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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jul 15.
Published before final editing as: Psychol Trauma. 2026 Jul 13:10.1037/tra0002213. doi: 10.1037/tra0002213

Trauma and Healing in the Latine Immigrant Community: Interdisciplinary and Resilience-Oriented Approaches

Oscar F Rojas Perez 1, Maria M Galano 2, Wanda G Vargas-Haskins 3, Carlos Cuevas 4
PMCID: PMC13367381  NIHMSID: NIHMS2173761  PMID: 42441617

Abstract

Historical as well as ongoing sociocultural and sociopolitical contexts deeply affect trauma exposure and recovery among the Latine immigrants. Violent immigration policies, xenophobia and racism, as well as social disadvantages, all contribute to a high trauma burden among Latine immigrants in the United States. However, Latine immigrants also display deep resilience and strengths that support their continued survival in these contexts—a phenomenon we call soul endurance. The Justice-based Interdisciplinary Thriving (JIT) Framework is a novel approach, grounded in clinical observation and research, for conceptualizing trauma recovery among Latine immigrants, addressing their lived realities while leveraging key strengths. Key elements of this framework include integrating multiple disciplines into trauma treatment, employing culturally responsive treatment modalities, and designing treatments that address not only individual but also community-level needs. The overarching goal of this framework is to promote trauma healing in the Latine immigrant community, which represents a more holistic and tailored approach to trauma treatment. By taking a justice-oriented, interdisciplinary approach, we aim to promote thriving rather than merely surviving among Latine immigrants.

Keywords: Intersectional trauma, interdisciplinary collaboration, justice-based, thriving, trauma recovery, Latine

Trauma recovery treatments for Latine immigrant communities must recognize the impact of historical and ongoing trauma (Cerdeña et al., 2021; National Hispanic and Latino Mental Health Technology Transfer Center [NHLMHTTC], 2022). In addition, the recovery of trauma in Latine immigrant communities must attend to the intertwined relationship between sociopolitical and sociocultural realities (Chavez-Duenas et al., 2019; Comas-Díaz, 2014) and to intersecting identities (Bryant-Davis, 2019), while honoring the resilience of the Latine spirit. While there are models of healing ethno-racial trauma (Chavez-Duenas et al., 2019) and racism-related stress and trauma (Adames et al., 2022) for Latine communities (e.g., immigrant, nonimmigrant), there is a significant gap in how to appropriately and responsibly address the intersecting dimensions of trauma (e.g., historical, ongoing, index), contexts (e.g., sociopolitical, sociocultural), and multiple layers of identity within each person and community (Brown, 2008), which are often treated in silo. Addressing these intersecting forms of trauma requires not only culturally responsive clinical insight but also a critical understanding of the sociopolitical forces that continue to shape the lived experience of Latine immigrant communities (Comas-Diaz, 2014; Rojas Perez et al., 2022). Given the current climate, marked by rising anti-immigrant rhetoric and ongoing ethno-racial discrimination, trauma recovery teams, which we define as a combination of behavioral health providers, physicians, community and faith leaders, and peers in recovery from trauma, must adopt a thriving and collective healing approach to trauma recovery.

The purpose of this article is threefold: (1) to discuss intersecting experiences of trauma among Latine immigrants. (2) to examine the association of ongoing sociopolitical and sociocultural factors with trauma from a Latine immigrant context and delineate pathways of resilience that enable Latine immigrants to thrive while standing up to injustices. (3) to present the JIT (Justice-based Interdisciplinary Thriving) Framework to enhance trauma recovery for Latine immigrants affected by intersecting forms of trauma that considers intervention at the individual, treatment, and community levels. We conclude the paper with a discussion on the limitations and future directions of the JIT Framework and its importance for enhancing trauma recovery among Latine immigrants.

