组中对酒精性或其他慢性肝病病因进行进一步区分,未来需基于病因学、组织学及基因型亚群进一步分层,以期为免疫治疗新策略提供依据。

2.患者基础免疫状态对肝癌免疫治疗反应的影响:TME中的免疫细胞浸润程度与免疫治疗应答密切相关,而外周免疫状态的变化可在相当程度上反映TME的动态演变。循环白细胞作为外周免疫最直接、易获取的量化指标,其数量、比例及功能活性共同构成了评估系统免疫状态的核心依据。因此,外周血中中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞等白细胞亚群的构成与变化,可能对免疫治疗的应答具有预测价值16-17。已有研究表明,在接受免疫治疗的泛癌种患者中,基线中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymp‑hocyte ratio,NLR)较高(≥3.38)与患者较短的总体生存期、无进展生存期及较低的应答率独立相关18-19。在HCC中,Liu等20发现基线中NLR和单核细胞-淋巴细胞比值(monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio,MLR)较低(NLR<3.38、MLR<0.28)与更高的疾病控制率和更长的生存期显著相关;此外,治疗早期NLR或MLR的下降与疾病控制率提高显著相关,提示NLR和MLR可作为预测HCC患者免疫治疗疗效及预后的潜在外周血生物标志物。除传统炎症指标外,外周血中T细胞免疫状态的动态变化亦具有预测价值。研究表明,PD-1+CD8+T细胞中Ki-67表达的升高与更高的客观缓解率相关,而TIGIT+CD8+T细胞的增加则与免疫相关不良事件相关;多因素分析证实,Ki-67+/PD-1+CD8+T细胞与TIGIT+/CD8+T细胞的动态变化可独立预测无进展生存期与总生存期21。此外,循环肿瘤DNA免疫相关突变负荷、外周血免疫检查点分子表达等新兴标志物也显示出潜在的预测价值,其在HCC中的验证值得进一步探索22

3. 晚期HCC患者的肝脏储备功能对免疫治疗的影响:晚期HCC患者死亡受肿瘤进展和肝脏失代偿两大风险因素影响,多数Ⅲ期临床试验将Child-Pugh B(7分及以上)或C级患者分为不适合ICIs治疗的亚组,这些患者肝脏功能严重受损,易发生免疫治疗相关的肝脏毒性及肝功能进一步恶化,从而增加治疗风险并影响生存获益23。然而,Fulgenzi等24评估了免疫治疗与最佳支持治疗对Child-Pugh B级患者的获益,结果显示,ICIs治疗改善肝功能异常HCC患者的生存。Pinato等25根据白蛋白-胆红素(the albumin-bilirubin,ALBI)分级对肝癌患者重新进行分层分析,发现ALBI分级1级患者仍能通过免疫治疗改善生存率,其中包含部分Child-Pugh B级患者,这一研究将为肝功能不全程度较高的患者使用免疫治疗提供了依据。Child-Pugh评分包含腹水、肝性脑病等门静脉高压指标与白蛋白、胆红素等合成功能指标,而ALBI分级仅包括白蛋白和胆红素,反映肝细胞合成与排泄功能。同为Child-Pugh B级患者,若失代偿主要由门静脉高压引起而合成功能尚可,其治疗耐受性与生存预后可能显著优于以合成功能障碍为主的患者。

以上结论提示在评估晚期HCC患者免疫治疗适应证时,需综合考量Child-Pugh分级和ALBI分级等精细化肝功能评估体系。

4. 多灶性肝癌对免疫治疗的影响:大约41%~75%的HCC患者初诊为多灶性肿瘤,分为肝内转移(intrahepatic metastasis,IM)或多中心发生(multicentric occurrence,MO),两种类型的多灶性HCC在生物学行为、治疗选择和预后方面存在显著差异,而不同的基因特征可能赋予其不同的免疫原性,从而导致不同的免疫应答或免疫耐受,进而影响肿瘤的演进26-27。Dong等28通过多重免疫染色和基因组分析揭示了IM和MO肿瘤的显著差异,IM型肿瘤中T细胞浸润较少、M2型巨噬细胞较多,且常伴有人类白细胞抗原杂合性缺失,导致抗原呈递功能受损,免疫编辑较弱,对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂响应较差;而MO型肿瘤则具有更高的T细胞浸润和免疫检查点分子(如PD-L1)表达,更易从ICIs中获益,该研究结果为不同肝癌患者行精准免疫治疗策略的选择提供了重要依据。

