Overview of methodology and characteristics of national acute coronary syndrome registries in high-income countries: a scoping review

Justine Chan; Natalie Ward; Judith Finn; Adil Rajwani; Jing Pang; Mikhail Alexander; Khang Duong Nguyen; Jyoti Sharma; Carl Schultz; Gerald F Watts; Markus P Schlaich; Christopher M Reid; Graham S Hillis

doi:10.1093/ehjopen/oeag100

. 2026 Jun 17;6(4):oeag100. doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeag100

Overview of methodology and characteristics of national acute coronary syndrome registries in high-income countries: a scoping review

Justine Chan ^1,^2,³, Natalie Ward ^4,⁵, Judith Finn ^6,^7,^8,⁹, Adil Rajwani ^10,^11,¹², Jing Pang ^13,¹⁴, Mikhail Alexander ¹⁵, Khang Duong Nguyen ^16,¹⁷, Jyoti Sharma ^18,^19,^20,²¹, Carl Schultz ^22,²³, Gerald F Watts ^24,²⁵, Markus P Schlaich ^26,^27,²⁸, Christopher M Reid ^29,³⁰, Graham S Hillis ^31,^32,^✉,^b

¹ Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

² School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

³ Dobney Hypertension Centre, Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

⁴ Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

⁵ Dobney Hypertension Centre, Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

⁶ Prehospital Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), Curtin School of Nursing, Curtin University, Building 609, 7 Parker Place, Bentley, WA 6104, Australia

⁷ St John Western Australia, 209 Great Eastern Highway, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia

⁸ School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia

⁹ Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

¹⁰ Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

¹¹ Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

¹² Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

¹³ Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

¹⁴ Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

¹⁵ Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

¹⁶ School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

¹⁷ Interventional Cardiology Department, University Medical Center, 215 Hong Bang Street, Ward 11, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

¹⁸ Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

¹⁹ Dobney Hypertension Centre, Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

²⁰ Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa

²¹ Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory-Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag: X1, Mthatha, 5117, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

²² Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

²³ Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

²⁴ Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

²⁵ Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

²⁶ Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

²⁷ Dobney Hypertension Centre, Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

²⁸ Neurovascular Hypertension & Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia

²⁹ School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

³⁰ School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia

³¹ Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

³² Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

^✉

Corresponding author. Email: Graham.Hillis@health.wa.gov.au

Conflict of interest: None declared.

Roles

Justine Chan: Writing - review & editing

Natalie Ward: Writing - review & editing

Judith Finn: Writing - review & editing

Adil Rajwani: Writing - review & editing

Jing Pang: Writing - review & editing

Mikhail Alexander: Writing - review & editing

Khang Duong Nguyen: Writing - review & editing

Jyoti Sharma: Writing - review & editing

Carl Schultz: Writing - review & editing

Gerald F Watts: Writing - review & editing

Markus P Schlaich: Writing - review & editing

Christopher M Reid: Writing - review & editing

Graham S Hillis: Writing - review & editing

PMCID: PMC13322397 PMID: 42388334

Abstract

Aims

The role of clinical quality registries is to collect structured observational data in routine clinical practice to monitor the quality of care provided to specific patient populations. There is currently no standardized methodology of how to establish registry platforms. The objective of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the methodology and characteristics of established national acute coronary syndrome registries.

Methods and results

Three electronic databases were searched to identify national registries in high-income countries collecting routine clinical data on adult patients with suspected and/or diagnosed acute coronary syndrome. Articles published from the year 2000 onwards that described the protocol and/or quantitative results of such registries located in 25 countries with the largest gross domestic product were included. There were 24 countries with an established national registry, of which nine are currently active. Inclusion criteria varied across these registries, with a predominant focus on either a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome or myocardial infarction. The primary clinical outcomes measured were all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events during hospitalization, as well as at 30-day and/or 1 year time points. The main sources of follow-up data were hospital discharge records and administrative data.

Conclusion

Globally, acute coronary syndrome clinical quality registries share similar fundamental objectives of monitoring and improving or sustaining the highest quality of care. However, there is considerable variation in the design of national registries and better harmonization of fundamental issues, such as who is included, core data, and key outcomes, would be beneficial.

Keywords: Acute coronary syndrome, Myocardial infarction, Clinical quality registry, Quality improvement, Scoping review

Graphical Abstract

For image description, please refer to the figure legend and surrounding text.

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) being the primary contributor to premature mortality around the world.^1,2 Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are the largest subset of IHD and encompass both unstable angina (UA) and myocardial infarction (MI).^3–6 Over the past 20 years, there has been a steep decline in age-standardized mortality rates associated with ACS in high-income countries (HIC).¹ Nevertheless, survivors of ACS still have a significantly higher mortality risk than the general population.^1,2 Therefore, patient clinical quality registries (CQR) at the local, national, and/or multinational levels have been established to collect real-world observational data related to treatment, management, and outcomes^7–9 of high-risk diseases, such as ACS.^4–6

The primary purpose of disease-specific CQR is to improve health-related outcomes at both the individual and population levels.^8–10 They are also designed to explore the association between specific interventions and patient outcomes.^7–9 In many well-established ACS registries, it is evident that the scope, rationale, and objectives have been clearly defined to achieve this purpose.^11–15 Therefore, the main aim of ACS registries is to objectively measure the quality of care delivered to hospitalized patients and subsequently implement quality improvement (QI) strategies to improve short- and long-term patient outcomes.^11–15 Routine clinical information is collected and captured throughout the ACS patient journey from admission to discharge, including key variables, such as demographic data, investigations, and treatments.^11–15 As a result of successful implementation of such CQR, the global landscape of health services research and scientiﬁc research in acute cardiovascular (CV) medicine has dramatically changed in recent years.⁸

There is no international framework or guidelines for the establishment, management, and governance structure of ACS CQR, though the general characteristics of ACS registry design have been previously summarized from a global perspective.¹⁶ Therefore, the overall aim of this scoping review (ScR) is to provide an overview of the methodology of contemporary national ACS registries in HIC. Specifically, we will summarize the objectives, design, and outcome measures of these established registries to inform and improve the development of current and future ACS registries.

Methods

Protocol and registration

This review was conducted in accordance with ScR guidelines by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI)^17,18 and has been written in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRIMSA-ScR).¹⁹ The protocol for this ScR was prospectively registered with the Open Sciences Framework on 7 November 2024.²⁰

Eligibility criteria

To be included in this ScR, eligible journal articles needed to report on the methodology of CQR focusing on routine clinical data obtained from adult patients diagnosed with suspected and/or confirmed diagnosis of ACS (see Supplementary material online, Table S1). Suspected ACS was defined as signs and symptoms suggestive of an acute coronary event, and ACS is a confirmed diagnosis of UA, ST elevation MI (STEMI), or non-STEMI (NSTEMI).^3–6 The search was restricted to national CQR from 25 countries with the largest gross domestic product (GDP).²¹ The search was further limited to original articles published in peer-reviewed journals from year 2000 onwards with full-text availability in English.

Search strategy

A literature search was conducted according to predefined search strategies (see Supplementary material online, Table S2) in databases of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Embase on 7 July 2025 and updated on 22 April 2026.

Selection of sources of evidence

All journal articles identified by the search strategy were imported into Covidence. Hand searching of grey literature was also conducted to identify any potentially missing national ACS CQR not identified during the initial search. Duplicate articles were automatically removed by Covidence. Initially, a single reviewer (J.C.) screened all titles and abstracts against eligibility criteria. Duplicate records were manually removed during the screening stage. All eligible studies identified during the screening stage were then further assessed at a full-text stage by two reviewers (J.C. and N.W.). Any disagreements between the independent reviewers were resolved by discussion, and where there was ongoing disagreement or uncertainty, a third independent reviewer made the final decision (G.S.H.). If there were multiple publications for a single national CQR, only the earliest journal article describing the methodology was included. To confirm the methodology of CQR, additional contemporary journal articles were sought. The full-text articles identified at this stage were included for data extraction.

Data charting process, data items, and synthesis of results

A standardized data extraction form was generated to determine the year of establishment of the CQR, methodology of data collection, objectives, and health outcomes measured (see Supplementary material online, Table S3). Methodology and characteristics were captured directly from journal articles, annual reports, and registry websites into a data extraction form in Microsoft Excel.