Intersecting Forms of Trauma

Traumatic experiences among the Latine immigrant community are rooted in an unequal system of privileges and opportunities. Thus, we must hold that for Latine immigrant trauma survivors, of all types, including disasters, interpersonal assault, and other forms of trauma, their experiences are rooted in colonization across the Americas (Valdez et al., 2024). Through the process of colonization, White settlers created systems that structured “opportunities” and “freedom” along the lines of race; such a system placed Whites at the top on the belief that they were superior to Indigenous peoples and people trafficked from Africa as enslaved (Adames et al., 2022; Carter & Pieterse, 2005; Helms, 2020). The legacy of colonization has manifested in economic and health disadvantages, restrictive immigration policies, experiences of ethno-race-based discrimination, and limited resources for Latine immigrant communities (NHLMHTTC, 2022).

Thus, many factors and events create intersectional forms of trauma for the Latine immigrant community and are relevant for healing. Two of the most studied sources of trauma within the Latine immigrant community revolve around US immigration policies and US relations with Latin American countries, prompting authorized and unauthorized migration. Latine migration to the US is driven by a combination of diverse push (e.g., violence, war, persecution) and pull factors (e.g., work and economic opportunities, the pursuit of reuniting with family, safety) that are expected to shape pre-, peri-, and post-migration outcomes (Gutiérrez, 2016). Restrictive immigration policies limit pathways to entry for Latine immigrants; as a result, migration can be especially prolonged and dangerous. Evidence has shown high rates of trauma in the process of migration, including sexual violence against Latine women at the border (Simmons & Michelle, 2014), as well as witnessing violence and detention by government authorities (Galvez et al., 2025). Immigration trauma is known to affect mental health, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, yet is often underassessed among Latine immigrants (de Arellano et al., 2018; Galvez et al., 2025). Circumstances of migration, such as whether migration was planned or unplanned, can also impact mental health among Latine immigrants (Torres & Wallace, 2013). Moreover, anti-immigrant sentiments are generally a deterrent for accessing services for traumatic experiences (Rodriguez et al., 2018).

Once in the US, immigration status becomes an especially salient factor, with undocumented immigrants facing high levels of stress and fear, while simultaneously being unable to access adequate resources given their status (Saleem et al., 2020). Being undocumented can also compound other forms of trauma, as their status becomes a tool of coercion and control. For example, in one study exploring the lived experience of Latine immigrant women, unfair treatment in the workplace, including differential pay (e.g., lower pay, longer hours) and working conditions (e.g., no breaks), as well as workplace violence (e.g., sexual assault, bullying) were everyday experiences across the women (Ayón et al., 2018). However, conditions were worse for women who were undocumented, as undocumented Latine women faced psychological abuse in the workplace (e.g., threats of deportation) alongside other forms of violence, highlighting the compounding ways immigration policies affect other forms of trauma. This form of psychological abuse was also deployed in other settings (e.g., in the community) against Latine women and their children, both heightening their sense of fear as well as preventing them from accessing resources (Ayón et al., 2018). This study highlights how the intersections of oppression based on ethnicity interact with other forms of oppression (e.g., sexism) to impact Latinas’ well-being negatively.

Discrimination based on ethnicity and acculturative stress are also significant sources of intersectional trauma for Latine immigrants. Data from one nationally representative sample suggest that approximately 30% of Latine adults report perceived discrimination, with rates higher among younger individuals (Pérez et al., 2008). In line with theorized connections between racism as a form of traumatic stress, there is evidence that experiences of discrimination are associated with greater symptoms of PTSD (Brabeck et al., 2022) and are associated with increased risk for PTSD diagnosis (Sibrava et al., 2019). Notably, these associations between discrimination and PTSD have been observed even when accounting for the effects of other types of trauma exposure (Brabeck et al., 2022), highlighting the intersectional nature of these experiences. There is also evidence that discrimination is connected to secondary trauma outcomes like PTSD (Ai et al., 2021) and depression (Kiang et al., 2020) among Latine.