外部因素并非孤立地影响疗效,而是通过塑造肿瘤发生、发展的初始土壤,进而干预肿瘤的内在生物学行为。例如,MASLD所伴随的慢性炎症与代谢紊乱,不仅提高了HCC的发生风险,更在肿瘤形成后持续驱动免疫抑制性微环境的形成与独特的代谢重编程。

二、. 肝癌免疫治疗应答不佳的内在机制

HCC对ICIs的耐药是一个涉及多层次生物学机制、相互作用的复杂过程。当前研究主要从以下几个核心维度解析其内在机制:在TME层面,免疫抑制细胞群、基质细胞及其调控网络共同构建了限制免疫细胞功能的空间屏障和信号环境;在肿瘤细胞自身层面,基因组异质性及克隆进化赋予其逃避免疫识别的能力;在代谢层面,肿瘤细胞的代谢重编程不仅为其快速增殖提供物质能量基础,更通过代谢产物直接调控免疫细胞功能。

(一). TME

1.TME的免疫抑制特性:TME包括恶性细胞及一系列基质细胞、免疫细胞、血管、细胞外基质成分、生长因子和细胞因子等可溶性物质,为肿瘤细胞提供生存支持,通过复杂的细胞间交互驱动免疫逃逸和治疗抵抗29。在HCC中,TME免疫细胞(T细胞、B细胞及髓系细胞等)的空间分布和功能状态可能决定免疫治疗的成败。Fan等30通过空间转录组学技术解析HCC免疫微环境的异质性特征,发现HCC中存在两种截然不同的免疫浸润模式,分别为免疫激活型和免疫排斥型。免疫激活型表现为肿瘤核心区存在显著的浆细胞浸润并与表达趋化因子19的成纤维细胞共定位,形成具有三级淋巴结构特征的免疫激活簇,这类患者往往表现出良好的免疫治疗响应和生存预后;而免疫排斥型则以头蛋白-1阳性肿瘤细胞主导的免疫细胞边缘化为特征,肿瘤核心区形成免疫排斥性屏障,导致免疫治疗抵抗和不良预后。

在肝脏免疫微环境的关键调控因子中,转化生长因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)-β和白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-10具有强大的免疫抑制作用。TGF-β作为多功能细胞因子,通过抑制T细胞增殖活化、促进效应T细胞向调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)转化等机制,增强免疫耐受31。IL-10通过抑制促炎细胞因子合成、促进Tregs分化以及削弱树突状细胞抗原呈递功能,全面降低HCC的免疫监视效能32

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs)在HCC中形成免疫抑制微环境。Zhang等33的研究发现,TAMs来源的鞘脂鞘氨醇-1-磷酸水平是HCC患者预后和免疫治疗反应的临床指标,鞘脂鞘氨醇-1-磷酸代谢直接诱导线粒体氧化磷酸化,促使TAMs和Tregs呈现免疫抑制表型;同时抑制CD8+T细胞的增殖与能量代谢,并加速其耗竭。分泌性磷蛋白1(secreted phosphoprotein 1,SPP1)阳性巨噬细胞和肿瘤相关成纤维细胞组成一个肿瘤免疫屏障结构,限制了免疫细胞向肿瘤核心区的浸润,在小鼠肿瘤模型中,阻断SPP1可增强T细胞杀伤功能,显著提高PD-1阻断疗法的抗肿瘤效果34