Results

Selection of sources of evidence

The initial literature search identified 10 407 journal articles (Figure 1). A total of 78 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria; however, 31 articles were excluded due to data collection from regional and/or multinational ACS registries, incomplete methodology presented, and multiple publications from a single national registry. Therefore, 48 national ACS CQR were included in this ScR (see Supplementary material online, Table S4).

Identified registries

All HIC were identified as having an established national ACS registry, with Ireland being the exception (Figure 2). Some of these national registries (9/24) are currently active, i.e. data collection is ongoing at the time of ScR publication. However, it is noted that only CQR with published peer-reviewed original articles were included in this ScR.

Patient consent and enrolment

Some registries required mandatory data collection of eligible patients (n = 4/48), of which all are partially or fully funded by their national government (Table 1; Supplementary material online, Table S5). The majority of national registries required informed written consent from eligible patients (n = 37/48). Additionally, enrolment of ACS patient cohorts varied across registries, with a predominant focus on either suspected diagnosis of ACS (n = 10/48) or MI diagnoses alone (n = 29/48).

Table 1.

Patient consent and enrolment

Acronym	Funding					Consent				Type of ACS				Enrolment
Acronym	Government	Industry	Research grant	Cardiovascular organization	NGO	Signed	Waiver	Opt out	Unknown	Suspected	STEMI	NSTEMI	UA	Mandatory	Consecutive	Snapshot^a
ARGEN-IAM-ST				☑		☑					☑				☑
ACACIA		☑				☑					☑	☑			☑	☑
CONCORDANCE		☑	☑		☑			☑			☑	☑			☑	☑
Belgium STEMI Database	☑					☑					☑				☑
BRACE	☑	☑		☑		☑					☑	☑	☑		☑
ACCEPT				☑		☑				☑					☑
CANRACE		☑				☑				☑					☑
C-ACS I, II		☑	☑		☑	☑				☑					☑
China-PEACE	☑						☑				☑	☑		Random representative sample
CAMI			☑			☑					☑	☑			☑
CCC-ACS		☑		☑			☑				☑	☑	☑		☑	☑
USIC		☑				☑					☑	☑			☑	☑
FAST-MI		☑		☑		☑					☑	☑			☑	☑
ACOS	Unknown					☑					☑	☑	☑		☑
CREATE		☑				☑				☑					☑
One ACS Registry				☑		☑					☑	☑			☑
BLITZ		☑		☑		☑					☑	☑			☑	☑
BLITZ-2		☑				☑						☑			☑	☑
BLITZ-4		☑				☑					☑	☑			☑	☑
MANTRA		☑		☑	☑	☑					☑	☑			☑
EYESHOT		☑		☑	☑	☑					☑	☑			☑	☑
JAMIR		☑		☑			☑				☑	☑			☑
RENASICA II		☑				☑				☑					☑
RENASICA III		☑				☑				☑					☑
RENASCA IMSS	☑					☑					☑	☑	☑		☑
FORCE-ACS		☑	☑	☑		☑				☑					☑
PL-ACS	☑					☑					☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
AMI-PL		☑	☑				☑				☑	☑			☑
RusACSR	☑					☑					☑	☑			☑
STARS-1 Program		☑	☑	☑			☑				☑	☑			☑	☑
STARS-2 Program		☑	☑				☑				☑	☑			☑	☑
KAMIR			☑	☑		☑					☑	☑			☑
KorMI	☑			☑		☑					☑	☑			☑
KAMIR-NIH	☑		☑	☑		☑					☑	☑			☑
DESCARTES		☑		☑		☑						☑			☑	☑
MASCARA		☑	☑			☑					☑	☑			☑
DIOCLES		☑				☑				☑					☑	☑
SWEDEHEART	☑							☑		☑				☑	☑
AMIS Plus	☑	☑	☑				☑				☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
TURK-AKS		☑				☑					☑	☑	☑		☑
TURKMI		☑		☑		☑					☑	☑			☑	☑
PRAIS-UK		☑	☑			☑						☑	☑		☑	☑
MINAP	☑				☑		☑				☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
ACTION Registry–GWTG		☑	☑	☑			☑				☑	☑			☑

Open in a new tab

^aSnapshot described in Supplementary material online, Table S5.

Objectives

The primary objective for all CQR was to describe clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of their patient cohort (Table 2). Many registries also aimed to quantify clinician and/or hospital adherence to local ACS guidelines (n = 25/48). Furthermore, they frequently focused on prospective (n = 42/48) and longitudinal (n = 21/48) monitoring of quality of care.

Table 2.

Objectives

Acronym	Objectives
Acronym	Measure quality of care	Hospital benchmarking	Describe clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes	Monitor longitudinal changes in care	Risk stratification	Adherence to guidelines	Platform for registry-based trials	Platform for sub-registries	Platform for biobank
ARGEN-IAM-ST	☑		☑	☑
ACACIA			☑		☑	☑
CONCORDANCE	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑		☑
Belgium STEMI Database	☑	☑	☑		☑	☑
BRACE	☑		☑			☑
ACCEPT			☑	☑		☑
CANRACE			☑		☑
C-ACS I, II			☑		☑	☑
China-PEACE	☑		☑	☑	☑
CAMI	☑		☑	☑
CCC-ACS	☑	☑	☑			☑
USIC			☑		☑	☑
FAST-MI			☑	☑		☑			☑
ACOS			☑
CREATE			☑
One ACS Registry			☑
BLITZ			☑
BLITZ-2			☑		☑
BLITZ-4	☑		☑			☑
MANTRA			☑		☑
EYESHOT			☑		☑	☑
JAMIR			☑
RENASICA II			☑		☑
RENASICA III	☑		☑		☑	☑
RENASCA IMSS			☑
FORCE-ACS	☑		☑	☑	☑	☑	☑		☑
PL-ACS	☑		☑	☑		☑
AMI-PL			☑	☑
RusACSR	☑		☑
STARS-1 Program			☑	☑		☑
STARS-2 Program			☑	☑		☑
KAMIR			☑	☑	☑
KorMI			☑	☑	☑
KAMIR-NIH			☑	☑
DESCARTES			☑
MASCARA			☑
DIOCLES			☑
SWEDEHEART	☑	☑	☑	☑		☑	☑	☑	☑
AMIS Plus	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
TURK-AKS			☑
TURKMI			☑	☑		☑
PRAIS-UK			☑		☑
MINAP	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
ACTION Registry–GWTG	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑

Open in a new tab

Data collection

The majority of ACS registries were designed to collect data prospectively (Table 3). Telephone interviews were frequently used to determine patient outcomes post discharge for ‘active’ follow-up (n = 17/48). By contrast, in registries with ‘passive’ follow-up, patient outcomes were investigated predominantly at either or both 1 month (n = 6/14) and 1 year (n = 8/14).

Table 3.

Data collection

Acronym	Registry data collection			Data entry		Type of follow-up		Sources of data			Outcome and/or follow-up time points
Acronym	Prospective	Retrospective	Data dictionary	Soft	Hard	Active	Passive	Primary care records	Tertiary care records	Telephone	None	1 month	6 months	1 year	2 years	Other
ARGEN-IAM-ST	☑			☑		☑			☑	☑		☑
ACACIA	☑			Unknown			☑		☑				☑	☑
CONCORDANCE	☑			☑		☑			☑	☑			☑		☑
Belgium STEMI Database	☑			☑		N/A			☑		☑
BRACE	☑			☑		N/A			☑		☑
ACCEPT	☑			☑		☑			☑	☑		☑	☑	☑
CANRACE	☑				☑	N/A			☑		☑
C-ACS I, II	☑			☑		☑			☑	☑				☑
China-PEACE		☑		☑		N/A			☑		☑
CAMI	☑			☑		☑			☑	☑		☑	☑	☑	☑	18 months
CCC-ACS		☑		☑		N/A			☑		☑
USIC	☑				☑	N/A			☑		☑
FAST-MI	☑			☑		☑			☑	☑			☑			Up to 10 years
ACOS	☑				☑	N/A			☑		☑
CREATE	☑			Unknown			☑		☑			☑
One ACS Registry		☑		☑		N/A			☑		☑
BLITZ	☑				☑		☑		☑			☑
BLITZ-2	☑			☑			☑		☑			☑
BLITZ-4	☑			☑			☑		☑			☑	☑
MANTRA	☑			☑		☑			☑			☑	☑
EYESHOT	☑			☑		N/A			☑		☑
JAMIR	☑			☑			☑		☑					☑
RENASICA II	☑			☑		N/A			☑		☑
RENASICA III	☑		☑	☑			☑		☑					☑
RENASCA IMSS	☑			☑		N/A			☑		☑
FORCE-ACS	☑			☑		☑		☑	☑	☑		☑		☑	☑	3 years
PL-ACS	☑			☑			☑		☑					☑		3 years
AMI-PL		☑		☑			☑		☑					☑		5 years
RusACSR		☑	☑	☑			☑		☑		☑
STARS-1 Program	☑			☑		☑			☑	☑		☑		☑
STARS-2 Program	☑			☑			☑		☑		☑
KAMIR	☑			☑			☑		☑					☑
KorMI	☑			☑		☑			☑					☑
KAMIR-NIH	☑			☑		☑			☑	☑		☑		☑	☑	3 years
DESCARTES	☑		☑	☑		☑			☑	☑			☑
MASCARA	☑		☑	☑		☑			☑	☑			☑
DIOCLES	☑					☑			☑	☑			☑
SWEDEHEART	☑		☑	☑			☑		☑			☑		☑
AMIS Plus	☑		☑	☑		☑			☑	☑				☑		3 months
TURK-AKS	☑			Unknown		N/A			☑		☑
TURKMI	☑			☑		☑			☑	☑		☑	☑	☑	☑
PRAIS-UK	☑				☑		☑		☑				☑
MINAP	☑		☑	☑			☑		☑			☑		☑
ACTION Registry–GWTG		☑	☑	☑		N/A			☑		☑