Ongoing Sociopolitical and Sociocultural Realities

Since 2016, the rise in political agendas targeting Latine communities, including both immigrant and non-immigrant communities, has increased significantly (Canizales & Vallejo, 2021; Rojas Perez et al., 2022). However, there is insufficient research on the influence of sociopolitical forces on trauma and PTSD, suggesting there is limited conceptual understanding and responsive treatment options (Bryant-Davis, 2019). For example, while there is consensus that current political efforts (e.g., executive orders [Protecting American Communities from Criminal Aliens, Restoring Equality of Opportunity and Meritocracy]; The White House, 2025) are harming Latine immigrant communities, the manifestation and sequelae of trauma remain unknown and invisible. Moreover, the impact of the current administration’s exclusionary agenda cannot be conceptualized in isolation, as the directives often intersect with other forms of marginalization and oppression, including those based on gender, sexual orientation, immigration status, religious/spiritual beliefs, ability status, race, ethnicity, and culture, deepening the trauma experienced by Latine individuals with multiple minoritized identities (Brown, 2008; Chavez-Duenas et al., 2019; Crenshaw, 2005; NHLMHTTC, 2022; Szkupinski Quiroga et al., 2020). Thus, these forms of identity-based stressors, layered with other forms of traumatic stressors, increase vulnerability to adverse psychological outcomes among Latine immigrants, particularly those holding multiple marginalized identities.

Resilience Among Latine

Research has consistently demonstrated that Latine communities are exposed to high rates of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disparities (Mayorga et al., 2024; Sibrava et al., 2019; Silva et al., 2022; Williams et al., 2017). The increased attention to trauma studies among Latine communities has also led to recognition of resilience as an agent of healing and survival in the face of traumatic experiences (Andrade et al., 2021; Bryant-Davis & Comas-Díaz, 2016; Chavez-Dueñas et al., 2019). The acknowledgement and attention to resilience, within the context of trauma, have contributed to the development of models and frameworks that conceptualize factors such as resistance, justice, survivance, and activism as cultural assets that enhance resilience for healing trauma wounds (Bryant-Davis & Comas-Díaz, 2016; Chavez-Dueñas et al., 2019; Orozco-Figueroa, 2021). For example, in their Healing Ethno-Racial Trauma (HEART) framework, Chavez-Dueñas and colleagues (2019) describe seven Latine psychological strengths (Determination, Esperanza, Adaptability, Strong Work Ethic, Connectedness to Others, Collective Emotional Expression, and Resistance; Adames & Chavez-Dueñas, 2017) that can enhance and strengthen resilience among Latine immigrant communities to resist and survive ethno-racial trauma. Similarly, Indigenous approaches for healing historical trauma underscore the importance of attending to resources, allies, and resilience responses when engaging in the process of recreating trauma narratives; a practice often used to disrupt the transmission of intergenerational trauma (Beltran & Begun, 2014; Orozco-Figueroa, 2021; Ortega-Williams et al., 2021). Recreating narrative from traumatic historical events can enhance the healing of Latine Indigenous communities who have survived devastating historical traumas, including forced relocation, colonial policies aimed at assimilation, and genocide (NHLMHTTC, 2022). Additional emergent models for healing trauma among Latine communities (e.g., women) emphasize the use of assets such as empowerment, resistance, spirituality, and activism, which contribute to resilience and enable individuals to thrive and heal from oppressive systems that perpetuate trauma (Bryant-Davis & Comas-Díaz, 2016; Rojas Perez et al., 2022).

Justice-based Interdisciplinary Thriving Framework

Attending solely to the index trauma utilizing a Eurocentric therapeutic approach (e.g., individual psychotherapy) may invalidate the various and ongoing forms of trauma impacting the well-being of Latine immigrant communities (Chavez-Dueñas et al., 2019). Furthermore, Eurocentric service models and treatments run the risk of overlooking the collective and intergenerational trauma experiences of Latine immigrants, which often stem from colonization, ongoing discrimination, and anti-Latine and anti-immigrant sentiments (Chu et al., 2025; Rojas Perez et al., 2023). The conceptualization of trauma recovery within Eurocentric psychotherapy frameworks can also result in the pathologization of symptom expression among Latine immigrants, which is shaped by the culture (Pittman, 2014). Finally, Eurocentric approaches to trauma recovery can be clinically oppressive against Latine cultural values and practices. For example, an emphasis on only cognitive processing may obscure the important role of spiritual guides and traditional healers in trauma recovery among some Latine immigrant communities.