除TAMs外,癌症相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)和肿瘤血管内皮细胞在构建物理屏障与功能性免疫排斥中也发挥着核心作用。近年来,通过单细胞与空间转录组学分析,研究者已在HCC中鉴定出多个功能特异的CAFs亚群。例如,含黄素单加氧酶2阳性表达的CAFs可通过趋化因子配体19-趋化因子受体7轴促进三级淋巴结构形成,并招募CD8+T细胞与M1样巨噬细胞,增强抗PD-1治疗效果35。相反,骨膜蛋白高表达的CAFs则通过形成物理屏障阻碍T细胞浸润,并经由IL-6/信号转导与转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)信号通路招募SPP1+巨噬细胞,共同构建免疫抑制微环境,导致免疫治疗抵抗36。研究发现,趋化因子配体12阳性肿瘤相关内皮细胞可通过分泌趋化因子配体12阻碍CD8+幼稚T细胞向细胞毒性T细胞分化,并招募髓源性抑制细胞,从而驱动免疫抑制37。靶向这些细胞亚群或其关键信号分子,与ICIs联用的方案在临床前模型中已显示出协同抗肿瘤效应38

2.TME的调节机制:N6-甲基腺嘌呤修饰是mRNA转录后最普遍最重要的修饰之一,它调节参与免疫反应的关键基因表达以及免疫细胞与肿瘤细胞之间的相互作用,直接影响肿瘤的免疫逃逸和治疗抵抗;N6-甲基腺嘌呤修饰影响免疫细胞向肿瘤部位的募集,特别是免疫抑制细胞,如巨噬细胞和Tregs,还可以调节巨噬细胞极化,促进巨噬细胞从促炎的M1型向抗炎的M2型转变,从而增强肿瘤内的免疫抑制环境,最终破坏免疫治疗的疗效39

前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)是一种蛋白水解酶,可以通过低密度脂蛋白受体依赖或非依赖的方式抑制淋巴细胞的浸润,阻碍细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的效应功能,从而加剧肿瘤的免疫抑制,阻碍免疫治疗的抗肿瘤效果40。Fang等41提出了一种碳酸钙纳米颗粒、共载阿霉素和PCSK9抑制剂的新型联合免疫疗法,通过重塑肿瘤免疫微环境、诱导免疫原性细胞死亡、靶向PCSK9,协同增强HCC的免疫应答,展现出显著的抗肿瘤潜力。

内质网相关糖基化在HCC发生、发展中的作用日益受到关注,天冬酰胺连接糖基化3(asparagine-Linked Glycosylation 3,ALG3)是参与内质网糖基化的关键酶,在肿瘤细胞存活和免疫微环境调节中发挥重要作用42。Tang等43通过整合生物信息学分析、多重免疫组化和类器官模型,发现ALG3可能通过增强Tregs细胞浸润、促进M2型巨噬细胞的募集来抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应;此外,ALG3高表达与PD-L1呈正相关,可能通过糖基化修饰影响PD-L1的稳定性或膜定位,从而间接减弱PD-1/PD-L1通路的抑制作用,促进免疫逃逸。

近期研究显示,外泌体可以通过参与细胞增殖、血管生成和免疫反应来调节HCC的发病和进展,并且还可以影响HCC中的ICIs抵抗44。例如,HCC外泌体携带的miR-23a-3p可上调巨噬细胞PD-L1表达,促进免疫逃逸45;circUHR‑F1诱导自然杀伤细胞耗竭,导致抗PD-1治疗耐药46;而circTMEM181通过吸附miR-488-3p上调巨噬细胞CD39,与肿瘤细胞CD73协同生成腺苷,抑制CD8+T细胞功能47。除了对免疫反应有直接抑制作用的外泌体外,还发现了一些TME中参与血管生成调控的外泌体(如miR210和miR-155)。有研究者提出假设,可以通过靶向这些外泌体来抑制血管内皮生长因子和其他缺氧诱导因子,以克服免疫抑制性TME引起的对ICIs的抵抗48

(二). 肿瘤异质性与免疫逃逸

1.肿瘤异质性:在ICIs的选择性作用下,对ICIs治疗有反应的关键通路发生突变的肿瘤细胞比其他ICIs治疗敏感的肿瘤细胞更容易存活49,其中干扰素-γ(interferon-gamma,IFN-γ)是最重要的一种,可以通过上调主要组织相容性复合体分子的表达来促进肿瘤抗原的提呈,还能直接抑制肿瘤细胞的生长50。IFN-γ的过度增加和持续激活可诱导HCC细胞中IFN-γ受体的下调和敏感性降低,从而促进肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸;IFN-γ还可诱导IL-10的产生,上调PD-L1的表达,促进HCC对ICIs获得性耐药的形成48