Open in a new tab

Outcomes

The main outcome measured in all ACS CQR was all-cause mortality during hospitalization (Table 4). Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were also measured during hospitalization (n = 45/48) and/or after discharge (n = 30/48). The primary source of outpatient outcomes was by tertiary hospital discharge records, and in a few registries through administrative data linkage to government mortality records (n = 7/48).

Table 4.

Outcomes

Acronym	Type of outcomes		Measurable outcomes					Administrative data linkage
Acronym	Inpatient	Outpatient	All-cause mortality	Major adverse cardiovascular events	Medication adherence	Quality of life	Referral to cardiac rehabilitation	Hospitalization records	Mortality records	Pharmaceutical records
ARGEN-IAM-ST	☑	☑	☑	☑
ACACIA	☑	☑	☑	☑					☑	☑
CONCORDANCE	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
Belgium STEMI Database	☑		☑
BRACE	☑		☑	☑
ACCEPT	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
CANRACE	☑		☑	☑
C-ACS I, II	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
China-PEACE	☑		☑	☑
CAMI	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
CCC-ACS	☑		☑	☑
USIC	☑		☑	☑
FAST-MI	☑	☑	☑	☑				☑	☑
ACOS	☑		☑	☑
CREATE	☑	☑	☑	☑
One ACS Registry	☑		☑	☑
BLITZ	☑	☑	☑	☑
BLITZ-2	☑	☑	☑	☑
BLITZ-4	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑		☑
MANTRA	☑	☑	☑	☑
EYESHOT	☑		☑	☑
JAMIR	☑	☑	☑	☑
RENASICA II	☑		☑	☑
RENASICA III	☑	☑	☑	☑
RENASCA IMSS	☑		☑	☑
FORCE-ACS	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
PL-ACS	☑	☑	☑	☑
AMI-PL	☑	☑	☑	☑				☑	☑
RusACSR	☑		☑	☑
STARS-1 Program	☑	☑	☑	☑
STARS-2 Program	☑		☑
KAMIR	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
KorMI	☑	☑	☑	☑
KAMIR-NIH	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
DESCARTES	☑	☑	☑	☑
MASCARA	☑	☑	☑	☑
DIOCLES	☑	☑	☑	☑
SWEDEHEART	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑
AMIS Plus	☑	☑	☑	☑		☑	☑		☑
TURK-AKS	☑		☑
TURKMI	☑	☑	☑	☑	☑				☑
PRAIS-UK	☑	☑	☑	☑
MINAP	☑	☑	☑	☑					☑
ACTION Registry–GWTG	☑		☑	☑

Open in a new tab

Discussion

This ScR summarized the methodology and characteristics of established national ACS CQR in HIC, specifically focusing on their design, objectives, and outcomes. Since 2000, all 25 countries with the highest GDP had established national ACS registries, except for Ireland. Currently, nine of these national registries are actively collecting data.^{11–13,22–27} The remaining national registries are either no longer operational or captured data at specific ‘snapshots’ in time.

Thirteen CQR had a publicly available protocol, published either in a peer-reviewed journal or on a website.^{11–13,15,23–26,28–32} Patient cohorts varied across registries, with some enrolling patients with suspected ACS,^28,33–37 while others focused on MI alone.^{14,15,22,25,31,32,38–53} Regardless, the main objective for all registries was to report on clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of their patient cohort. Some registries also adopted a specific focus on measuring ‘quality of care’, as well as others that support clinical research, including implementation of registry-based randomized clinical trials (RCT).

The main outcome measured for all CQR was all-cause mortality during initial hospitalization. However, few registries explicitly defined in-hospital MACE outcomes,^{24,28,29,54–56} and these definitions varied. Instead of common MACE endpoints used in CV RCT, such as recurrent MI, stroke, CV death, UA, and heart failure,⁵⁷ several other complications were also included as outcomes. These included individual and/or composite endpoints of stent thrombosis, cardiogenic shock, acute renal failure, and more. Regardless of the chosen outcomes, they were predominantly measured at either or both 30-days and 1-year. To do so, many well-established and government-mandated registries linked their registry platform to administrative datasets to allow comprehensive data capture.^{11,12,14,24,26,30,38,42,43}

There are several limitations to this ScR. Firstly, the focus on national ACS CQR in 25 countries with the largest GDP may mean that the findings are not representative. It may also reduce heterogeneity in aspects such as infrastructure, linkage capacity, and data quality. Despite this, clear differences in design were observed. These might, however, be greater if CQR from middle- and lower-income countries were also considered. In addition, given the focus on HIC, we determined that an overview of registry design through a ScR was more appropriate than a systematic review. Furthermore, only national ACS registries with published literature written in the English language were included. This may have resulted in journal articles being missed during the initial database search, though the key findings are unlikely to have been affected.

It is also important to acknowledge the evolution of ACS registries over the last few decades: from often relatively small and short-term or periodic datasets, derived from a single or a limited number of mainly tertiary hospitals and focusing primarily on acute MI (or indeed STEMI) to frequently much larger and more representative, long-term, or permanent QI programmes. These changes reflect a greater awareness of the importance of measuring performance and reducing variation in practice to improve outcomes, as well as the increasing availability of digital data capture and linkage to outcomes, including patient-reported outcomes. The focus of this ScR on national CQR to some degree mitigates the impact of these temporal shifts, but it is likely that some countries without active registries have implemented national ACS QI programmes that do not publish their results in peer-reviewed journals and are therefore outside the remit of this ScR. Likewise, details regarding the informatics and technical infrastructure of individual registries are important but may evolve over time and were seldom specifically reported; therefore, they are beyond the scope of this review.

Conclusions

It is evident that the design and implementation of national ACS CQR vary. While this is, to some extent, inevitable to accommodate specific national requirements and health infrastructure, and flexibility is necessary, it may limit international collaboration and comparison. Future registries should be encouraged therefore to align as much as possible with successful existing registries and QI programmes. Likewise, while better harmonization may be complex, the development of some fundamental principles agreed by national and international CV societies would encourage co-operation. These might include agreement on key patient cohorts to include (even as subsets of larger populations), clear definitions based on existing international guidance, and a focus on including all patients meeting these criteria to minimize bias and reduce heterogeneity across the ACS registry landscape. Furthermore, concrete recommendations for a minimum core dataset, including clinical characteristics, as well as standardized key outcome measures would also be beneficial. Such co-operation will facilitate internationally comparable, collaborative QI strategies and increase the opportunities for large-scale, registry-based clinical research in patients with ACS, both of which will drive improved outcomes.

Supplementary Material

oeag100_Supplementary_Data

oeag100_supplementary_data.docx^{(625.5KB, docx)}

Contributor Information

Justine Chan, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Dobney Hypertension Centre, Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.

Natalie Ward, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Dobney Hypertension Centre, Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.