Therefore, drawing on the collective clinical experiences and scholarship of bilingual and bicultural psychologists, the authors propose the JIT Framework to enhance trauma recovery for Latine immigrant communities (Figure 1). The JIT Framework offers a lens for conceptualizing trauma recovery for Latine immigrants and guides effective treatment by emphasizing collectivism, justice, community, and resilience, all of which speak to liberation (e.g., Martín-Baró, 1996). Through the use of the JIT Framework, the authors also intend to build on existing approaches and frameworks, such as the Keeping Radical Healing in Mind Therapeutic Approach (Adames et al., 2022) and the Healing Ethno and Racial Trauma (HEART) framework (Chavez-Dueñas et al., 2019). These approaches highlight that trauma experiences among Latine are structural and not just individual, and that culture, along with resistance and survival, are sources of healing and wellness. However, these frameworks mainly focus on healing experiences of ethno-racial trauma within the bounds of clinical spaces.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Justice-based Interdisciplinary Thriving Framework

The JIT Framework, by contrast, conceptualizes trauma recovery as a holistic, ongoing process that honors cultural pathways of resilience and supports within and beyond the clinical setting. The framework is understood as fluid and ongoing, recognizing the diverse strengths and healing needs of Latine immigrants; therefore, these domains need not be followed in sequential order. Instead, it is encouraged that trauma recovery teams integrate these domains on a needs basis to enhance current trauma recovery care. Additionally, the JIT Framework is designed to strengthen trauma recovery by integrating collective community assets, justice, and cultural understanding into everyday environments, rather than relying solely on the therapist-patient dyad, which typically focuses on preventing re-traumatization. The framework also aims to highlight that trauma recovery requires broader engagement from diverse stakeholders to co-create trauma healing, foster belonging, and build collective trauma recovery responsibility; thus, expanding trauma recovery accountability beyond the therapist-patient dyad. Furthermore, JIT addresses soul endurance, which we define as encompassing fortitude, inherited resilience, the ability to withstand adversity, and adaptability, all of which carry an undertone of spirituality that is often embedded in cultural understandings of strength and survival. Trauma recovery teams are expected to benefit from its use. The following section outlines the JIT Framework and offers recommendations for its use to enhance trauma recovery among Latine immigrant communities.

Collective Interdisciplinary Approach

Healing the complex intersectional experiences of trauma among Latine immigrants requires a collective interdisciplinary approach. Compounding sources of trauma (e.g., ethno-racial discrimination, immigration stress, socioeconomic disparities, historical and intergenerational wounds, and ongoing civil unrest) call for interdisciplinary, comprehensive trauma recovery services grounded in strengths that transcend individual treatments that are narrow in scope. A central feature of interdisciplinary, integrated treatment is collaboration among stakeholders (Brown & Rojas Perez, 2024; Heath et al., 2013). Therefore, a collective interdisciplinary approach to trauma recovery for Latine immigrant communities should include efforts from licensed mental health providers, social workers, community leaders and members, peers with lived experience, and medical professionals to address the biopsychosocial impacts of trauma (Comas-Diaz, 2006). Lozada et al. (2024) suggest that, rather than emphasizing intervention, prioritizing community-based initiatives, prevention, and empowerment would constitute a shift toward a “transdisciplinary and system-oriented approach,” ultimately providing a more effective means of addressing disparities. Hence, a collective interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach to trauma recovery centered on the trauma experiences of Latine immigrant communities would be one step closer towards healing.

An interdisciplinary and collaborative trauma recovery team (ICTRT) would be well-positioned to effectively respond to the sociocultural factors and historical and ongoing unrest that cause or contribute to trauma among Latine immigrant communities. For example, responsive providers can infuse Latine cultural values such as familismo (value placed on close family ties), respeto (respect), confianza (trust), personalismo (preference for relationships with individuals rather than with institutions), and strengths (Latine psychological strengths) into their therapeutic approach to facilitate trauma recovery (Adames & Chavez-Dueñas, 2017; Añez et al., 2008). For example, providers may consider inviting Latine immigrant patients to explore their family histories of migration and family- and idiom-based resilience. The provider may also consider discussing with the individual the possibility of inviting supportive family members to join therapeutic sessions, honoring familismo. Similarly, a provider may consider embodying behaviors that demonstrate consistency, follow-through, and advocacy to communicate respeto and confianza. Providers may also engage in appropriate self-disclosure to strengthen the working alliance and convey authenticity. Therefore, emphasizing the relationship over the therapeutic service agreement, displaying personalismo. Incorporating these values can help Latine immigrants have positive experiences with treatment services and rebuild trust with systems of care.

