Abstract
Human subjects given choices among 10 different pairs of concurrent fixed-ratio schedules preferred the smaller ratio. After a preference had been determined, timeout of increasing duration followed the completion of the preferred schedule. The larger the fixed-ratio difference, the longer the timeout necessary to produce the shift to the previously nonpreferred ratio. Responses by two of three subjects were unaffected by changes from response-dependent to response-independent pay.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Ayllon T., Azrin N. H. The measurement and reinforcement of behavior of psychotics. J Exp Anal Behav. 1965 Nov;8(6):357–383. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1965.8-357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baron A., Kaufman A. Facilitation and suppression of human loss-avoidance by signaled, unavoidable loss. J Exp Anal Behav. 1968 Mar;11(2):177–185. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1968.11-177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DARDANO J. F., SAUERBRUNN D. SELECTIVE PUNISHMENT OF CONCURRENT PROGRESSIVE RATIO BEHAVIOR. J Exp Anal Behav. 1964 Jan;7:51–65. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1964.7-51. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HERMAN R. L., AZRIN N. H. PUNISHMENT BY NOISE IN AN ALTERNATIVE RESPONSE SITUATION. J Exp Anal Behav. 1964 Mar;7:185–188. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1964.7-185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HOLZ W. C., AZRIN N. H., AYLLON T. Elimination of behavior of mental patients by response-produced extinction. J Exp Anal Behav. 1963 Jul;6:407–412. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1963.6-407. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leitenberg H. Is time-out from positive reinforcement an aversive event? A review of the experimental evidence. Psychol Bull. 1965 Dec;64(6):428–441. doi: 10.1037/h0022657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller L. K., Schneider R. The use of a token system in project Head Start. J Appl Behav Anal. 1970 Fall;3(3):213–220. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1970.3-213. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller N. B., Zimmerman J. The effects of a pre-time-out stimulus on matching-to-sample of humans. J Exp Anal Behav. 1966 Sep;9(5):487–499. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1966.9-487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- WEINER H. Response cost and the aversive control of human operant behavior. J Exp Anal Behav. 1963 Jul;6:415–421. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1963.6-415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- WEINER H. Some effects of response cost upon human operant behavior. J Exp Anal Behav. 1962 Apr;5:201–208. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1962.5-201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiner H. Conditioning history and maladaptive human operant behavior. Psychol Rep. 1965 Dec;17(3):935–942. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1965.17.3.935. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiner H. Cost to payoff contributions to preference under fixed-ratio contingencies with humans. Psychol Rep. 1967 Feb;20(1):31–35. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1967.20.1.31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiner H. Preference and switching under ratio contingencies with humans. Psychol Rep. 1966 Feb;18(1):239–246. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1966.18.1.239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiner H. Real and imagined cost effects upon human fixed-interval responding. Psychol Rep. 1965 Oct;17(2):659–662. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1965.17.2.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Winkler R. C. Management of chronic psychiatric patients by a token reinforcement system. J Appl Behav Anal. 1970 Spring;3(1):47–55. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1970.3-47. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ZIMMERMAN J., BAYDAN N. T. PUNISHMENT OF S-DELTA RESPONDING OF HUMANS IN CONDITIONAL MATCHING TO SAMPLE BY TIME-OUT. J Exp Anal Behav. 1963 Oct;6:589–597. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1963.6-589. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]