Judith Finn, Prehospital Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), Curtin School of Nursing, Curtin University, Building 609, 7 Parker Place, Bentley, WA 6104, Australia; St John Western Australia, 209 Great Eastern Highway, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

Adil Rajwani, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.

Jing Pang, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

Mikhail Alexander, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.

Khang Duong Nguyen, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Interventional Cardiology Department, University Medical Center, 215 Hong Bang Street, Ward 11, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Jyoti Sharma, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Dobney Hypertension Centre, Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory-Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag: X1, Mthatha, 5117, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

Carl Schultz, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

Gerald F Watts, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

Markus P Schlaich, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Dobney Hypertension Centre, Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Neurovascular Hypertension & Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.

Christopher M Reid, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.

Graham S Hillis, Cardiology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

Data availability

The data underlying this article are available in the article and in its online supplementary material.

Supplementary material

Supplementary material is available at European Heart Journal Open online.

Author contributions

Justine Chan (Conceptualisation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing), Natalie Ward (Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing), Judith Finn (Conceptualisation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing), Adil Rajwani (Writing – review & editing), Jing Pang (Writing – review & editing), Mikhail Alexander (Writing – review & editing), Khang Duong Nguyen (Writing – review & editing), Jyoti Sharma (Writing – review & editing), Carl Schultz (Writing – review & editing), Gerald F. Watts (Writing – review & editing), Markus P. Schlaich (Conceptualisation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing), Christopher Reid (Conceptualisation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing), Graham S. Hillis (Conceptualisation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)

Funding

This work was supported by the Dr Neil Cumpston Cardiovascular Grant administered by the Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation. J.C. is supported by a Researcher Training Scholarship from the Western Australian Future Health Research and Innovation Fund, administered through Curtin University and East Metropolitan Health Services. J.F. is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant. J.P. is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant.