In addition, culturally responsive clinical providers can effectively use conceptual and treatment approaches to locate and address intersecting forms of trauma (e.g., immigration stress, ethno-racial discrimination) from a historical context of oppression and marginalization that validates the lived experience of Latine immigrants (Chavez-Dueñas et al., 2019; NHLMHTTC, 2022; Rojas Perez et al., 2023). For example, providers may consider frameworks and models (e.g., Historical Trauma and Unresolved Grief; Brave Heart, 1998) that help Latine immigrants reframe mental health symptoms (e.g., PTSD, depression, anxiety) as adaptive responses to historical and migration trauma, instead of individual signs of weakness. By utilizing culturally responsive and validating frameworks, providers can normalize emotional pain, often described as nervios (nerves), among some Latine immigrants. Simultaneously, social workers and community leaders can help facilitate trauma recovery by encouraging and promoting engagement in trauma treatment, connecting individuals with community supports (e.g., faith-based organizations, healing and civic groups, immigration and legal services), and advocating for policy that prioritizes community trauma healing (American Psychological Association, 2017). Further, collaborating with medical professionals would provide an additional layer of support in the recovery from trauma. For example, medical professionals can provide Latine immigrants with psychoeducation on the neurobiology of trauma, while also providing pharmacological recommendations (Buqué, 2024). This collective interdisciplinary approach ensures that interventions not only address biopsychosocial factors but also account for context and hold various stakeholders accountable.

Justice-Based Service

In recent years, researchers have documented the association between trauma and social injustices (Gilmer et al., 2021; Matheson et al., 2019; Sangalang et al., 2019). The findings suggest that social injustices amplify trauma, and vice versa, thereby depleting already limited individual, social, and community resources (Gilmer et al., 2021; Jäggi et al., 2014; Williams et al., 2018). As a result, ICTRT must be equipped to work from a justice-based lens to enhance recovery and restore liberation (Comas-Díaz, 2015; Szymanski & Lewis, 2015; Utsey et al., 2001). For example, Chavez-Dueñas and colleagues (2019) identified several essential and feasible justice-oriented tasks that organizations and providers can implement to enhance ethno-racial trauma recovery. While a growing body of literature exists on justice-based models of trauma care, ICTRT must exercise caution against implementing justice-based models of trauma recovery as a one-size-fits-all approach (Brown & Rojas Perez, 2024). Applying a one-size-fits-all justice-based model to trauma recovery runs the risk of unintentionally invalidating the multiple layers of lived oppression and identity within each individual and community. This is particularly pertinent given the current political efforts (e.g., unconstitutional executive orders) intentionally designed to harm all Latine communities (e.g., undocumented immigrants, ethno-racial communities, women, and sexual minoritized Latine people). Therefore, justice-oriented models of trauma recovery must be modified to account for the multiple sociopolitical injustices contributing to the trauma experiences of Latine immigrants. Furthermore, justice-oriented models of trauma recovery should incorporate a person-centered and/or community-centered approach, given the diverse trauma experiences of Latine immigrants (NHLMHTTC, 2022). For example, the trauma experience of a queer-Latine immigrant may differ from the trauma experience of an Afro-Latine immigrant experiencing family separation. As a result, ICTRT should intentionally and actively involve trauma survivors and communities in the design, modification, and implementation of justice-oriented trauma recovery services.

Contrary to traditional trauma treatment that focuses on the prevention of re-traumatization in clinical settings, justice-oriented trauma models must extend care to community capacity-building, including faith-based and grassroots organizations. Research indicates that community capacity-building empowers individuals and communities to address their own needs, reducing reliance on an overburdened health system with limited capacity to respond to individual and collective trauma. (Loomis et al., 2019; Gilmer et al., 2021). Therefore, providers are encouraged to develop collaborative partnerships with established local justice-based services (e.g., legal services) and organizations (e.g., faith-based communities) to promote trauma recovery and respond to social unrest (Valdez et al., 2024). For example, providers may work closely and collaboratively with faith-based, grassroots, and justice-based organizational leaders to organize and facilitate trauma-recovery spaces (e.g., healing circles, emergency response teams), particularly during periods of heightened social distress (e.g., Immigration and Customs Enforcement raids). The North Carolina Council of Churches offers a variety of resources on mobilizing faith communities to advocate for justice, including a toolkit on becoming a trauma-informed faith community (https://ncchurches.org/sacred-series-toolkit-becoming-a-trauma-informed-faith-community/). Similarly, providers and systems can take the lead by promoting Psychological First Aid (National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2025) to community leaders, thereby helping to build and strengthen community capacity to respond during crises. Furthermore, mental health systems are encouraged to develop partnerships with legal services to develop trauma-informed resources and connect Latine immigrants with legal assistance. For example, Yale University’s Law School Legal Assistance: Immigrant Rights Clinic accepts referrals from community mental health clinics working with immigrant populations. A collaborative partnership between providers and lawyers can significantly improve the way Latine immigrants prepare for legal proceedings, offering crucial emotional support and guidance that empowers them to share their trauma narratives with greater clarity and confidence (Taknint et al., 2023). Thus, collective effort between mental health systems, community organizations, and legal teams can challenge systems of oppression and foster trauma-resilient communities through community capacity building.

Thriving-Based Care

Healing trauma in Latine immigrant communities requires an in-depth understanding of their strengths and resilience. Among Latine communities, resilience is understood as a culturally grounded, dynamic process of positive adaptation in the context of adversity, informed by cultural values and practices, as well as religious and spiritual rituals (Abraído-Lanza et al., 2004; Carierllo et al., 2020; Shetgiri et al., 2009). Resilience within Latine immigrants has been identified as a protective factor and associated with lower mental health symptoms and greater reported health (Abraído-Lanza et al., 2004; Finch et al., 2000). Therefore, applying the concept of soul endurance with Latine immigrants can enhance trauma recovery. In doing so, ICTRT will be better able to recognize and honor deep intergenerational sources of survival and meaning-making, while validating harm and supporting movement towards healing and empowerment. For example, members of the ICTRT working with Latine immigrants would first acknowledge how trauma has been endured through faith, family, and strengths, while validating the toll of chronic stress and loss. Next, as a team, the focus can shift beyond survival by fostering rest, resistance, community support, and a renewed sense of agency.

The literature on resilience among Latine immigrant communities suggests that both internal and external sources of resilience can contribute to trauma recovery (Cacari Stone et al., 2021). For example, among Latine immigrant parents, social support, faith, and civic commitment and action have been identified as sources of resilience when navigating restrictive immigration policies and practices (Arce et al., 2020). Similarly, querencia (a deep connection to land, home, and people) and conscientización (critical consciousness) have been found to mitigate soul wounds resulting from historical trauma among Latine communities (Cacari Stone et al., 2021). Furthermore, studies have also found community support and belonging to be sources of protection against gender-race-based discrimination and stress among Latine sexual- and gender-minoritized communities (Abreu et al., 2021; Cerezon et al., 2014). As a result, interventions must draw on culturally centered strength-based resilience approaches for healing trauma among Latine immigrants. Importantly, there is evidence that the integration of trauma-informed practices with culturally specific services leads to better outcomes for Latine survivors of violence (Serrata et al., 2019). However, caution is warranted when centering resilience, as overemphasizing it can inadvertently normalize chronic adversity, minimize structural violence, or place the burden of trauma recovery on Latine immigrants rather than addressing systemic harm (Luthar et al., 2007; Suslovic & Lett, 2023; Ungar, 2013).

Broadening the scope of resilience-building can help ICTRT teams tap into culturally responsive pathways that promote and strengthen resilience among Latine immigrants (Coll et al., 1996). For example, collective interdisciplinary teams can draw on cultural pathways of resilience by engaging Latine immigrants in discussions on the intergenerational transmission of resilience (the intergenerational transfer of adaptive strengths through cultural and social means; Hammood et al., 2025). ICTRT can empower Latine immigrants to draw on their strengths to recover from trauma by centering resilience. However, as mentioned above, it must be undertaken with caution to avoid placing responsibility for complete recovery on the individual or community. Especially in the current sociopolitical context, where ethnic harassment and violence targeting Latine immigrants are increasingly normalized. Research has found that enhancing cultural sources of resilience among Latine communities can mitigate the influence of stress exposure and trauma (Umaña-Taylor & Douglass, 2017). In addition, ICTRT working with Latine immigrants are encouraged to reference “The Construct of Resilience: Implications for Interventions and Social Policies” by Luthar and Cicchetti (2007) when developing trauma recovery interventions that attend to and validate Latine cultural sources of resilience. Furthermore, by implementing a strengths-based approach to trauma recovery, collective interdisciplinary trauma recovery teams can enhance their understanding of the environmental, social, and cultural dimensions that contribute to resilience among Latine communities. Thus, resilience-building strategies for trauma recovery must consider the unique experiences and strengths of Latine immigrants.

Discussion

Limitations and Future Directions

Attention also needs to be paid to the limitations of the JIT Framework. For instance, the current anti-immigrant climate and overtly racist policies may create hesitancy among trauma recovery teams to work from the JIT Framework due to fear of retaliation (e.g., limiting funding) from government institutions. Second, under-resourced communities with limited access to key stakeholders (e.g., culturally responsive providers, faith-based and grassroots leaders, justice-based legal services) may face challenges in implementing the JIT Framework. Third, while there are benefits to interdisciplinary collaboration, having too many viewpoints may complicate trauma recovery by introducing conflicting goals, models, or interventions, thereby overwhelming individuals and communities. Fourth, if resilience is not conceptualized with validation and context, trauma recovery teams run the risk of minimizing or overlooking the social harm and injustice endured by Latine immigrants. Therefore, trauma recovery teams must acknowledge the injustices that have caused and continue to contribute to the ongoing traumas among Latine immigrants. Lastly, the JIT Framework is intended for Latine immigrants, thereby limiting its applicability to additional Latine groups (non-immigrants) with different lived experiences and privileged identities.

Finally, given that the current paper introduces the JIT Framework, future research is needed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and scalability of JIT implementation. Future research on the use of JIT should also examine domain preferences among Latine immigrants and the factors that may influence them. Similarly, future research can examine which components of JIT are more or less beneficial across settings, depending on community needs and resource availability. Moreover, future research may consider evaluating the impact of each domain to understand better which mechanisms have a greater influence on trauma recovery among Latine immigrants.

Conclusion

In this article, we discuss the implications of historical and ongoing intersecting forms of trauma for Latine immigrants and provide a framework that builds on existing models, such as the Keeping Radical Healing in Mind Therapeutic Approach, the HEART framework, and Liberation Psychology, to enhance trauma recovery care for Latine immigrants. Overall, our hope and aim were to continue to expand the literature on trauma among Latine immigrants, often rooted in complex layers of systemic oppression, historical violence, and social injustices. As Latine immigrants continue to navigate one of the most anti-immigrant periods in modern U.S. history, trauma recovery teams have the potential to shift how we envision and provide trauma recovery care for Latine immigrants at the individual, intervention, and community levels. By implementing the JIT Framework, trauma recovery teams can advance holistic healing by centering collective actions that promote community healing and accountability, thereby expanding trauma recovery care beyond clinical settings. A collective action approach is essential for addressing trauma among Latine immigrants, given the intersecting factors and events that cause and/or contribute to trauma. Finally, frameworks such as JIT are well-suited to helping trauma recovery teams foster a collective sense of solidarity among Latine immigrants by centering narratives of resistance and honoring community wisdom.

Clinical Impact Statements.

This article introduces the Justice-based Interdisciplinary Thriving (JIT) Framework to help trauma recovery teams support Latine immigrants experiencing intersecting sociopolitical and ongoing trauma. This approach is important for practice as it guides providers to move beyond siloed care, honor resilience and lived experience, and work collaboratively with communities to support healing in the current anti-immigrant climate.

Funding

This research reported in this manuscript was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number (5K23MH130718-02, PI: Oscar Fernando Rojas Perez). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interest

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Credit Authorship Contribution Statement

All authors contributed equally.

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