2.免疫检查点的异常表达或缺失:PD-1和PD-L1/2等靶点的低表达或不表达为靶点缺失诱导耐药,大部分PD-L1缺失的患者对ICIs治疗耐药,但仍有少数PD-L1表达阴性的患者对ICIs治疗有反应,而部分PD-L1高表达的患者对ICIs治疗无反应48。由此可见,亦存在其他因素参与ICIs治疗的耐药机制。有研究发现,其他免疫检查点如T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子-3、淋巴细胞活化基因3和具有Ig和ITIM结构域的T细胞免疫受体的表达上调与T细胞耗竭的出现和维持有关,导致HCC对PD-1抑制剂治疗的耐药性增强51

3.肿瘤细胞中特定基因和信号通路的突变:在HCC中被广泛研究的WNT/β-catenin信号通路的异常激活可以抑制树突状细胞的募集,减少T细胞浸润,抑制自然杀伤细胞活性,从而抑制ICIs的抗肿瘤作用,产生免疫抵抗52。Harding等53在接受ICIs治疗的HCC患者中进行测序,结果发现,没有WNT/β-catenin突变的患者对ICIs治疗有反应,为ICIs耐药与WNT/β-catenin突变之间的理论关联提供了重要的客观证据。HCC中STAT3信号通路的异常激活也可促进HCC的ICI抵抗,STAT3活化通过上调miR-146a表达促进TGF-β、IL-17等免疫抑制性细胞因子的产生,同时抑制I型IFN的产生和自然杀伤细胞活性,促进TME的免疫抑制状态,STAT3还可以抑制辅助性T细胞的免疫反应,促进ICIs抵抗54

(三). 肿瘤代谢重编程的影响

1.多胺代谢:代谢重编程是恶性肿瘤的标志性特征55,有报道多胺代谢是HCC肿瘤中富集的主要代谢途径,一种可被外排的修饰多胺N1-乙酰亚精胺(N1-acetylspermidine,N1-Ac-Spd)在HCC中含量增加,N1-Ac-Spd外排促进了免疫抑制性肿瘤免疫表型,并减弱了ICIs治疗的疗效。在HCC组织中,与多胺摄取相关的基因在巨噬细胞中表达最高,活化的巨噬细胞暴露于N1-Ac-Spd后,会通过趋化因子配体1趋化因子受体8轴促进M2样极化并招募Tregs细胞,最终削弱ICIs的疗效;临床数据也证实,在接受ICIs治疗的HCC患者中,血浆N1-Ac-Spd的升高与患者无进展生存期的延长呈负相关56。故靶向多胺代谢途径可能为克服免疫逃逸和增强HCC患者对免疫治疗的疗效提供新的策略。

2.糖原代谢和乳酸代谢:糖原代谢是肝癌细胞能量供应的关键途径,其异常活跃直接导致TME中的代谢竞争,抑制免疫细胞功能57。Zhang等58探索了HCC糖原代谢相关基因的全面TME图谱,发现糖原代谢型CAFs与内皮细胞之间表现出更广泛的细胞通讯,同时参与甘油磷脂代谢、甘油脂代谢、肌醇磷酸代谢、氮代谢、类固醇生物合成、硫代谢等多条代谢通路,与肿瘤细胞存在免疫抑制性相互作用,促进肿瘤发展。研究进一步发现,钙调蛋白3(calmodulin 3,CALM3)是糖原代谢相关的基因,在细胞周期和细胞质分裂的调控中具有重要作用,CALM3+ CD8+T-C1细胞群占CD8+T细胞群的大部分,与CD8+T细胞耗竭相关,故推测CALM3通过糖原代谢途径抑制CD8+T细胞从而抑制肿瘤免疫59

HCC细胞通过增强糖酵解产生大量乳酸,酸化TME并抑制免疫细胞功能。乳酸经单羧酸转运蛋白4排出细胞,直接抑制细胞毒性T淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞和树突状细胞的抗肿瘤功能,同时促进Tregs和髓源性抑制细胞的免疫抑制功能;此外,乳酸可稳定缺氧诱导因子-1α,进而上调精氨酸酶-1与血管内皮生长因子表达,驱动巨噬细胞向促肿瘤M2表型极化,形成推动肿瘤进展与免疫抑制的恶性循环60。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞中显著表达的核蛋白1(nuclear protein1,NUPR1),NUPR1的上调与M2型巨噬细胞极化增强和免疫检查点PD-L1表达增加相关,导致CD8+T细胞耗竭和对免疫治疗的反应减弱,而肿瘤来源的乳酸通过组蛋白的乳糖化作用上调巨噬细胞中NUPR1的表达,维持一个反馈回路,增强免疫抑制61

3.脂代谢:脂质代谢重编程在HCC的进展及免疫治疗抵抗中发挥关键作用62。肿瘤细胞通过下调脂肪酸降解、增强脂肪酸β氧化及类固醇激素合成等途径,促进脂质积累并重塑TME,抑制整体免疫功能60。转化酸性卷曲螺旋蛋白3是一种参与细胞周期调控和染色体稳定的重要因子,近期研究发现,该基因在免疫治疗应答不佳的HCC患者中呈现异常高表达。转化酸性卷曲螺旋蛋白3通过结合La相关蛋白1和胞质多聚腺苷酸结合蛋白1,下调酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4的表达,从而重塑多不饱和脂肪酸代谢,使CD8+T细胞失去必需的不饱和脂肪酸,直接抑制了TME中CD8+T细胞的杀伤功能;临床前研究表明,采用N-乙酰氨基半乳糖偶联的siRNA靶向沉默转化酸性卷曲螺旋蛋白3,能够有效改善CD8+T细胞的细胞毒性,并与PD-1抑制剂产生协同抗肿瘤效果63

4.氨基酸代谢:HCC中的氨基酸代谢重编程通过不同途径共同塑造免疫抑制性TME。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞中吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1活性增强,催化色氨酸转化为犬尿氨酸,犬尿氨酸可诱导T细胞死亡并促进调节性T细胞活化,从而系统性地削弱抗肿瘤免疫60。赖氨酸代谢在HCC中呈现显著下调,并与不良预后及免疫抑制微环境相关,表现为髓源性抑制细胞、调节性T细胞及耗竭型CD8+T细胞的浸润显著增加64。另外,肿瘤细胞通过高表达赖氨酸转运体溶质载体家族3成员2,竞争性摄取赖氨酸,导致T细胞内STAT3蛋白水平降低,进而抑制其增殖与效应功能;干预实验则证实,补充赖氨酸可增强肿瘤对仑伐替尼联合抗PD-1治疗的敏感性,提示靶向赖氨酸代谢具有潜在的增敏价值65

(四). 胆汁酸及肠道菌群与免疫调节

肝脏是胆汁酸合成的主要场所,胆汁酸代谢异常与HCC发生密切相关66。肝脏特异性表达的胆汁酸酰基转移酶是催化结合型胆汁酸形成的关键酶,通过调控结合型胆汁酸水平来抑制抗肿瘤免疫,异常累积的结合型胆汁酸以及肠道微生物催化形成的次级胆汁酸可通过诱导活性氧累积、线粒体功能障碍和内质网应激等多条通路,选择性抑制肿瘤特异性CD8+T细胞的存活、浸润和效应功能;通过胆汁酸酰基转移酶基因敲除或饮食补充熊去氧胆酸可重塑胆汁酸代谢谱,降低免疫抑制性胆汁酸水平,可显著增强T细胞抗肿瘤活性并提高ICIs的治疗效果67。HCC患者肠道菌群的特征性改变可能进一步加剧胆汁酸代谢紊乱,HCC患者的粪便样本中链球菌属、乳杆菌属、普雷沃菌-9、粪杆菌属和拟杆菌属显著富集,这些菌群均参与胆汁酸合成,进而增加异常胆汁酸累积,影响肝癌的免疫应答68-69,Du等70研究发现,普雷沃菌-9在ICIs无应答者中更丰富。有研究表明,益生菌可调节肠道微生物群,还通过与各种细胞类型相互作用调节肠道免疫功能,包括肠上皮细胞、树突状细胞、T细胞和B细胞,影响它们的分化、活化、增殖和分泌,使用益生菌可增强肝癌的免疫治疗效果71。另外,抗生素通过扰乱肠道菌群可产生显著的免疫调节作用72,其广谱抗菌特性会在肠道生态系统中形成选择压力,导致细菌多样性下降,并使那些对ICIs应答产生负面影响的菌种获得竞争优势73。一项针对HCC患者的研究首次评估了抗生素暴露时机与ICIs治疗效果的关系,结果显示,虽然抗生素使用与总生存期无显著相关性,但早期抗生素暴露,尤其是喹诺酮类,可延长患者的无进展生存期,并且与慢性肝病的严重程度、体能状态或HCC分期无关,这一与传统认知相悖的发现,可能与HCC特有的免疫微环境和肠-肝轴调控机制有关,值得通过更大规模的临床研究和深入的机制探讨进一步验证74

这些内在机制并非独立运作,而是构成了一个相互关联、彼此强化的耐药网络。TME的免疫抑制状态与肿瘤细胞的代谢重编程之间存在双向调控关系。免疫抑制性细胞及其分泌的因子可通过诱导缺氧、促进纤维化等方式,塑造一个营养竞争激烈、酸性增强的局部代谢环境;肿瘤细胞在这种压力下发生的代谢重编程,不仅支持自身增殖,还会产生大量乳酸等代谢产物,进一步抑制免疫细胞功能并促进免疫抑制细胞扩增(图1)。

图1. 肝细胞癌免疫治疗耐药机制示意图.

图1

注:CTLA-4为细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4;PD-1为程序性死亡蛋白1;CD8+T为CD8阳性T淋巴细胞;TGF-β为转化生长因子-β;IL-10为白细胞介素-10;Treg为调节性T淋巴细胞;HCC为肝细胞癌;PD-L1为程序性死亡配体1;CAFs为癌症相关成纤维细胞;M2 TAM为M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞;N1-Ac-Spd为N1-乙酰亚精胺;S1P为鞘氨醇-1-磷酸;ICIs为免疫检查点抑制剂

三、. 总结与展望

HCC对ICIs的治疗应答与耐药为多因素参与的复杂过程。不同病因学背景的HCC患者对免疫治疗的反应存在显著差异,其中代谢相关脂肪性肝病诱发的HCC表现出更明显的治疗抵抗。而TME中免疫抑制性细胞的异常聚集、抑制性细胞因子活化以及特殊空间屏障结构的形成共同限制了免疫细胞的抗肿瘤功能,同时,代谢重编程也可进一步加剧免疫微环境的抑制状态。此外,患者的肝功能状态、既往治疗史以及合并用药情况等都可能影响最终的免疫治疗效果。展望未来,克服HCC免疫治疗耐药需从多方面着手。在临床因素方面,需全面考虑病因、基础免疫状况、肝功能等,制定个体化免疫治疗方案;另外,可基于肠道菌群特征及胆汁酸代谢特征对患者进行提前干预,如补充益生菌或有益胆汁酸等。在机制研究层面,应重点开发靶向TME特定组分及关键代谢节点的联合疗法。构建整合基因组、外周血动态免疫标志物、代谢组及影像学的多组学预测模型,以实现患者精准分层与治疗反应的动态监测。这一综述将为理解HCC免疫治疗应答与耐药的的分子机制与影响因素提供了重要参考,也为HCC开发新型联合精准治疗策略提供了重要依据。

利益冲突

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明

黄梦, 张粉娜, 龚欢, 等. 肝细胞癌免疫治疗应答不佳、耐药机制及其影响因素研究进展[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2026, 34(4):392-399. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20250902-00361.

Funding Statement

陕西化生基础科学研究项目(22JHQ091);西安市科技计划项目(24YXYJ0209)

Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Chemistry & Biology (22JHQ091); Science and Technology Planning Project of Xi'an City (24YXYJ0209)

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