References

1. Timmis A, Kazakiewicz D, Townsend N, Huculeci R, Aboyans V, Vardas P. Global epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023;20:778–788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2. Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, Barengo NC, Beaton AZ, Benjamin EJ, Benziger CP, Bonny A, Brauer M, Brodmann M, Cahill TJ, Carapetis J, Catapano AL, Chugh SS, Cooper LT, Coresh J, Criqui M, DeCleene N, Eagle KA, Emmons-Bell S, Feigin VL, Fernández-Solà J, Fowkes G, Gakidou E, Grundy SM, He FJ, Howard G, Hu F, Inker L, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Koroshetz W, Lavie C, Lloyd-Jones D, Lu HS, Mirijello A, Temesgen AM, Mokdad A, Moran AE, Muntner P, Narula J, Neal B, Ntsekhe M, Moraes de Oliveira G, Otto C, Owolabi M, Pratt M, Rajagopalan S, Reitsma M, Ribeiro ALP, Rigotti N, Rodgers A, Sable C, Shakil S, Sliwa-Hahnle K, Stark B, Sundström J, Timpel P, Tleyjeh IM, Valgimigli M, Vos T, Whelton PK, Yacoub M, Zuhlke L, Murray C, Fuster V. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;76:2982–3021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD; Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:2231–2264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Brieger D, Cullen L, Briffa T, Zaman S, Scott I, Papendick C, Bardsley K, Baumann A, Bennett AS, Clark RA, Edelman JJ, Inglis SC, Kuhn L, Livori A, Redfern J, Schneider H, Stewart J, Thomas L, Wing-Lun E, Zhang L, Ho E, Matthews S. National Heart Foundation of Australia & Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: comprehensive Australian clinical guideline for diagnosing and managing acute coronary syndromes 2025. Heart Lung Circ 2025;34:309–397. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Rao SV, O’Donoghue ML, Ruel M, Rab T, Tamis-Holland JE, Alexander JH, Baber U, Baker H, Cohen MG, Cruz-Ruiz M, Davis LL, de Lemos JA, DeWald TA, Elgendy IY, Feldman DN, Goyal A, Isiadinso I, Menon V, Morrow DA, Mukherjee D, Platz E, Promes SB, Sandner S, Sandoval Y, Schunder R, Shah B, Stopyra JP, Talbot AW, Taub PR, Williams MS. 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2025;151:e771–e862. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, Claeys MJ, Dan G, Dweck MR, Galbraith M, Gilard M, Hinterbuchner L, Jankowska EA, Jüni P, Kimura T, Kunadian V, Leosdottir M, Lorusso R, Pedretti RFE, Rigopoulos AG, Rubini Gimenez M, Thiele H, Vranckx P, Wassmann S, Wenger NK, Ibanez B. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2023;44:3720–3826. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Parker KJ, Hickman LD, Ferguson C. The science of clinical quality registries. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023;22:220–225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Hickey GL, Grant SW, Cosgriff R, Dimarakis I, Pagano D, Kappetein AP, Bridgewater B. Clinical registries: governance, management, analysis and applications. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;44:605–614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Gliklich RE, Leavy MB. Assessing real-world data quality: the application of patient registry quality criteria to real-world data and real-world evidence. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020;54:303–307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Ahern S, Gabbe BJ, Green S, Hodgson CL, Wood EM, Oam JRZ, Zazryn T. Realising the potential: leveraging clinical quality registries for real world clinical research. Med J Aust 2022;216:273–277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Jernberg T, Attebring MF, Hambraeus K, Ivert T, James S, Jeppsson A, Lagervist B, Lindahl B, Stenestrand U, Wallentin L. The Swedish web-system for enhancement and development of evidence-based care in heart disease evaluated according to recommended therapies (SWEDEHEART). Heart 2010;96:1617–1621. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Wilkinson C, Weston C, Timmis A, Quinn T, Keys A, Gale CP. The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP). Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2020;6:19–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Peterson ED, Roe MT, Chen AY, Fonarow GC, Lytle BL, Cannon CP, Rumsfield JS. The NCDR ACTION registry - GWTG: transforming contemporary acute myocardial infarction clinical care. Heart 2010;96:1798–1802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14. Belle L, Cayla G, Cottin Y, Coste P, Khalife K, Labèque JN, Farah B, Perret T, Goldstein P, Guengniaud J, Braun F, Gauthier J, Gilard M, Le Heuzey J-Y, Naccache N, Drouet E, Bataille V, Ferrières J, Puymirat E, Schiele F, Simon T, Danchin N. French registry on acute ST-elevation and non−ST-elevation myocardial infarction 2015 (FAST-MI 2015). design and baseline data. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2017;110:366–378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Aliprandi-Costa B, Ranasinghe I, Turnbull F, Brown A, Kritharides L, Patel A, Chew D, Walters D, Rankin J, Ilton M, Meredith I, Cass A, Brieger D. The design and rationale of the Australian Cooperative National Registry of Acute Coronary care, Guideline Adherence and Clinical Events (CONCORDANCE). Heart Lung Circ 2013;22:533–541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Nabovati E, Farzandipour M, Sadeghi M, Sarrafzadegan N, Noohi F, Sadeqi Jabali M. A global overview of acute coronary syndrome registries: a systematic review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023;48:101049. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI 2024. Available from: https://synthesismanual.jbi.global. [Google Scholar]
18. Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, McInerney P, Godfrey CM, Khalil H. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement 2021;19:3–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L, Hempel S, Akl EA, Chang C, McGowan J, Stewart L, Hartling L, Aldcroft A, Wilson MG, Garritty C, Lewin S, Godfrey CM, Macdonald MT, Langlois EV, Soares-Weiser K, Moriarty J, Clifford T, Tunçalp Ö, Straus SE. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 2018;169:467–473. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Chan J, Finn J, Schlaich M, Hillis G, Reid C. Overview of methodology and characteristics of national acute coronary syndrome registries in high income countries: a scoping review 2024. https://osf.io/fu9xn/overview [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
21.Worldometer. GDP by Country. https://www.worldometers.info/gdp/gdp-by-country/. Published 2024. Accessed July 07, 2025.
22. Gagliardi JA, Charask A, Perna E, D’Imperio H, Bono J, Costa YC, Cerezo G, Tajer CD. Encuesta nacional de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST en la República Argentina (ARGENT-IAM-ST). Rev Argent Cardiol 2016;84:524–533. [Google Scholar]
23. Chan Pin Yin DRPP, Vos G-JA, van der Sangen NMR, Walhout R, Tjon Joe Gin RM, Nicastia DM, Langerveld J, Claassens DMF, Gimbel ME, Azzahhafi J, Bor WL, Oirbans T, Dekker J, Vlachojannis GJ, van Bommel RJ, Appelman Y, Henriques JPS, Kikkert WJ, Ten Berg JM. Rationale and design of the Future Optimal Research and Care Evaluation in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (FORCE-ACS) registry: towards “personalized medicine” in daily clinical practice. J Clin Med 2020;9:3173. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. Poloński L, Gąsior M, Gierlotka M, Kalarus Z, Cieśliński A, Dubiel JS, Gil RJ, Ruzyllo W, Trusz-Gluza M, Zembala M, Opolski G. Polish Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (PL-ACS). Characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes in Poland. Kardiol Pol 2007;65:861–874. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25. Gridnev VI, Kiselev AR, Posnenkova OM, Popova Y V, Dmitriev VA, Prokhorov MD, Dovgalevsky PY, Oschepkova EV. Russian registry of acute coronary syndrome investigators. Objectives and design of the Russian Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry (RusACSR). Clin Cardiol 2016;39:1–8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26. Radovanovic D, Erne P. AMIS Plus: Swiss registry of acute coronary syndrome. Heart 2010;96:917–921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27. Sim DS, Jeong MH. Twenty-year clinical experience of the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. Korean Circ J 2025;55:757–777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Mattos LA. Rationality and methods of ACCEPT registry - Brazilian registry of clinical practice in acute coronary syndromes of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Arq Bras Cardiol 2011;97:94–99. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Jerjes-Sanchez C, Martinez-Sanchez C, Borrayo-Sanchez G, Carrillo-Calvillo J, Juarez-Herrera U, Quintanilla-Gutierrez J. Third national registry of acute coronary syndromes (RENASICA III). Arch Cardiol Mex 2015;85:207–214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Erol MK, Kayıkçıoğlu M, Kılıçkap M. Rationale and design of the Turkish acute myocardial infarction registry: the TURKMI study. Anatol J Cardiol 2020;23:169–175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Claeys MJ, Sinnaeve PR, Convens C, Dubois P, Boland J, Vranckx P, Gevaert S, de Meester A, Coussement P, De Raedt H, Beauloye C, Renard M, Vrints C, Evrard P. STEMI mortality in community hospitals versus PCI-capable hospitals: results from a nationwide STEMI network programme. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2012;1:40–47. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. Kim JH, Chae SC, Oh DJ, Kim HS, Kim YJ, Ahn Y, Cho MC, Kim CJ, Yoon J-H, Park H-Y, Jeong MH. Multicenter cohort study of acute myocardial infarction in Korea　- interim analysis of the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institutes of Health Registry. Circ J 2016;80:1427–1436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Bajaj RR, Goodman SG, Yan RT, Bagnall AJ, Gyenes G, Welsh RC, Eagle KA, Brieger D, Ramanathan K, Grondin FR, Yan AT. Treatment and outcomes of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes in relation to initial diagnostic impressions (insights from the Canadian Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events [GRACE] and Canadian Registry of Acute Coronary Events [CANRACE]). Am J Cardiol 2013;111:202–207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34. Yan AT, Tan M, Fitchett D, Chow C-M, Fowlis RA, McAvinue TG, Roe MT, Peterson ED, Tu JV, Langer A, Goodman SG. One-year outcome of patients after acute coronary syndromes (from the Canadian Acute Coronary Syndromes Registry). Am J Cardiol 2004;94:25–29. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Yan AT, Yan RT, Tan M, Fung A, Cohen EA, Fitchett DH, Langer A, Goodman SG. Canadian acute coronary syndromes 1 and 2 registry investigators. Management patterns in relation to risk stratification among patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1009–1016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. Xavier D, Pais P, Devereaux PJ, Xie C, Prabhakaran D, Reddy S, Gupta R, Joshi P, Kerkar P, Thanikachalam S, Haridas KK, Jaison TM, Naik S, Maity AK, Yusuf S. Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes in India (CREATE): a prospective analysis of registry data. Lancet 2008;371:1435–1442. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. García-Castillo A, Jerjes-Sánchez C, Martínez Bermúdez P, Ramón Azpiri-López J, Caballero AA, Martínez Sánchez C, Corrales MAR, Llamas G, Martinez Sanches J, Trevino AJ; RENASICA II . Mexican registry of acute coronary syndromes. Arch Cardiol Mex 2005;75:S6–S32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. Chew DP, Amerena J, Coverdale S, Rankin J, Astley C, Brieger D. Current management of acute coronary syndromes in Australia: observations from the acute coronary syndromes prospective audit. Intern Med J 2007;37:741–748. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Dharmarajan K, Li J, Li X, Lin Z, Krumholz HM, Jiang L; China PEACE Collaborative Group . The China Patient-Centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events (China PEACE) retrospective study of acute myocardial infarction: study design. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6:732–740. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. Xu H, Li W, Yang J, Wiviott SD, Sabatine MS, Peterson ED, Xian Y, Roe MT, Zhao W, Wang Y, Tang X, Jia X, Wu Y, Gao R, Yang Y. The China Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) registry: a national long-term registry-research-education integrated platform for exploring acute myocardial infarction in China. Am Heart J 2016;175:193–201.e3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41. Hanania G, Cambou J-P, Guéret P, Vaur L, Blanchard D, Lablanche J-M, Boutalbi Y, Humbert R, Clerson P, Genes N, Danchin N. Management and in-hospital outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to intensive care units at the turn of the century: results from the French nationwide USIC 2000 registry. Heart 2004;90:1404–1410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Cambou J-P, Simon T, Mulak G, Bataille V, Danchin N. The French registry of Acute ST elevation or non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAST-MI): study design and baseline characteristics. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2007;100:524–534. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43. Hanssen M, Cottin Y, Khalife K, Hammer L, Goldstein P, Puymirat E, Mulak G, Drouet E, Pace B, Schultz E, Bataille V, Ferrières J, Simon T, Danchin N. French registry on Acute ST-elevation and non ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction 2010. FAST-MI 2010. Heart 2012;98:699–705. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Juzar DA, Muzakkir AF, Ilhami YR, Taufiq N, Astiawati T, R A IMJ, Pramudyo M, Priyana A, Hakim A, Anjarwani S, Endang J, Widyantoro B. Management of acute coronary syndrome Indonesia: insight from One ACS Multicenter Registry. IJC 2022;43:45–55. [Google Scholar]
45. Di Chiara A, Chiarella F, Savonitto S, Lucci D, Bolognese L, De Servi S, Greco C, Boccanelli A, Zonzin P, Coccolini S, Maggioni AP. Epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction in the Italian CCU network: the BLITZ study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1616–1629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46. Di Chiara A, Fresco C, Savonitto S, Greco C, Lucci D, Gonzini L, Mafrici A, Ottani F, Bolognese L, De Servi S, Boccanelli A, Maggioni AP, Chiarella F. Epidemiology of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes in the Italian cardiology network: the BLITZ-2 study. Eur Heart J 2006;27:393–405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47. Olivari Z, Steffenino G, Savonitto S, Chiarella F, Chinaglia A, Lucci D, Maggioni AP, Pirelli S, Scherillo S, Scherillo M, Scorcu G, Tricoci P, Urbinati S. The management of acute myocardial infarction in the cardiological intensive care units in Italy: the ‘BLITZ 4 Qualità’ campaign for performance measurement and quality improvement. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2012;1:143–152. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48. Gierlotka M, Zdrojewski T, Wojtyniak B, Poloñski L, Stokwiszewski J, Gasior M, Kozierkiewicz A, Kalarus Z, Wierucki L, Chlebus K, Zembala M, Wysocki M, Opolski G. Incidence, treatment, in-hospital mortality and one-year outcomes of acute myocardial infarction in Poland in 2009-2012-nationwide AMI-PL database. Kardiol Pol 2015;73:142–158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
49. Alhabib KF, Kinsara AJ, Alghamdi S, Al-Murayeh M, Hussein GA, AlSaif S, Khalaf H, Alfaleh H, Hersi A, Kashour T, Kashour T, Al-Saleh A, Ali M, Ullah A, Mhish H, Abdo AN, Almutairi F, Arafah MR, AlKutshan R, Aldosari M, AlSabatien BY, Alrazzaz M, Maria AM, Aref AH, Selim MM, Morsy AM, AlTohari FA, Alrifai AA, Awaad AA, El-Sayed H, Mansour S, Atwa AA, Abdelkader S, Altamimi N, Saleh E, Alhaidari W, ElShihawy EHA, Busaleh AH, Abdalmoutaleb M, Fawzy EM, Mokhtar Z, Saleh AM, Ahmad MA, Almasswary A, Alshehri M, Abohatab KM, AlGarni T, Butt M, Altaj I, Abdullah F, Alhosni Y, Osman HB, Bugti N, Aziz AA, Alarabi A, AlHarbi IA. The first survey of the Saudi Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry program: main results and long-term outcomes (STARS-1 program). PLoS One 2019;14:e0216551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
50. Kook HY, Jeong MH, Oh S, Yoo SH, Kim EJ, Ahn Y, Kim JH, Chai LS, Kim YJ, Kim CJ, Chai LS, Kim YJ, Kim CJ, Chan Cho M. Current trend of acute myocardial infarction in Korea (from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry from 2006 to 2013). Am J Cardiol 2014;114:1817–1822. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
51. Bueno H, Bardají A, Fernández-Ortiz A, Marrugat J, Martí H, Heras M; Investigadores del Estudio DESCARTES . Management of non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes in Spain. The DESCARTES (Descripción del Estado de los Síndromes Coronarios Agudos en un Registro Temporal ESpañol) study. Rev Esp Cardiol 2005;58:244–252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
52. Ferreira-González I, Permanyer-Miralda G, Marrugat J, Heras M, Cuñat J, Civeira E, Aros F, Rodriquez JJ, Sanchez PL, Bueno H; MASCARA study research team . MASCARA (Manejo del Síndrome Coronario Agudo. Registro Actualizado) study. General findings. Rev Esp Cardiol 2008;61:803–816. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
53. AlSaleh A, AlSaif SM, Alhadramy O, Alshehri M, Al Faraidy K, Almutairi F, Kinsara AJ, Al-Murayeh M, Ghabashi AE, Alasnag M, Hussein GA, Askar TM, Haider KH, Alharbi IA, Almokhlef A, Sayed BA, Almasswary A, Ul-Sabah Z-, Kazim H, Albareda HA, Aldossari MA, Albawardi R, Alali R, Abdulhabeeb IAM, Ibrahim SM, Alasmari S, Almoghairi AM, Khoja AY, Hussain N, Aminu BS, Serafi A, Eltayeb AO, BuSaleh AH, Alsabatien B, Hamza MK, Alsharkawy R, Awwad AA, Mohamed MA, Al Habeeb MA, Shujauddin S, Ya'u JA, Attia NM, Kholaif N, Bin Ghouth NM, Youssef MKI, Qutub MA, Lawand SR, Alkutshan R, Ahmed E, Basardah A, Alhaj WI, Altaradi H, Ali M, Alqarawi W, Alhabib KF. The second survey of the Saudi Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry program: main results and temporal changes in care (STARS-2 program). PLoS One 2025;20:e0331215. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
54. Honda S, Nishihira K, Kojima S, Takegami M, Asaumi Y, Suzuki M, Kosuge M, Takahashi J, Sakata Y, Takayama M, Takayama M, Sumiyoshi T, Ogawa H, Kimura K, Yasuda S. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the prospective Japan Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (JAMIR). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2019;33:97–103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
55. De Luca L, Leonardi S, Cavallini C, Lucci D, Musumeci G, Caporale R, Abrignani MG, Lupi A, Rakar S, Gulizia MM, Bovenzi FM, De Servi S. Contemporary antithrombotic strategies in patients with acute coronary syndrome admitted to cardiac care units in Italy: the EYESHOT study. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2015;4:441–452. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
56. De Luca L, Maggioni AP, Cavallini C, Leonardi S, Lucci D, Sacco A, di Uccio FS, Valente S, Navazio A, Pascale V, Geraci G, Lanni F, Gulizia MM, Colivicchi F, Gabrielli D, Oliva F. Clinical profile and management of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to cardiac care units: the EYESHOT-2 registry. Int J Cardiol 2025;418:132601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
57. Bosco E, Hsueh L, McConeghy KW, Gravenstein S, Saade E. Major adverse cardiovascular event definitions used in observational analysis of administrative databases: a systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021;21:241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

oeag100_Supplementary_Data

oeag100_supplementary_data.docx^{(625.5KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

The data underlying this article are available in the article and in its online supplementary material.

[oeag100-B1] 1. Timmis A, Kazakiewicz D, Townsend N, Huculeci R, Aboyans V, Vardas P. Global epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023;20:778–788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B2] 2. Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, Barengo NC, Beaton AZ, Benjamin EJ, Benziger CP, Bonny A, Brauer M, Brodmann M, Cahill TJ, Carapetis J, Catapano AL, Chugh SS, Cooper LT, Coresh J, Criqui M, DeCleene N, Eagle KA, Emmons-Bell S, Feigin VL, Fernández-Solà J, Fowkes G, Gakidou E, Grundy SM, He FJ, Howard G, Hu F, Inker L, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Koroshetz W, Lavie C, Lloyd-Jones D, Lu HS, Mirijello A, Temesgen AM, Mokdad A, Moran AE, Muntner P, Narula J, Neal B, Ntsekhe M, Moraes de Oliveira G, Otto C, Owolabi M, Pratt M, Rajagopalan S, Reitsma M, Ribeiro ALP, Rigotti N, Rodgers A, Sable C, Shakil S, Sliwa-Hahnle K, Stark B, Sundström J, Timpel P, Tleyjeh IM, Valgimigli M, Vos T, Whelton PK, Yacoub M, Zuhlke L, Murray C, Fuster V. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;76:2982–3021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B3] 3. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD; Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:2231–2264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B4] 4. Brieger D, Cullen L, Briffa T, Zaman S, Scott I, Papendick C, Bardsley K, Baumann A, Bennett AS, Clark RA, Edelman JJ, Inglis SC, Kuhn L, Livori A, Redfern J, Schneider H, Stewart J, Thomas L, Wing-Lun E, Zhang L, Ho E, Matthews S. National Heart Foundation of Australia & Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: comprehensive Australian clinical guideline for diagnosing and managing acute coronary syndromes 2025. Heart Lung Circ 2025;34:309–397. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B5] 5. Rao SV, O’Donoghue ML, Ruel M, Rab T, Tamis-Holland JE, Alexander JH, Baber U, Baker H, Cohen MG, Cruz-Ruiz M, Davis LL, de Lemos JA, DeWald TA, Elgendy IY, Feldman DN, Goyal A, Isiadinso I, Menon V, Morrow DA, Mukherjee D, Platz E, Promes SB, Sandner S, Sandoval Y, Schunder R, Shah B, Stopyra JP, Talbot AW, Taub PR, Williams MS. 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2025;151:e771–e862. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B6] 6. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, Claeys MJ, Dan G, Dweck MR, Galbraith M, Gilard M, Hinterbuchner L, Jankowska EA, Jüni P, Kimura T, Kunadian V, Leosdottir M, Lorusso R, Pedretti RFE, Rigopoulos AG, Rubini Gimenez M, Thiele H, Vranckx P, Wassmann S, Wenger NK, Ibanez B. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2023;44:3720–3826. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B7] 7. Parker KJ, Hickman LD, Ferguson C. The science of clinical quality registries. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023;22:220–225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B8] 8. Hickey GL, Grant SW, Cosgriff R, Dimarakis I, Pagano D, Kappetein AP, Bridgewater B. Clinical registries: governance, management, analysis and applications. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;44:605–614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B9] 9. Gliklich RE, Leavy MB. Assessing real-world data quality: the application of patient registry quality criteria to real-world data and real-world evidence. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020;54:303–307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B10] 10. Ahern S, Gabbe BJ, Green S, Hodgson CL, Wood EM, Oam JRZ, Zazryn T. Realising the potential: leveraging clinical quality registries for real world clinical research. Med J Aust 2022;216:273–277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B11] 11. Jernberg T, Attebring MF, Hambraeus K, Ivert T, James S, Jeppsson A, Lagervist B, Lindahl B, Stenestrand U, Wallentin L. The Swedish web-system for enhancement and development of evidence-based care in heart disease evaluated according to recommended therapies (SWEDEHEART). Heart 2010;96:1617–1621. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B12] 12. Wilkinson C, Weston C, Timmis A, Quinn T, Keys A, Gale CP. The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP). Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2020;6:19–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B13] 13. Peterson ED, Roe MT, Chen AY, Fonarow GC, Lytle BL, Cannon CP, Rumsfield JS. The NCDR ACTION registry - GWTG: transforming contemporary acute myocardial infarction clinical care. Heart 2010;96:1798–1802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B14] 14. Belle L, Cayla G, Cottin Y, Coste P, Khalife K, Labèque JN, Farah B, Perret T, Goldstein P, Guengniaud J, Braun F, Gauthier J, Gilard M, Le Heuzey J-Y, Naccache N, Drouet E, Bataille V, Ferrières J, Puymirat E, Schiele F, Simon T, Danchin N. French registry on acute ST-elevation and non−ST-elevation myocardial infarction 2015 (FAST-MI 2015). design and baseline data. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2017;110:366–378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B15] 15. Aliprandi-Costa B, Ranasinghe I, Turnbull F, Brown A, Kritharides L, Patel A, Chew D, Walters D, Rankin J, Ilton M, Meredith I, Cass A, Brieger D. The design and rationale of the Australian Cooperative National Registry of Acute Coronary care, Guideline Adherence and Clinical Events (CONCORDANCE). Heart Lung Circ 2013;22:533–541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B16] 16. Nabovati E, Farzandipour M, Sadeghi M, Sarrafzadegan N, Noohi F, Sadeqi Jabali M. A global overview of acute coronary syndrome registries: a systematic review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023;48:101049. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B17] 17. Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI 2024. Available from: https://synthesismanual.jbi.global. [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B18] 18. Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, McInerney P, Godfrey CM, Khalil H. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement 2021;19:3–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B19] 19. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L, Hempel S, Akl EA, Chang C, McGowan J, Stewart L, Hartling L, Aldcroft A, Wilson MG, Garritty C, Lewin S, Godfrey CM, Macdonald MT, Langlois EV, Soares-Weiser K, Moriarty J, Clifford T, Tunçalp Ö, Straus SE. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 2018;169:467–473. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B20] 20. Chan J, Finn J, Schlaich M, Hillis G, Reid C. Overview of methodology and characteristics of national acute coronary syndrome registries in high income countries: a scoping review 2024. https://osf.io/fu9xn/overview [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[oeag100-B21] 21.Worldometer. GDP by Country. https://www.worldometers.info/gdp/gdp-by-country/. Published 2024. Accessed July 07, 2025.

[oeag100-B22] 22. Gagliardi JA, Charask A, Perna E, D’Imperio H, Bono J, Costa YC, Cerezo G, Tajer CD. Encuesta nacional de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST en la República Argentina (ARGENT-IAM-ST). Rev Argent Cardiol 2016;84:524–533. [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B23] 23. Chan Pin Yin DRPP, Vos G-JA, van der Sangen NMR, Walhout R, Tjon Joe Gin RM, Nicastia DM, Langerveld J, Claassens DMF, Gimbel ME, Azzahhafi J, Bor WL, Oirbans T, Dekker J, Vlachojannis GJ, van Bommel RJ, Appelman Y, Henriques JPS, Kikkert WJ, Ten Berg JM. Rationale and design of the Future Optimal Research and Care Evaluation in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (FORCE-ACS) registry: towards “personalized medicine” in daily clinical practice. J Clin Med 2020;9:3173. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B24] 24. Poloński L, Gąsior M, Gierlotka M, Kalarus Z, Cieśliński A, Dubiel JS, Gil RJ, Ruzyllo W, Trusz-Gluza M, Zembala M, Opolski G. Polish Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (PL-ACS). Characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes in Poland. Kardiol Pol 2007;65:861–874. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B25] 25. Gridnev VI, Kiselev AR, Posnenkova OM, Popova Y V, Dmitriev VA, Prokhorov MD, Dovgalevsky PY, Oschepkova EV. Russian registry of acute coronary syndrome investigators. Objectives and design of the Russian Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry (RusACSR). Clin Cardiol 2016;39:1–8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B26] 26. Radovanovic D, Erne P. AMIS Plus: Swiss registry of acute coronary syndrome. Heart 2010;96:917–921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B27] 27. Sim DS, Jeong MH. Twenty-year clinical experience of the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. Korean Circ J 2025;55:757–777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B28] 28. Mattos LA. Rationality and methods of ACCEPT registry - Brazilian registry of clinical practice in acute coronary syndromes of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Arq Bras Cardiol 2011;97:94–99. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B29] 29. Jerjes-Sanchez C, Martinez-Sanchez C, Borrayo-Sanchez G, Carrillo-Calvillo J, Juarez-Herrera U, Quintanilla-Gutierrez J. Third national registry of acute coronary syndromes (RENASICA III). Arch Cardiol Mex 2015;85:207–214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B30] 30. Erol MK, Kayıkçıoğlu M, Kılıçkap M. Rationale and design of the Turkish acute myocardial infarction registry: the TURKMI study. Anatol J Cardiol 2020;23:169–175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B31] 31. Claeys MJ, Sinnaeve PR, Convens C, Dubois P, Boland J, Vranckx P, Gevaert S, de Meester A, Coussement P, De Raedt H, Beauloye C, Renard M, Vrints C, Evrard P. STEMI mortality in community hospitals versus PCI-capable hospitals: results from a nationwide STEMI network programme. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2012;1:40–47. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B32] 32. Kim JH, Chae SC, Oh DJ, Kim HS, Kim YJ, Ahn Y, Cho MC, Kim CJ, Yoon J-H, Park H-Y, Jeong MH. Multicenter cohort study of acute myocardial infarction in Korea　- interim analysis of the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institutes of Health Registry. Circ J 2016;80:1427–1436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B33] 33. Bajaj RR, Goodman SG, Yan RT, Bagnall AJ, Gyenes G, Welsh RC, Eagle KA, Brieger D, Ramanathan K, Grondin FR, Yan AT. Treatment and outcomes of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes in relation to initial diagnostic impressions (insights from the Canadian Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events [GRACE] and Canadian Registry of Acute Coronary Events [CANRACE]). Am J Cardiol 2013;111:202–207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B34] 34. Yan AT, Tan M, Fitchett D, Chow C-M, Fowlis RA, McAvinue TG, Roe MT, Peterson ED, Tu JV, Langer A, Goodman SG. One-year outcome of patients after acute coronary syndromes (from the Canadian Acute Coronary Syndromes Registry). Am J Cardiol 2004;94:25–29. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B35] 35. Yan AT, Yan RT, Tan M, Fung A, Cohen EA, Fitchett DH, Langer A, Goodman SG. Canadian acute coronary syndromes 1 and 2 registry investigators. Management patterns in relation to risk stratification among patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1009–1016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B36] 36. Xavier D, Pais P, Devereaux PJ, Xie C, Prabhakaran D, Reddy S, Gupta R, Joshi P, Kerkar P, Thanikachalam S, Haridas KK, Jaison TM, Naik S, Maity AK, Yusuf S. Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes in India (CREATE): a prospective analysis of registry data. Lancet 2008;371:1435–1442. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B37] 37. García-Castillo A, Jerjes-Sánchez C, Martínez Bermúdez P, Ramón Azpiri-López J, Caballero AA, Martínez Sánchez C, Corrales MAR, Llamas G, Martinez Sanches J, Trevino AJ; RENASICA II . Mexican registry of acute coronary syndromes. Arch Cardiol Mex 2005;75:S6–S32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B38] 38. Chew DP, Amerena J, Coverdale S, Rankin J, Astley C, Brieger D. Current management of acute coronary syndromes in Australia: observations from the acute coronary syndromes prospective audit. Intern Med J 2007;37:741–748. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B39] 39. Dharmarajan K, Li J, Li X, Lin Z, Krumholz HM, Jiang L; China PEACE Collaborative Group . The China Patient-Centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events (China PEACE) retrospective study of acute myocardial infarction: study design. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6:732–740. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B40] 40. Xu H, Li W, Yang J, Wiviott SD, Sabatine MS, Peterson ED, Xian Y, Roe MT, Zhao W, Wang Y, Tang X, Jia X, Wu Y, Gao R, Yang Y. The China Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) registry: a national long-term registry-research-education integrated platform for exploring acute myocardial infarction in China. Am Heart J 2016;175:193–201.e3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B41] 41. Hanania G, Cambou J-P, Guéret P, Vaur L, Blanchard D, Lablanche J-M, Boutalbi Y, Humbert R, Clerson P, Genes N, Danchin N. Management and in-hospital outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to intensive care units at the turn of the century: results from the French nationwide USIC 2000 registry. Heart 2004;90:1404–1410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B42] 42. Cambou J-P, Simon T, Mulak G, Bataille V, Danchin N. The French registry of Acute ST elevation or non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAST-MI): study design and baseline characteristics. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2007;100:524–534. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B43] 43. Hanssen M, Cottin Y, Khalife K, Hammer L, Goldstein P, Puymirat E, Mulak G, Drouet E, Pace B, Schultz E, Bataille V, Ferrières J, Simon T, Danchin N. French registry on Acute ST-elevation and non ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction 2010. FAST-MI 2010. Heart 2012;98:699–705. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B44] 44. Juzar DA, Muzakkir AF, Ilhami YR, Taufiq N, Astiawati T, R A IMJ, Pramudyo M, Priyana A, Hakim A, Anjarwani S, Endang J, Widyantoro B. Management of acute coronary syndrome Indonesia: insight from One ACS Multicenter Registry. IJC 2022;43:45–55. [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B45] 45. Di Chiara A, Chiarella F, Savonitto S, Lucci D, Bolognese L, De Servi S, Greco C, Boccanelli A, Zonzin P, Coccolini S, Maggioni AP. Epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction in the Italian CCU network: the BLITZ study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1616–1629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B46] 46. Di Chiara A, Fresco C, Savonitto S, Greco C, Lucci D, Gonzini L, Mafrici A, Ottani F, Bolognese L, De Servi S, Boccanelli A, Maggioni AP, Chiarella F. Epidemiology of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes in the Italian cardiology network: the BLITZ-2 study. Eur Heart J 2006;27:393–405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B47] 47. Olivari Z, Steffenino G, Savonitto S, Chiarella F, Chinaglia A, Lucci D, Maggioni AP, Pirelli S, Scherillo S, Scherillo M, Scorcu G, Tricoci P, Urbinati S. The management of acute myocardial infarction in the cardiological intensive care units in Italy: the ‘BLITZ 4 Qualità’ campaign for performance measurement and quality improvement. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2012;1:143–152. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B48] 48. Gierlotka M, Zdrojewski T, Wojtyniak B, Poloñski L, Stokwiszewski J, Gasior M, Kozierkiewicz A, Kalarus Z, Wierucki L, Chlebus K, Zembala M, Wysocki M, Opolski G. Incidence, treatment, in-hospital mortality and one-year outcomes of acute myocardial infarction in Poland in 2009-2012-nationwide AMI-PL database. Kardiol Pol 2015;73:142–158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B49] 49. Alhabib KF, Kinsara AJ, Alghamdi S, Al-Murayeh M, Hussein GA, AlSaif S, Khalaf H, Alfaleh H, Hersi A, Kashour T, Kashour T, Al-Saleh A, Ali M, Ullah A, Mhish H, Abdo AN, Almutairi F, Arafah MR, AlKutshan R, Aldosari M, AlSabatien BY, Alrazzaz M, Maria AM, Aref AH, Selim MM, Morsy AM, AlTohari FA, Alrifai AA, Awaad AA, El-Sayed H, Mansour S, Atwa AA, Abdelkader S, Altamimi N, Saleh E, Alhaidari W, ElShihawy EHA, Busaleh AH, Abdalmoutaleb M, Fawzy EM, Mokhtar Z, Saleh AM, Ahmad MA, Almasswary A, Alshehri M, Abohatab KM, AlGarni T, Butt M, Altaj I, Abdullah F, Alhosni Y, Osman HB, Bugti N, Aziz AA, Alarabi A, AlHarbi IA. The first survey of the Saudi Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry program: main results and long-term outcomes (STARS-1 program). PLoS One 2019;14:e0216551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B50] 50. Kook HY, Jeong MH, Oh S, Yoo SH, Kim EJ, Ahn Y, Kim JH, Chai LS, Kim YJ, Kim CJ, Chai LS, Kim YJ, Kim CJ, Chan Cho M. Current trend of acute myocardial infarction in Korea (from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry from 2006 to 2013). Am J Cardiol 2014;114:1817–1822. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B51] 51. Bueno H, Bardají A, Fernández-Ortiz A, Marrugat J, Martí H, Heras M; Investigadores del Estudio DESCARTES . Management of non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes in Spain. The DESCARTES (Descripción del Estado de los Síndromes Coronarios Agudos en un Registro Temporal ESpañol) study. Rev Esp Cardiol 2005;58:244–252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B52] 52. Ferreira-González I, Permanyer-Miralda G, Marrugat J, Heras M, Cuñat J, Civeira E, Aros F, Rodriquez JJ, Sanchez PL, Bueno H; MASCARA study research team . MASCARA (Manejo del Síndrome Coronario Agudo. Registro Actualizado) study. General findings. Rev Esp Cardiol 2008;61:803–816. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B53] 53. AlSaleh A, AlSaif SM, Alhadramy O, Alshehri M, Al Faraidy K, Almutairi F, Kinsara AJ, Al-Murayeh M, Ghabashi AE, Alasnag M, Hussein GA, Askar TM, Haider KH, Alharbi IA, Almokhlef A, Sayed BA, Almasswary A, Ul-Sabah Z-, Kazim H, Albareda HA, Aldossari MA, Albawardi R, Alali R, Abdulhabeeb IAM, Ibrahim SM, Alasmari S, Almoghairi AM, Khoja AY, Hussain N, Aminu BS, Serafi A, Eltayeb AO, BuSaleh AH, Alsabatien B, Hamza MK, Alsharkawy R, Awwad AA, Mohamed MA, Al Habeeb MA, Shujauddin S, Ya'u JA, Attia NM, Kholaif N, Bin Ghouth NM, Youssef MKI, Qutub MA, Lawand SR, Alkutshan R, Ahmed E, Basardah A, Alhaj WI, Altaradi H, Ali M, Alqarawi W, Alhabib KF. The second survey of the Saudi Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry program: main results and temporal changes in care (STARS-2 program). PLoS One 2025;20:e0331215. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B54] 54. Honda S, Nishihira K, Kojima S, Takegami M, Asaumi Y, Suzuki M, Kosuge M, Takahashi J, Sakata Y, Takayama M, Takayama M, Sumiyoshi T, Ogawa H, Kimura K, Yasuda S. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the prospective Japan Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (JAMIR). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2019;33:97–103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B55] 55. De Luca L, Leonardi S, Cavallini C, Lucci D, Musumeci G, Caporale R, Abrignani MG, Lupi A, Rakar S, Gulizia MM, Bovenzi FM, De Servi S. Contemporary antithrombotic strategies in patients with acute coronary syndrome admitted to cardiac care units in Italy: the EYESHOT study. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2015;4:441–452. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B56] 56. De Luca L, Maggioni AP, Cavallini C, Leonardi S, Lucci D, Sacco A, di Uccio FS, Valente S, Navazio A, Pascale V, Geraci G, Lanni F, Gulizia MM, Colivicchi F, Gabrielli D, Oliva F. Clinical profile and management of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to cardiac care units: the EYESHOT-2 registry. Int J Cardiol 2025;418:132601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[oeag100-B57] 57. Bosco E, Hsueh L, McConeghy KW, Gravenstein S, Saade E. Major adverse cardiovascular event definitions used in observational analysis of administrative databases: a systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021;21:241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Overview of methodology and characteristics of national acute coronary syndrome registries in high-income countries: a scoping review

Justine Chan

Natalie Ward

Judith Finn

Adil Rajwani

Jing Pang

Mikhail Alexander

Khang Duong Nguyen

Jyoti Sharma

Carl Schultz

Gerald F Watts

Markus P Schlaich

Christopher M Reid

Graham S Hillis

Roles

Abstract

Aims

Methods and results

Conclusion

Graphical Abstract

Graphical Abstract.

Introduction

Methods

Protocol and registration

Eligibility criteria

Search strategy

Selection of sources of evidence

Data charting process, data items, and synthesis of results

Results

Selection of sources of evidence

Figure 1.

Identified registries

Figure 2.

Patient consent and enrolment

Table 1.

Objectives

Table 2.

Data collection

Table 3.

Outcomes

Table 4.

Discussion

Conclusions

Supplementary Material

Contributor Information

Data availability

Supplementary material

Author contributions

Funding

References

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases