An Updated Taxonomy of Talaromyces (Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales): New Series and Species

Abstract

Species of Talaromyces affect human societies in many different ways. Infrageneric classifications of the genus at series level had been established in only two sections, Subinflati and Trachyspermi. In this study, phylogenies of Talaromyces were reconstructed section by section based on separate or concatenated multi-locus datasets: beta-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit (RPB2). Fifty series belonging to nine sections were accordingly recognized, i.e., one in sections Brunneospori and Tenues, two in sections Bacillispori and Helici, three in sect. Subinflati, four in sect. Purpurei, five in sections Islandici and Trachyspermi, and 27 in the speciose section Talaromyces. Among them, forty series were newly established. Three new species were determined phylogenetically and morphologically, i.e., T. fujianensis sp. nov. in sect. Islandici, T. heilongjiangensis sp. nov. in sect. Talaromyces and T. tapisciae sp. nov. in sect. Subinflati. Additionally, three new Chinese records were noted: T. angelicae, T. gautengensis and T. rogersiae. The findings of new species and new records reveal the high diversity of the genus in China. The updated taxonomy of Talaromyces at series level will facilitate a more accurate species identification by means of phylogenetic analysis at a smaller scale, and benefit future studies involving this group of fungi.

1. Introduction

Species of Talaromyces C.R. Benj. are cosmopolitan and ubiquitous, and their multiple functions as both friend and foe have been well documented. New compounds isolated from the marine-derived fungus T. minnesotensis Guevara-Suarez et al. showed synergistic antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus [1], and new cytotoxic γ-lactam alkaloids from the mangrove-derived fungus T. hainanensis K. Hong & Ling Liu were reported to have potential for developing antihepatocellular carcinoma agents [2]. Talaromyces albobiverticillius (H.M. Hsieh et al.) Samson et al. demonstrated the production of plant growth regulating compounds like Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and proficient solubilization of crucial nutrients [3]. Talaromyces cystophila Y.X. Mo & H.Y. Wu was deemed as a potential biocontrol agent with nematophagous and nematicidal activity against corn cyst nematode [4]. Talaromyces benedictus D.S. Paiva isolated from limestone surfaces of a Portuguese church might play a considerable role in the deterioration of cultural heritage [5]. Talaromyces marneffei (Segretain et al.) Samson et al., a life-threatening dimorphic fungus, causes systemic mycosis in Southeast Asia [6]. Nearly 17,300 cases of T. marneffei infection are diagnosed annually, and the mortality rate is extremely high at 1/3 [7].

This genus was established in 1955, and infrageneric classifications were subsequently proposed. Four sections were divided in 1972, primarily based on the structure of the conidial state: Emersonii, Purpurea, Talaromyces and Thermophila [8]. Section Trachyspermi was further established in 1996 based on the ubiquinone systems [9]. Seven sections were recognized in 2014 based on an ITS, BenA and RPB2 multigene phylogeny, which has been widely adopted: Bacillispori, Helici, Islandici, Purpurei, Subinflati, Talaromyces and Trachyspermi [10]. Sections Tenues and Brunneospori were recently added [11,12]. At series level, five series were established based on colonial color and growth rate: Flavi, Lutei and Trachyspermi in sect. Talaromyces sensu Stolk & Samson, Purpurei in sect. Purpurea, and Thermophili in sect. Thermophila [13]. Eight series were recently proposed based on phylogenetic analyses inferred from multi-locus datasets (ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2): Palmarum, Resedani and Subinflati in sect. Subinflati and Diversi, Erythromelles, Miniolutei, Resinarum and Trachyspermi (emended) in sect. Trachyspermi [14]. The infrageneric classification at series level of Talaromyces based on multi-locus phylogeny provided a more refined system for phylogenetic comparison and species determination.

A total of 88 species of the genus were accepted in 2014 [10], and the number increased to 171 in 2020 [15], to 203 by 2023 [16], and to 236 by April 2025 [12]. More recently, seven species were further added: five from China (T. elephas X.C. Wang et al., T. pseudorugulosus Q.M. Wang et al., T. sinensis X.C. Wang et al., T. taiwanensis K.W. Cheng & H.A. Ariyaw. and T. xishuangbannaensis X.C. Wang et al.), T. ignescens Van Vuuren et al. from South Africa and T. tianshanicus X.C. Wang et al. from Uzbekistan. The accelerated increase in species number of the genus further requires a more refined taxonomy at series level.

This study is aimed at (i) reconstructing a multi-locus phylogeny of Talaromyces section by section and providing an updated taxonomy at series level and (ii) exploring species diversity of the genus in China through examinations of the recent collections molecularly and morphologically.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Fungal Materials

Cultures were isolated from soil samples collected from several Chinese provinces (Fujian, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and Yunnan) or as culture contaminant in the lab of Beijing, China, during 2015 to 2025. Dried cultures were preserved in the Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae (HMAS, Beijing, China), and the living ex-type strains were deposited in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC, Beijing, China).

2.2. Morphological Observations

Morphological characteristics were observed and recorded according to standardized methods [17]. Four standard growth media were adopted: Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA, yeast extract Oxoid, Hampshire, UK), malt extract agar (MEA, Amresco, Solon, OH, USA), yeast extract agar (YES) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). The methods for colonial inoculation, incubation, macroscopic and microscopic examinations and digital capture followed our previous studies [18,19].

2.3. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and Sequencing

DNA was extracted from living cultures grown on PDA for 7 days using the Plant Genomic DNA Kit (DP305, TIANGEN Biotech, Beijing, China). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications of four gene partitions, i.e., internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit (RPB2), were conducted with routine methods [17]. The products were sequenced on an ABI 3730 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA).

2.4. Phylogenetic Analyses

The newly generated forward and reverse sequences in this research were assembled by Seqman v. 7.1.0 (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI, USA). The assembled sequences were deposited at GenBank with the given accessions in bold (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6). The additional sequences used for phylogenetic analyses are also listed. Sequences, either from each of the three single-gene datasets (BenA, CaM and RPB2) or from the concatenated ones, were aligned using MAFFT v. 7.221 [20]. Subsequently, they were manually edited and concatenated in BioEdit v. 7.1.10 [21] and MEGA v. 11.0.13 [22]. Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were performed using the IQ-TREE v. 3.0.1 (https://doi.org/10.32942/X2P62N, accessed on 17 March 2026) with the default Auto substitution model and 1000 bootstrap (BP) iteration settings. Bayesian inference (BI) analyses were conducted with MrBayes v. 3.2.7 [23]. Modeltest v. 3.7 [24] was adopted to determine appropriate nucleotide substitution models and parameters. Four MCMC chains (three heated ones and one cold chain) were run for at least 1 million generations, and posterior probability (PP) values were calculated based on the remaining 75% of trees after the burn-in phase. The consensus trees were viewed using FigTree v. 1.4.4 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree (accessed on 28 December 2023)).

Table 1.

Species and sequences of Talaromyces sect. Bacillispori used in phylogenetic analyses.

Species	Strain	Country	Substrate	ITS	BenA	CaM	RPB2
T. bacillisporus (Swift) C.R. Benj. 1955	CBS 296.48 T	North America	leaves of Begonia	KM066182	AY753368	KJ885262	JF417425
T. clematidis Spetik & Houbraken 2023	CBS 149228 T	Czech Republic	root of Clematis	ON863768	ON873763	ON938196	ON938200
T. columbiensis N. Yilmaz et al. 2016	CBS 113151 T	Colombia	leaf litter	KX011503	KX011488	KX011499	MN969187
T. cupressi V. Meshram et al. 2022	CBS 147104 T	Israel	Phloeosinus bicolor colonizing Cupressus sempervirens	MT955352	MT991527	MT991517	MT991522
T. emodensis Udagawa 1993	CBS 100536 T	Nepal	paddy soil	JN899337	KJ865724	KJ885269	JF417445
T. maltbyae Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2571 T	Australia	soil	PP665725	PP682577	PP682548	PP682564
T. mimosinus A.D. Hocking 1980	CBS 659.80 T	Australia	soil	JN899338	KJ865726	KJ885272	MN969149
T. proteolyticus (Kamyschko) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 303.67 T	Russia	soil	JN899387	KJ865729	KJ885276	KM023301
T. unicus Tzean et al. 1992	CBS 100535 T	China: Taiwan	soil	JN899336	KJ865735	KJ885283	MN969150
T. subinflatus Yaguchi & Udagawa 1993	CBS 652.95 T	Japan	soil	JN899397	MK450890	KJ885280	KM023308

Table 2.

Species and sequences of sections Brunneospori, Helici and Tenues in Talaromyces used in phylogenetic analyses.

Species	Strain	Country	Substrate	ITS	BenA	CaM	RPB2
T. aerugineus (Samson) N. Yilmaz et al. 2014	CBS 350.66 T	UK	swamp	AY753346	KJ865736	KJ885285	JN121502
T. bohemicus (Fassat. & Pěčková) N. Yilmaz et al. 2014	CBS 545.86 T	Czech Republic	peat	JN899400	KJ865719	KJ885286	JN121532
T. boninensis (Yaguchi & Udagawa) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 650.95 T	Japan	soil	JN899356	KJ865721	KJ885263	KM023276
T. borbonicus Houbraken 2018	CBS 141340 T	Italy	decayed Arundo donax	MG827091	MG855687	MG855688	MG855689
T. cinnabarinus (S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis) N. Yilmaz et al. 2014	CBS 267.72 T	Japan	pepper field soil	JN899376	AY753377	KJ885256	JN121477
T. diversiformis A.J. Chen et al. 2016	CGMCC 3.18204 T	China: Beijing	indoor air	KX961215	KX961216	KX961259	KX961274
T. georgiensis Guevara-Suarez et al. 2017	CBS 142380 T	USA	animal joint fluid	LT558967	LT559084	n.a.	LT795606
T. helicus (Raper & Fennel) C.R. Benj. 1955	CBS 335.48 T	Sweden	soil	JN899359	KJ865725	KJ885289	KM023273
T. koreanus Hyang B. Lee 2021	CNUFC YJW2-13 T	South Korea	freshwater	MZ315100	MZ318450	MZ332529	MZ332533
T. pigmentosus R.N. Barbosa et al. 2018	CBS 142805 T	Brazil	nest of Melipona scutellaris	MF278330	LT855562	LT855565	LT855568
T. reverso-olivaceus A.J. Chen et al. 2016	CGMCC 3.18195 T	China: Beijing	indoor air	KU866646	KU866834	KU866730	KU866990
T. tabacinus Jurjević et al. 2018	NRRL 66727 T	USA	leaves of Nicotiana tabacum	MG182613	MG182627	MG182606	MG182620
T. teleomorphus Hyang B. Lee et al. 2021	CNUFC YJW2-5 T	South Korea	freshwater	MZ315102	MZ318452	MZ332531	MZ332535
T. varians (G. Sm.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 386.48 T	UK	cotton yarn	JN899368	KJ865731	KJ885284	KM023274
T. brunneosporus Rodr.-Andr. et al. 2019	CBS 144320 T	Spain	honey	LT962487	LT962483	LT962488	LT962485
T. tenuis B.D. Sun et al. 2020	CBS 141840 T	China: Guizhou	soil	MN864275	MN863344	MN863321	MN863333

“n.a.” is the abbreviation for “not available”.

Table 3.

Species and sequences of Talaromyces sect. Islandici used in phylogenetic analyses.

Species	Strain	Country	Substrate	ITS	BenA	CaM	RPB2
T. acaricola Visagie et al. 2016	CBS 137386 T	South Africa	Acari associated with infructescence of Protea repens	JX091476	JX091610	JX140729	KF984956
T. ailsahockingiae Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2620 T	Australia	Homo sapiens	PP416843	PP438386	PP438370	PP438379
T. allahabadensis (B.S. Mehrotra & D. Kumar) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 453.93 T	India	cultivated soil	KF984873	KF984614	KF984768	KF985006
T. atricola (Thom) S.W. Peterson & Jurjević 2013	CBS 255.31 T	unknown	unknown	KF984859	KF984566	KF984719	KF984948
T. brunneus (Udagawa) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 227.60 T	Thailand	milled Oryza sativa	JN899365	KJ865722	KJ885264	KM023272
T. cerinus A.J. Chen et al. 2016	CGMCC 3.18212 T	China: Beijing	indoor air	KU866658	KU866845	KU866742	KU867002
T. chlamydosporus A.J. Chen et al. 2016	CGMCC 3.18199 T	China: Beijing	indoor air	KU866648	KU866836	KU866732	KU866992
T. columbinus S.W. Peterson & Jurjević 2013	NRRL 58811 T	USA	air	KJ865739	KF196843	KJ885288	KM023270
T. crassus Visagie et al. 2016	CBS 137381 T	South Africa	infructescence of Protea repens	JX091472	JX091608	JX140727	KF984914
T. delawarensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 58874 T	USA	indoor air sample	KX657324	KX657055	KX657158	KX657490
T. endophyticus L. Su & Y.C. Niu 2018	ACCC 39141 T	China: Shandong	stems of Cucumis sativus	KX639168	KX639174	KX639165	n.a.
T. fujianensis X.C. Wang, L.Y. Peng & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.	FJ12-14 T	China: Fujian	soil	PZ326302	PZ321402	PZ321406	PZ321412
T. guiyangensis Zhi.Y. Zhang et al. 2023	CGMCC 3.20782 T	China: Guizhou	soil	OL897027	ON569046	ON568886	ON568965
T. herodensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 62467 T	USA	seed of Arachis hypogaea	KX657338	KX657061	KX657182	KX657524
T. infraolivaceus Visagie et al. 2016	CBS 137385 T	South Africa	Acari associated with infructescence of Protea repens	JX091481	JX091615	JX140734	KF984949
T. islandicus (Sopp) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 338.48 T	South Africa	unknown	KF984885	KF984655	KF984780	KF985018
T. juglandicola Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 32382 T	USA	decaying fruit husk of Juglans nigra	KX657330	KX657122	KX657184	KX657573
T. kilbournensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 62700 T	USA	Nitidulidae	KX657344	KX657068	KX657183	KX657545
T. loliensis (Pitt) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 643.80 T	New Zealand	Lolium	KF984888	KF984658	KF984783	KF985021
T. musae Houbraken et al. 2017	CBS 142504 T	Germany	tip of banana	MF072316	MF093729	MF093728	MF093727
T. neorugulosus A.J. Chen et al. 2016	CGMCC 3.18215 T	China: Beijing	indoor air	KU866659	KU866846	KU866743	KU867003
T. novojersensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 35858 T	USA	indoor air	KX657319	KX657050	KX657151	KX657503
T. piceus (Raper & Fennell) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 361.48 T	unknown	unknown	KF984792	KF984668	KF984680	KF984899
T. podocarpi Visagie & Yilmaz 2024	CBS 152015 T	South Africa	soil	PP375126	PP356399	PP356461	PP356494
T. pseudorugulosus Q.M. Wang et al. 2025	CGMCC 3.16296 T	China: Xizang	soil	ON427037	ON667682	ON703619	ON703699
T. radicus (A.D. Hocking & Whitelaw) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 100489 T	Australia	root of seedling Triticum aestivum	JN899324	KF984599	KF984773	KF985013
T. ricevillensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 62296 T	USA	swine feed	KX657343	KX657056	KX657249	KX657582
T. rogersiae Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 62223 T	USA	seed of Zea mays	KX657332	KX657125	KF196891	KX657581
	XCW_SN569	China: Beijing	culture contaminant	PZ326301	n.a.	n.a.	PZ321411
T. rotundus (Raper & Fennell) C.R. Benj. 1955	CBS 369.48 T	Panama	wood	JN899353	KJ865730	KJ885278	KM023275
T. rugulosus (Thom) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 371.48 T	USA	rotting potato tubers	KF984834	KF984575	KF984702	KF984925
T. scorteus (Nakaz. et al.) S.W. Peterson & Jurjević 2013	CBS 340.34 T	Japan	military equipment	KF984892	KF984565	KF984684	KF984916
T. siglerae S.W. Peterson & Jurjević 2017	NRRL 28620 T	Canada	tinea capitis infection of Homo sapiens	KX657351	KX657135	KX657236	KX657497
T. subaurantiacus Visagie et al. 2016	CBS 137383 T	South Africa	fynbos soil	JX091475	JX091609	JX140728	KF984960
T. subtropicalis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 58084 T	USA	air sample	KX657337	KX657060	KX657250	KX657531
T. tardifaciens Udagawa 1993	CBS 250.94 T	Nepal	paddy soil	JN899361	KF984560	KF984682	KF984908
T. tiftonensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 62264 T	USA	seed of Zea mays	KX657353	KX657129	KX657163	KX657602
T. tratensis Manoch et al. 2013	CBS 133146 T	Thailand	forest soil	KF984891	KF984559	KF984690	KF984911
T. variabilis (Sopp) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 385.48 T	South Africa	coconut matting	JN899343	JX494295	n.a.	n.a.
T. wortmanii (Klöcker) C.R. Benj. 1955	CBS 391.48 T	Denmark	soil	KF984829	KF984648	KF984756	KF984977
T. yelensis Visagie et al. 2014	CBS 138209 T	Micronesia	house dust	KJ775717	KJ775210	KP119161	KP119163
T. bacillisporus (Swift) C.R. Benj. 1955	CBS 296.48 T	North America	leaves of Begonia	KM066182	AY753368	KJ885262	JF417425

GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. “n.a.” is the abbreviation for “not available”.

Table 4.

Species and sequences of Talaromyces sect. Purpurei used in phylogenetic analyses.

Species	Strain	Country	Substrate	ITS	BenA	CaM	RPB2
T. cattleyae T.O. Condé et al. 2025	COAD 3659 T	Brazil	healthy roots of Cattleya locatellii	PP90542	PP941896	PP941887	PP941892
T. cecidicola (Seifert et al.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 101419 T	USA	galls of Cynipidae on twigs of Quercus pacifica	AY787844	FJ753295	KJ885287	KM023309
T. chlorolomus Visagie & K. Jacobs 2012	DAOM 241016 T	South Africa	fynbos soil	FJ160273	GU385736	KJ885265	KM023304
T. coalescens (Quintan.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 103.83 T	Spain	soil	JN899366	JX091390	KJ885267	KM023277
T. dendriticus (Pitt) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 660.80 T	Australia	leaf litter of Eucalyptus pauciflora	JN899339	JX091391	KF741965	KM023286
T. freemaniae Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2577 T	Australia	bark of Allocasuarina sp.	PP665726	PP682578	PP682549	PP682565
T. gwangjuensis Hyang B. Lee & T.T.T. Nguyen 2021	CNUFC WT19-1 T	South Korea	freshwater	MK766233	MZ318448	n.a.	MK912174
T. ignescens Van Vuuren et al. 2025	CBS 153397 T	South Africa	soil	MH281565	PV550672	PV550673	PV550674
T. iowaensis Jurjević et al. 2018	ITEM 17527 T	USA	office air	MH281565	MH282578	MH282579	MH282577
T. macrodendroideus Visagie et al. 2024	PPRI 16060 T	South Africa	unknown	MK450749	MK451204	MK451692	MK450886
T. mzansiensis Visagie et al. 2024	PPRI 3887 T	South Africa	unknown	MK450748	MK451184	MK451691	MK450885
T. pittii (Quintan.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 139.84 T	Spain	clayey soil	JN899325	KJ865728	KJ885275	KM023297
T. pseudostromaticus (Hodges et al.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 470.70 T	USA	feathers of Hylocichla fuscescens	JN899371	HQ156950	KJ885277	KM023298
T. ptychoconidius Visagie & K. Jacobs 2012	DAOM 241017 T	South Africa	fynbos soil	FJ160266	GU385733	JX140701	KM023278
T. pulveris Crous 2020	CBS 146831 T	France	bore dust of Xestobium rufovillosum	MW175345	MW173136	MW173099	MW173115
T. purpureus (E. Müll. & Pacha-Aue) Stolk & Samson 1972	CBS 475.71 T	France	soil	JN899328	GU385739	KJ885292	JN121522
T. rademirici (Quintan.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 140.84 T	Spain	air	JN899386	KJ865734	n.a.	KM023302
T. ramulosus (Visagie & K. Jacobs) Samson et al. 2011	DAOM 241660 T	South Africa	fynbos soil	EU795706	FJ753290	JX140711	KM023281
T. rickardiae Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2588 T	Australia	bark of Grevillea striata	PP665727	PP682579	PP682550	PP682566
T. saxoxalicus J. Trovão et al. 2021	MUM 20.30 T	Portugal	biofilm covering deteriorated limestone wall	MT039882	MT052003	n.a.	MT052004
T. trachyspermus (Shear) Stolk & Samson 1972	CBS 373.48	USA	unknown	JN899354	KF114803	KJ885281	JF417432

“n.a.” is the abbreviation for “not available”.

Table 5.

Species and sequences of Talaromyces sect. Subinflati used in phylogenetic analyses.

Species	Strain	Country	Substrate	ITS	BenA	CaM	RPB2
T. guizhouensis B.D. Sun et al. 2020	CBS 141837 T	China: Guizhou	soil	MN864277	MN863346	MN863323	MN863335
T. jiangxiensis Zhi.Y. Zhang et al. 2023	CGMCC 3.20783 T	China: Jiangxi	soil	OL897029	ON569044	ON568888	ON568963
T. paecilomycetoides Zhi.Y. Zhang et al. 2023	CGMCC 3.20785 T	China: Yunnan	soil	OL897033	ON569040	ON568890	ON568959
T. palmae (Samson et al.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 442.88 T	Netherlands	seeds of Chrysalidocarpus lutescens	JN899396	HQ156947	KJ885291	KM023300
T. parapalmae Zhi Y. Zhang & Y.F. Han 2024	CGMCC 3.25510 T	China: Guizhou	soil	OR680520	OR843225	OR828456	OR842937
T. resedanus (McLennan & Ducker) A.J. Chen et al. 2020	CBS 181.71 T	Australia	acid, sandy soil	MN431413	MN969436	MN969355	MN969214
T. sinensis X.C. Wang et al. 2025	CGMCC 3.28744 T	China: Yunnan	rotten husk of an unknown fruit	PV085755	PV102705	PV102718	PV102726
T. subinflatus Yaguchi & Udagawa 1993	CBS 652.95 T	Japan	soil	JN899397	MK450890	KJ885280	KM023308
T. tapisciae X.C. Wang, L.Y. Peng & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.	YN23-08 T	China: Yunnan	fallen rotten tree of Tapiscia yunnanensis	PZ326304	PZ321404	PZ321408	PZ321414
	YN23-06	China: Yunnan	fallen rotten tree of Tapiscia yunnanensis	PZ326303	PZ321403	PZ321407	PZ321413
T. tzapotlensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2017	NRRL 35203 T	Mexico	Hypothenemus hampei	KX946902	KX946884	KX946893	KX946922
T. bacillisporus (Swift) C.R. Benj. 1955	CBS 296.48 T	North America	leaves of Begonia	KM066182	AY753368	KJ885262	JF417425

GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences.

Table 6.

Species and sequences of Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces used in phylogenetic analyses.

Species	Strain	Country	Substrate	ITS	BenA	CaM	RPB2
T. aculeatus (Raper & Fennell) Samson et al. 2011	NRRL 2129 T	USA	weathering fabric	KF741995	KF741929	KF741975	MH793099
T. adpressus A.J. Chen et al. 2016	CGMCC 3.18211 T	China: Beijing	indoor air	KU866657	KU866844	KU866741	KU867001
T. alveolaris Guevara-Suarez et al. 2017	CBS 142379 T	USA	human bronchoalveolar lavage	LT558969	LT559086	LT795596	LT795597
T. amazonensis N. Yilmaz et al. 2016	CBS 140373 T	Colombia	leaf litter	KX011509	KX011490	KX011502	MN969186
T. amestolkiae N. Yilmaz et al. 2012	CBS 132696 T	South Africa	house dust	JX315660	JX315623	KF741937	JX315698
T. angelicae S.H. Yu et al. 2013	KACC 46611 T	South Korea	dried root of Angelica gigas	KF183638	KF183640	KJ885259	KX961275
	XJ6-2	China: Xinjiang	soil	PZ326299	PZ321400	PZ321405	PZ321409
T. annesophieae Houbraken 2017	CBS 142939 T	Netherlands	soil	MF574592	MF590098	MF590104	MN969199
T. apiculatus Samson et al. 2011	CBS 312.59 T	Japan	soil	JN899375	KF741916	KF741950	KM023287
T. apricus Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2583 T	USA	soil	PP665730	PP682582	PP682553	PP682569
T. argentinensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2019	NRRL 28750 T	Ghana	soil	MH793045	MH792917	MH792981	MH793108
T. aspriconidius B.D. Sun et al. 2020	CBS 141835 T	China: Yunnan	soil	MN864274	MN863343	MN863320	MN863332
T. astoniae Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2622 T	Australia	soil	PP416844	PP438387	PP438371	PP438380
T. atkinsoniae Y.P. Tan et al. 2022	BRIP 72528s T	Australia	gills of Marasmius crinisequi	OP059084	OP087524	n.a.	OP087523
T. aurantiacus (J.H. Mill. et al.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 314.59 T	USA	nursery soil	JN899380	KF741917	KF741951	KX961285
T. aureolinus L. Wang 2021	CGMCC 3.15865 T	China: Yunnan	soil	MK837953	MK837937	MK837945	MK837961
T. australis Visagie et al. 2015	CBS 137102 T	Australia	soil under pasture	KF741991	KF741922	KF741971	KX961284
T. bannicus L. Wang 2021	CGMCC 3.15862 T	China: Yunnan	soil	MK837955	MK837939	MK837947	MK837963
T. beariae Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2623 T	Australia	soil	PP416845	PP438388	PP438372	PP438381
T. beijingensis A.J. Chen et al. 2016	CGMCC 3.18200 T	China: Beijing	indoor air	KU866649	KU866837	KU866733	KU866993
T. benedictus D.S. Paiva 2025	MUM 23.44 T	Portugal	limestone	PP151473	PP453634	PP453612	PP453642
T. brevis B.D. Sun et al. 2020	CBS 141833 T	China: Beijing	soil	MN864269	MN863338	MN863315	MN863328
T. calidicanius (J.L. Chen) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 112002 T	China: Taiwan	soil	JN899319	HQ156944	KF741934	KM023311
T. californicus Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2019	NRRL 58168 T	USA	air	MH793056	MH792928	MH792992	MH793119
T. cavernicola V.C.S. Alves et al. 2022	URM 8448 T	Brazil	air in cave	ON862935	OP672383	OP290543	OP290515
T. cnidii S.H. Yu et al. 2013	KACC 46617 T	South Korea	dried roots of Cnidium officinale	KF183639	KF183641	KJ885266	KM023299
T. coprophilus M. Guevara-Suarez et al. 2020	CBS 142756 T	Spain	herbivore dung	LT899794	LT898319	LT899776	LT899812
T. cucurbitiradicus L. Su & Y.C. Niu 2018	ACCC 39155 T	China: Beijing	endophyte from root of Cucurbita moschata	KY053254	KY053228	KY053246	n.a.
T. derxii Takada & Udagawa 1988	CBS 412.89 T	Japan	cultivated soil	JN899327	JX494306	KF741959	KM023282
T. dimorphus X.Z. Jiang & L. Wang 2018	CGMCC 3.15692 T	China: Hainan	forest soil	KY007095	KY007111	KY007103	KY112593
T. disparis Y. Ruan & L. Wang 2024	CGMCC 3.26221 T	China: Hainan	soil	PP544888	PP566271	PP566276	PP555175
T. doitungensis Thakshila et al. 2026 (Talaromyces sp. MFLUCC 24-0321)	MFLUCC 24-0321 T	Thailand	soil	PQ325260	PQ330891	n.a.	PQ330892
T. domesticus Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2019	NRRL 58121 T	USA	floor swab	MH793055	MH792927	MH792991	MH793118
T. duclauxii (Delacr.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 322.48 T	France	canvas	JN899342	JX091384	KF741955	JN121491
T. echinulatus Hyang B. Lee & T.T.T. Nguyen 2023	CNUFC HB1206 T	South Korea	soil	OR462362	OR507571	OR608367	OR591610
T. euchlorocarpius Yaguchi et al. 1999	CBM PF1203 T	Japan	soil	AB176617	KJ865733	KJ885271	KM023303
T. exleyae Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2568 T	Australia	soil	PP665731	PP682583	PP682555	PP682570
T. flavovirens (Durieu & Mont.) Visagie et al. 2012	CBS 102801 T	Spain	dead leaves of Quercus ilex	JN899392	JX091376	KF741933	KX961283
T. flavus (Klöcker) Stolk & Samson 1972	CBS 310.38 T	New Zealand	unknown	JN899360	JX494302	KF741949	JF417426
T. francoae N. Yilmaz et al. 2016	CBS 113134 T	Colombia	leaf litter	KX011510	KX011489	KX011501	MN969188
T. funiculosus (Thom) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 272.86 T	India	Lagenaria vulgaris	JN899377	MN969408	KF741945	KM023293
T. funiformis Y. Ruan & L. Wang 2024	CGMCC 3.26220 T	China: Hainan	soil	PP544886	PP566269	PP566274	PP555173
T. fuscoviridis Visagie et al. 2015	CBS 193.69 T	Netherlands	soil	KF741979	KF741912	KF741942	MN969156
T. fusiformis A.J. Chen et al. 2016	CGMCC 3.18210 T	China: Beijing	indoor air	KU866656	KU866843	KU866740	KU867000
T. galapagensis Samson & Mahoney 1977	CBS 751.74 T	Ecuador	soil under Maytenus obovata	JN899358	JX091388	KF741966	KX961280
T. gautengensis Visagie & Yilmaz 2024	PPRI 25904 T	South Africa	soil	MK450750	MK451099	MK451693	MK450887
	JJJ45-29	China: Hebei	soil	PZ326300	PZ321401	n.a.	PZ321410
T. ginkgonis X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2022	CGMCC 3.20698 T	China: Sichuan	diseased fruit of Ginkgo biloba	OL638158	OL689844	OL689846	OL689848
T. hainanensis K. Hong & L. Liu 2024	WHUF0341 T	China: Hainan	mangrove root soil	ON564542	ON908368	ON908369	ON569094
T. haitouensis L. Wang 2022	CGMCC 3.16101 T	China: Jiangsu	riverside soil	MZ045695	MZ054634	MZ054637	MZ054631
T. heilongjiangensis X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.	HLJ58-02 T	China: Heilongjiang	soil at the lakeside	PP357621	PP373072	PP373077	PP373083
	HLJ58-14	China: Heilongjiang	soil at the lakeside	PP357622	PP373073	PP373078	PP373084
T. indigoticus Takada & Udagawa 1993	CBS 100534 T	Japan	soil	JN899331	JX494308	KF741931	KX961278
T. intermedius (Apinis) Stolk & Samson 1972	CBS 152.65 T	UK	swamp soil	JN899332	JX091387	KJ885290	KX961282
T. jianfengicus Y. Ruan & L. Wang 2024	CGMCC 3.26253 T	China: Hainan	soil	PP544889	PP566272	PP566277	PP555176
T. johnpittii E. Lacey et al. 2024	BRIP 75204a T	Australia	soil	OP712677	OP712647	OP712645	OP712646
T. kabodanensis Houbraken et al. 2016	CBS 139564 T	Iran	hypersaline soil	KP851981	KP851986	KP851995	MN969190
T. kendrickii Visagie et al. 2015	CBS 136666 T	Canada	conifer lumber	KF741987	KF741921	KF741967	MN969158
T. lentulus X.Z. Jiang & L. Wang 2018	CGMCC 3.15689 T	China: Shandong	soil	KY007088	KY007104	KY007096	KY112586
T. liani (Kamyschko) N. Yilmaz et al. 2014	CBS 225.66 T	China	soil	JN899395	JX091380	KJ885257	KX961277
T. linderae Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2582 T	Australia	soil	PP665732	PP682585	PP682557	PP682572
T. louisianensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2019	NRRL 35823 T	USA	air	MH793052	MH792924	MH792988	MH793115
T. macrosporus (Stolk & Samson) Frisvad et al. 1990	CBS 317.63 T	South Africa	apple juice	JN899333	JX091382	KF741952	KM023292
T. mae X.Z. Jiang & L. Wang 2018	CGMCC 3.15690 T	China: Shanghai	forest soil	KY007090	KY007106	KY007098	KY112588
T. malicola Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2019	NRRL 3724 T	Italy	rhizosphere of an apple tree	MH909513	MH909406	MH909459	MH909567
T. mangshanicus X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2017	CGMCC 3.18013 T	China: Hunan	soil	KX447531	KX447530	KX447528	KX447527
T. marneffei (Segretain et al.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 388.87 T	Vietnam	Rhizomys sinensis	JN899344	JX091389	KF741958	KM023283
T. minnsiorum Tan et al. 2023	MST FP22313 T	Australia	soil	OR731313	OR737778	OR737767	OR737772
T. muroii Yaguchi et al. 1994	CBS 756.96 T	China: Taiwan	soil	MN431394	KJ865727	KJ885274	KX961276
T. mycothecae R.N. Barbosa et al. 2018	CBS 142494 T	Brazil	nest of Melipona scutellaris	MF278326	LT855561	LT855564	LT855567
T. nanjingensis X.R. Sun et al. 2022	CCTCC M2012167 T	China: Jiangsu	rhizosphere soil of Pinus massoniana	MW130720	MW147759	MW147760	MW147762
T. neofusisporus L. Wang 2016	CGMCC 3.15415 T	China: Tibet	leaf sample	KP765385	KP765381	KP765383	MN969165
T. oumae-annae Visagie et al. 2014	CBS 138208 T	South Africa	house dust	KJ775720	KJ775213	KJ775425	KX961281
T. panamensis (Samson et al.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 128.89 T	Panama	soil	JN899362	HQ156948	KF741936	KM023284
T. penicillioides L. Wang 2021	CGMCC 3.15822 T	China: Guizhou	soil	MK837956	MK837940	MK837948	MK837964
T. perryae Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2580 T	Australia	plant-based substrates	PP665729	PP682581	PP682552	PP682568
T. pinophilus (Hedgc.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 631.66 T	France	polyvinyl chloride plastic	JN899382	JX091381	KF741964	KM023291
T. popeae Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2591 T	Australia	termite nest	PP665734	PP682587	PP682559	PP682574
T. potiguarorum J.M.S. Lima et al. 2024	URM 8664 T	Brazil	insectivorous bat guano	PP034175	PP150745	PP150753	PP187794
T. pratensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2019	NRRL 62170 T	USA	effluent of water treatment plant	MH793075	MH792948	MH793012	MH793139
T. primulinus (Pitt) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 321.48 T	USA	unknown	JN899317	JX494305	KF741954	KM023294
T. pseudofuniculosus M. Guevara-Suarez et al. 2020	CBS 143041 T	Spain	herbivore dung	LT899796	LT898323	LT899778	LT899814
T. purgamentorum N. Yilmaz et al. 2016	CBS 113145 T	Colombia	leaf litter	KX011504	KX011487	KX011500	MN969189
T. purpureogenus (Stoll) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 286.36 T	Japan	culture contaminant	JN899372	JX315639	KF741947	JX315709
T. qii L. Wang 2016	CGMCC 3.15414 T	China: Tibet	leaf sample	KP765384	KP765380	KP765382	MN969164
T. rapidus Guevara-Suarez et al. 2017	CBS 142382 T	USA	human bronchoalveolar lavage	LT558970	LT559087	LT795600	LT795601
T. rosorhizae H. Zhang & Y.L. Jiang 2021	GUCC 190040.1 T	China: Guizhou	endophyte of Rosa roxburghii	MZ221603	MZ333143	MZ333137	MZ333141
T. ruber (Stoll) N. Yilmaz et al. 2012	CBS 132704 T	UK	aircraft fuel tank	JX315662	JX315629	KF741938	JX315700
T. rubicundus (J.H. Mill. et al.) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 342.59 T	USA	nursery soil	JN899384	JX494309	KF741956	KM023296
T. rufus B.D. Sun et al. 2020	CGMCC 3.13203 T	China: Yunnan	soil	MN864272	MN863341	MN863318	MN863331
T. santanderensis B.E. Guerra-Sierra & L.A. Arteaga-Figueroa 2022	HF05 T	Colombia	rhizosphere soil of Theobroma cacao	OP082331	OP067657	OP067656	OP067655
T. sayulitensis Visagie et al. 2014	CBS 138204 T	Mexico	house dust	KJ775713	KJ775206	KJ775422	MN969146
T. shepherdshillensis Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP3281 T	Australia	soil	PP416846	PP438389	PP438373	PP438382
T. shilinensis X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2022	CGMCC 3.20699 T	China: Yunnan	ascomata of Pseudocosmospora sp.	OL638159	OL689845	OL689847	OL689849
T. siamensis (Manoch & C. Ramírez) Samson et al. 2011	CBS 475.88 T	Thailand	forest soil	JN899385	JX091379	KF741960	KM023279
T. soli Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2019	NRRL 62165 T	USA	soil	MH793074	MH792947	MH793011	MH793138
T. sparsus L. Wang 2021	CGMCC 3.16003 T	China: Beijing	soil	MT077182	MT083924	MT083925	MT083926
T. stellenboschensis Visagie & K. Jacobs 2015	CBS 135665 T	South Africa	soil	JX091471	JX091605	JX140683	MN969157
T. stipitatus (Thom ex C.W. Emmons) C.R. Benj. 1955	CBS 375.48 T	USA	rotting wood	JN899348	KM111288	KF741957	KM023280
T. stollii N. Yilmaz et al. 2012	CBS 408.93 T	Netherlands	AIDS patient	JX315674	JX315633	JX315646	JX315712
T. striatoconidius Houbraken et al. 2020	CBS 550.89 T	Cuba	rotten leaves of Pachyanthus poirettii	MN431418	MN969441	MN969360	MT156347
T. taiwanensis K.W. Cheng & H.A. Ariyaw. 2025	NTUPPMCC 22-275 T	China: Taiwan	serpentine soil in rice field	PV476825	PV577091	PV550848	PV520157
T. thailandensis Manoch et al. 2013	CBS 133147 T	Thailand	forest soil	JX898041	JX494294	KF741940	KM023307
T. tumuli Jurjević & S.W. Peterson 2019	NRRL 62151 T	USA	soil from prairie	MH793071	MH792944	MH793008	MH793135
T. veerkampii N. Yilmaz et al. 2015	CBS 500.78 T	Colombia	cassava field soil	KF741984	KF741918	KF741961	KX961279
	HLJ01-02	China: Heilongjiang	soil at the riverside	PP357623	PP373074	PP373079	PP373085
T. verruculosus (Peyronel) Samson et al. 2011	NRRL 1050 T	USA	soil	KF741994	KF741928	KF741944	KM023306
T. versatilis Bridge & Buddie 2013	IMI 134755 T	UK	unknown	MN431395	MN969412	MN969319	MN969161
T. virens C. Liu et al. 2023	CGMCC 3.25207 T	China: Hainan	tidal flat sediments	ON563152	ON231297	ON470840	ON470841
T. viridis (Stolk & G.F. Orr) Arx 1987	CBS 114.72 T	Australia	soil	AF285782	JX494310	KF741935	JN121430
T. viridulus Samson et al. 2011	CBS 252.87 T	Australia	soil	JN899314	JX091385	KF741943	JF417422
T. watsoniae Y.P. Tan et al. 2024	MST FP2590 T	Australia	soil in a floodway	PP665736	PP682589	PP682561	PP682576
T. wushanicus X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2021	CGMCC 3.20481 T	China: Chongqing	soil	MZ356356	MZ361347	MZ361354	MZ361361
T. xishaensis X.C. Wang et al. 2016	CGMCC 3.17995 T	China: Hainan	soil	KU644580	KU644581	KU644582	MZ361364
T. yunnanensis Doilom & C.F. Liao 2020	KUMCC 18-0208 T	China: Yunnan	rhizosphere soil of Quercus rubra	MT152339	MT161683	MT178251	n.a.
T. zhenhaiensis L. Wang 2022	CGMCC 3.16102 T	China: Zhejiang	mudflat soil	MZ045697	MZ054636	MZ054639	MZ054633
T. helicus (Raper & Fennel) C.R. Benj. 1955	CBS 335.48 T	Sweden	soil	JN899359	KJ865725	KJ885289	KM023273

GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. “n.a.” is the abbreviation for “not available”.

3. Results

To reconstruct the phylogenies of sections in Talaromyces, the single-gene datasets (BenA, CaM and RPB2) and the concatenated ones were compiled and analyzed. The detailed characteristics of the datasets are summarized in Table 7.

Table 7.

Detailed characteristics of the involved datasets.

Dataset	Gene Fragment	No. of Seq.	Length of Alignment (bp)	No. of Variable Sites	No. of Parsimony-Informative Sites	Model for ML	Model for BI
Bacillispori	BenA	10	457	170	97	TPM2 + G4
	CaM	10	533	230	114	TN + G4
	RPB2	10	1015	262	144	TN + G4
	BenA + CaM + RPB2	10	2005	662	355	specified for the three loci	TrNef + I + G
Helici + Brunneospori + Tenues	BenA	16	521	243	181	TPM2u + G4
	CaM	15	709	343	241	TN + I + G4
	RPB2	16	973	317	256	HKY + I
	BenA + CaM + RPB2	16	2203	903	678	specified	TrN + I + G
Islandici	BenA	41	468	233	184	HKY + I + G4
	CaM	40	593	325	254	TN + I + G4
	RPB2	40	1011	375	294	TN + I + G4
	BenA + CaM + RPB2	41	2072	933	730	specified	TrNef + I + G
Purpurei	BenA	21	481	201	140	TPM2u + G4
	CaM	18	564	274	198	TN + I
	RPB2	21	1046	329	243	TN + G4
	BenA + CaM + RPB2	21	2091	804	581	specified	GTR + I + G
Subinflati	BenA	12	383	133	74	K2P + I
	CaM	12	533	232	150	TNe + G4
	RPB2	12	1008	288	183	TN + I + G4
	BenA + CaM + RPB2	12	1924	653	407	specified	TrNef + I + G
Talaromyces	BenA	117	550	271	201	TPM2u + I + G4
	CaM	114	645	337	275	TIM3 + I + G4
	RPB2	115	1050	395	343	TPM2u + I + G4
	BenA + CaM + RPB2	117	2245	1003	819	specified	TVM + I + G

Abbreviations of models: GTR (General Time Reversible model), HKY (Hasegawa, Kishino and Yano model, i.e., unequal transition/transversion rates and unequal base frequency), K2P (Kimura 1980 model, i.e., unequal transition/transversion rates and equal base frequency), TIM (Transition model), TN/TrN (Tamura–Nei model), TNe/TrNef (equal-frequency Tamura–Nei model), TPM2 (AC=AT, AG=CT, CG=GT and equal base frequency), TPM2u (AC=AT, AG=CT, CG=GT and unequal base frequency), TVM (transversion model); +I (invariant sites); +G (gamma distribution).

As shown in Figure 1, two clades were clearly recognized with significant statistic supports in the phylogenetic tree of Talaromyces sect. Bacillispori inferred from the multi-gene dataset, which should represent two series in this section. The phylogenies based on individual genes also supported their separation (Figures S1–S3).

Figure 1.

Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Bacillispori inferred from the combined BenA, CaM and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.

In Figure 2, the sections Helici, Brunneospori and Tenues are well distinguished, and two clades are noticeable with strong statistic supports, representing different series in sect. Helici. The phylogenies based on individual genes are provided in Figures S4–S6.

Figure 2.

Maximum likelihood phylogeny of sections Brunneospori, Helici and Tenues in Talaromyces inferred from the combined BenA, CaM and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.

Five clades were revealed in Talaromyces sect. Islandici, and all of them were strongly supported based on the combined dataset (Figure 3). They should be distinguished at series level. The strain FJ12-14 formed an independent lineage of one clade and thus represents a new species. The phylogenies of sect. Islandici based on individual genes are given in Figures S7–S9.

Figure 3.

Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Islandici inferred from the combined BenA, CaM and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.

Four clades were divided in Talaromyces sect. Purpurei and represented different series, although two of them did not receive high supports (Figure 4). The phylogenies based on individual genes were presented in Figures S10–S12.

Figure 4.

Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Purpurei inferred from the combined BenA, CaM and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.

In the phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Subinflati (Figure 5), three clades were supported. A proposed new species was represented by strains YN23-06 and YN23-08, which were clustered with T. jiangxiensis, also distributed in China. The phylogenies based on individual genes are shown in Figures S13–S15.

Figure 5.

Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Subinflati inferred from the combined BenA, CaM and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.

More than 110 species were included in the phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces and 27 clades or independent lineages were clearly revealed (Figure 6). The strains HLJ58-02 and HLJ58-14 represented an undescribed species in the clade consisting of T. veerkampii and its allies. The phylogenies based on individual genes can be seen in Figures S16–S18.

Figure 6.

Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces inferred from the combined BenA, CaM and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.

4. Taxonomy

4.1. New Series

Talaromyces C.R. Benj., Mycologia 47(5): 681, 1955.

Section Bacillispori N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 191, 2014.

Series Bacillispori X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573766

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces bacillisporus.

Type species: Talaromyces bacillisporus (Swift) C.R. Benj., Mycologia 47(5): 684, 1955.

≡ Penicillium bacillisporum Swift, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 59: 221, 1932.

Accepted species: Talaromyces bacillisporus, T. clematidis.

Notes: Series Bacillispori was monophyletic in the combined and single CaM phylogenies (Figure 1 and Figure S2) but not in BenA or RPB2 tree (Figures S1 and S3). The two members are both isolated from plant materials.

Series Proteolytici X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573767

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces proteolyticus.

Type species: Talaromyces proteolyticus (Kamyschko) Samson, N. Yilmaz & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium proteolyticum Kamyschko, Notul. Syst. Sect. Cryptog. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. 14: 228, 1961.

Accepted species: Talaromyces columbiensis, T. cupressi, T. emodensis, T. maltbyae, T. mimosinus, T. proteolyticus, T. unicus.

Notes: Series Proteolytici represents the main body of the section and contains seven species. Most of them are isolated from soil.

Section Brunneospori Visagie, Houbraken & Hubka, Stud. Mycol. 112: 130, 2025.

Series Brunneospori X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573768

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces brunneosporus.

Type species: Talaromyces brunneosporus Rodr.-Andr., Cano & Stchigel, IMA Fungus 10(20): 19, 2019.

Accepted species: Talaromyces brunneosporus.

Notes: The series was established to accommodate the type species of the section, and it is sister to ser. Tenues of sect. Tenues (Figure 2 and Figures S4–S6).

Section Helici N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 189, 2014.

Series Aeruginei X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573769

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces aerugineus.

Type species: Talaromyces aerugineus (Samson) N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 210, 2014.

≡ Paecilomyces aerugineus Samson, Stud. Mycol. 6: 20, 1974.

Accepted species: Talaromyces aerugineus, T. bohemicus, T. cinnabarinus, T. diversiformis, T. tabacinus.

Notes: Five members are included in ser. Aeruginei and T. cinnabarinus located as the basal lineage in the combined phylogeny and trees based on BenA or RPB2 individually (Figure 2, Figures S4 and S6). Talaromyces ryukyuensis (S. Ueda & Udagawa) Arx, having only ITS sequence without any of the protein-coding genes, could also be placed in the series [12].

Series Helici X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573770

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces helicus.

Type species: Talaromyces helicus (Raper & Fennell) C.R. Benj., Mycologia 47(5): 684, 1955.

≡ Penicillium helicum Raper & Fennell, Mycologia 40(5): 515, 1948.

Accepted species: Talaromyces boninensis, T. borbonicus, T. georgiensis, T. helicus, T. koreanus, T. pigmentosus, T. reverso-olivaceus, T. teleomorphus, T. varians.

Notes: Series Helici can further be divided into three parts: one containing T. borbonicus and T. pigmentosus as the basal subclade, another consisting of T. georgiensis and T. varians, and the rest species forming the last part.

Section Islandici (Pitt) N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 192, 2014.

Series Islandici X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573771

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces islandicus.

Type species: Talaromyces islandicus (Sopp) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium islandicum Sopp, Skr. VidenskSelsk. Christiania, Kl. I, Math.-Natur. (no. 11): 161, 1912.

Accepted species: Talaromyces allahabadensis, T. brunneus, T. islandicus, T. loliensis, T. radicus, T. ricevillensis, T. subtropicalis.

Notes: Series Islandici was monophyletic in the combined phylogeny and single-gene CaM or RPB2 tree (Figure 3, Figures S8 and S9), which was not monophyletic based on BenA sequence analysis (Figure S7). It was sister to ser. Wortmanniorum (Figure 3, Figures S7 and S9).

Series Musarum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573772

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces musae.

Type species: Talaromyces musae Houbraken, Kraak & M. Meijer, Persoonia 39: 341, 2017.

Accepted species: Talaromyces ailsahockingiae, T. fujianensis, T. musae, T. tiftonensis.

Notes: Series Musarum was a monophyly in all analyses and contained four members, including the newly introduced taxon T. fujianensis (Figure 3 and Figures S7–S9).

Series Picei X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573773

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces piceus.

Type species: Talaromyces piceus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Houbraken, Spierenb., Seifert, Peterson, Varga & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium piceum Raper & Fennell, Mycologia 40(5): 533, 1948.

Accepted species: Talaromyces columbinus, T. piceus.

Notes: Series Picei appeared to be the basal clade of the section and sister to ser. Musarum (Figure 3 and Figure S8). Only two species are currently recognized.

Series Rugulosi X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573774

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces rugulosus.

Type species: Talaromyces rugulosus (Thom) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 177, 2011.

≡ Penicillium rugulosum Thom, Bull. U.S. Department of Agriculture 118: 60, 1910.

Accepted species: Talaromyces acaricola, T. atricola, T. crassus, T. delawarensis, T. herodensis, T. infraolivaceus, T. kilbournensis, T. neorugulosus, T. novojersensis, T. podocarpi, T. pseudorugulosus, T. rotundus, T. rugulosus, T. scorteus, T. siglerae, T. tardifaciens, T. tratensis, T. yelensis.

Notes: Series Rugulosi is most speciose in the section and with 18 taxa currently known. It was monophyletic in the multi-locus, CaM and RBP2 trees but polyphyletic in the BenA analysis (Figure 3 and Figures S7–S9).

Series Wortmanniorum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573775

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces wortmannii.

Type species: Talaromyces wortmannii (Klöcker) C.R. Benj., Mycologia 47(5): 683, 1955.

≡ Penicillium wortmannii Klöcker, C. r. Trav. Laboratoire d. Carlsberg 6: 100, 1906.

Accepted species: Talaromyces cerinus, T. chlamydosporus, T. endophyticus, T. guiyangensis, T. juglandicola, T. rogersiae, T. subaurantiacus, T. variabilis, T. wortmannii.

Notes: Series Wortmanniorum was sister to ser. Islandici (Figure 3, Figures S7 and S9), and with nine species currently known.

Section Purpurei Stolk & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 2: 56, 1972.

Series Coalescentes X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573776

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces coalescens.

Type species: Talaromyces coalescens (Quintan.) Samson, N. Yilmaz & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 70: 175, 2011.

≡ Penicillium coalescens Quintan., Mycopathologia 84(2-3): 115, 1984.

Accepted species: Talaromyces cattleyae, T. cecidicola, T. chlorolomus, T. coalescens, T. freemaniae, T. ignescens, T. macrodendroideus, T. mzansiensis, T. ramulosus.

Notes: Series Coalescentes was monophyletic and sister to ser. Pseudostromatici with strong supports in all the analyses (Figure 4 and Figures S10–S12). The series has a worldwide distribution.

Series Pseudostromatici X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573777

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces pseudostromaticus.

Type species: Talaromyces pseudostromaticus (Hodges, G.M. Warner & Rogerson) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium pseudostromaticum Hodges, G.M. Warner & Rogerson, Mycologia 62(6): 1106, 1971.

Accepted species: Talaromyces dendriticus, T. pittii, T. pseudostromaticus, T. rickardiae.

Notes: Series Pseudostromatici was monophyletic and sister to ser. Coalescentes receiving strong statistic supports in all the analyses (Figure 4 and Figures S10–S12). It has a worldwide distribution.

Series Purpurei Pitt, The Genus Penicillium and its teleomorph states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces (London): 512, 1979.

Type species: Talaromyces purpureus (E. Müll. & Pacha-Aue) Stolk & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 2: 57, 1972.

≡ Arachniotus purpureus E. Müll. & Pacha-Aue, Nova Hedwigia 15: 552, 1968.

Accepted species: Talaromyces ptychoconidius, T. purpureus, T. saxoxalicus.

Notes: Series Purpurei was established to place T. purpureus because of its dark red mycelia produced on MEA at 25 °C [13]. This series was monophyletic in the combined phylogeny except for RPB2 analysis (Figure 4 and Figure S12). Two new members were added.

Series Rademiricorum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573778

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces rademirici.

Type species: Talaromyces rademirici (Quintan.) Samson, N. Yilmaz & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 70: 177, 2011.

≡ Penicillium rademirici Quintan., Mycopathologia 91(2): 72, 1985.

Accepted species: Talaromyces gwangjuensis, T. iowaensis, T. pulveris, T. rademirici.

Notes: Series Rademiricorum was the basal clade in the section and included four members. It was monophyletic in the combined and single BenA analyses but did not receive high statistic supports (Figure 4 and Figure S10) and appeared as paraphyletic in the RPB2 phylogeny (Figure S12).

Section Subinflati N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 192, 2014.

Series Palmarum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, J. Fungi 11(7, no. 508): 10, 2025.

Type species: Talaromyces palmae (Samson, Stolk & Frisvad) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium palmae Samson, Stolk & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 31: 135, 1989.

Accepted species: Talaromyces paecilomycetoides, T. palmae, T. parapalmae.

Notes: The concept of the series was shown in the previous study [14].

Series Resedani X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, J. Fungi 11(7, no. 508): 10, 2025.

Type species: Talaromyces resedanus (McLennan & Ducker) A.J. Chen, Houbraken & Samson, MycoKeys 68: 96, 2020.

≡ Penicillium resedanum McLennan & Ducker, Aust. J. Bot. 2(3): 360, 1954.

Accepted species: Talaromyces resedanus.

Notes: The concept of the series was stated in the previous study [14].

Series Subinflati X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, J. Fungi 11(7, no. 508): 10, 2025.

Type species: Talaromyces subinflatus Yaguchi & Udagawa, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 34(2): 249, 1993.

Accepted species: Talaromyces guizhouensis, T. jiangxiensis, T. sinensis, T. subinflatus, T. tapisciae, T. tzapotlensis.

Notes: The concept of the series was stated in the previous study [14]. Talaromyces tapisciae from China was newly added.

Section Talaromyces C.R. Benj., Mycologia 47(5): 681, 1955.

Series Aculeati X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573779

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces aculeatus.

Type species: Talaromyces aculeatus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 174, 2011.

≡ Penicillium aculeatum Raper & Fennell, Mycologia 40(5): 535, 1948.

Accepted species: Talaromyces aculeatus, T. apiculatus, T. atkinsoniae.

Notes: Series Aculeati was monophyletic in both combined and single-gene analyses (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). It is distributed worldwide.

Series Angelicarum X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573780

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces angelicae.

Type species: Talaromyces angelicae S.H. Yu, T.J. An & H.K. Sang, J. Microbiol. 51(5): 707, 2013.

Accepted species: Talaromyces angelicae, T. fuscoviridis.

Notes: Series Angelicarum was monophyletic in all the analyses. It was sister to ser. Aprici in the combined and CaM inferences (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18).

Series Aprici X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573781

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces apricus.

Type species: Talaromyces apricus Y.P. Tan, Minns & E. Lacey, Index of Australian Fungi 34: 7, 2024.

Accepted species: Talaromyces apricus.

Notes: Series Aprici was sister to ser. Angelicarum in the combined and CaM phylogenies, which was not supported by the BenA and RPB2 analyses (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). In the BenA tree, T. apricus grouped with the members of ser. Rubri (Figure S16).

Series Argentinenses X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573782

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces argentinensis.

Type species: Talaromyces argentinensis Jurjević & S.W. Peterson, Fungal Biol. 123(10): 751, 2019.

Accepted species: Talaromyces argentinensis, T. coprophilus,

Notes: Series Argentinenses was monophyletic, with strong supports in all analyses. Its close relationship with ser. Rapidi was revealed by the multi-locus phylogeny but not by single-gene analyses (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18).

Series Aurantiaci X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573783

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces aurantiacus.

Type species: Talaromyces aurantiacus (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) Samson, N. Yilmaz & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 70: 175, 2011.

≡ Penicillium aurantiacum J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster, Mycologia 49(6): 797, 1958.

Accepted species: Talaromyces alveolaris, T. aurantiacus, T. fusiformis.

Notes: Series Aurantiaci is sister to ser. Derxiorum with strong supports (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). Both were the basal clades in the combined phylogeny.

Series Beijingenses X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573784

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces beijingensis.

Type species: Talaromyces beijingensis A.J. Chen, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 84: 125, 2016.

Accepted species: Talaromyces beijingensis, T. dimorphus, T. watsoniae.

Notes: Series Beijingenses was monophyletic in the combined and single-gene analyses (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). Two of the three known species are from China and the other one from Australia.

Series Derxiorum X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573785

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces derxii.

Type species: Talaromyces derxii Takada & Udagawa, Mycotaxon 31(2): 418, 1988.

Accepted species: Talaromyces derxii.

Notes: Series Derxiorum is sister to ser. Aurantiaci with strong supports (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). They were the basal clades in the combined phylogeny. Talaromyces derxii was the first Talaromyces species to be heterothallic and produced green ascomata and spiny ellipsoidal ascospores [10].

Series Dispares X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573786

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces disparis.

Type species: Talaromyces disparis Y.M. Ruan & L. Wang, PeerJ 12(e18253): 8, 2024.

Accepted species: Talaromyces disparis.

Notes: Ser. Dispares was an independent lineage and phylogenetically close to ser. Intermedii in the combined phylogeny (Figure 6). But the relationship was not supported by all the single-gene analyses (Figures S16–S18).

Series Euchlorocarpii X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573787

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces euchlorocarpius.

Type species: Talaromyces euchlorocarpius Yaguchi, Someya & Udagawa, Mycoscience 40(2): 133, 1999.

Accepted species: Talaromyces euchlorocarpius.

Notes: Ser. Euchlorocarpii was an independent lineage and close to ser. Purpureogeni and ser. Thailandenses in the combined phylogeny (Figure 6).

Series Flavovirentes X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573788

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces flavovirens.

Type species: Talaromyces flavovirens (Durieu & Mont.) Visagie, Llimona & Seifert, Mycotaxon 122: 404, 2013.

≡ Lasioderma flavovirens Durieu & Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 4(no. 96): 364, 1845.

Accepted species: Talaromyces benedictus, T. cnidii, T. flavovirens, T. siamensis, T. sparsus, T. virens, T. wushanicus, T. xishaensis.

Notes: Series Flavovirentes was monophyletic in the combined phylogeny as well as single CaM analysis, which did not agree with the BenA and RPB2 trees (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). Among the eight known species, six of them are from Asia, including four from China.

Series Funiculosi X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573789

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces funiculosus.

Type species: Talaromyces funiculosus (Thom) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium funiculosum Thom, Bull. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau Animal Industry 118: 69, 1910.

Accepted species: Talaromyces cucurbitiradicus, T. funiculosus, T. pseudofuniculosus.

Notes: Series Funiculosi was monophyletic in all the analyses and sister to ser. Macrospori in the combined phylogeny (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18).

Series Intermedii X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573790

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces intermedius.

Type species: Talaromyces intermedius (Apinis) Stolk & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 2: 21, 1972.

≡ Arachniotus intermedius Apinis, Mycol. Pap. 96: 45, 1964.

Accepted species: Talaromyces intermedius.

Notes: Ser. Intermedii represented an independent lineage (Figure 6). Its relationship with ser. Dispares was discussed above.

Series Lianorum X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573791

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces liani.

Type species: Talaromyces liani (Kamyschko) N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 266, 2014.

≡ Penicillium liani Kamyschko, Notul. syst. Sect. cryptog. Inst. bot. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. 15: 86, 1962.

Accepted species: Talaromyces brevis, T. liani, T. nanjingensis.

Notes: Series Lianorum was monophyletic in all the analyses (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). They all occur in China.

Series Macrospori X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573792

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces macrosporus.

Type species: Talaromyces macrosporus (Stolk & Samson) Frisvad, Samson & Stolk, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 57: 186, 1990.

≡ Talaromyces flavus var. macrosporus Stolk & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 2: 15, 1972.

Accepted species: Talaromyces macrosporus, T. minnsiorum, T. rufus.

Notes: Series Macrospori appeared to be monophyletic, with strong supports (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18) and sister to ser. Funiculosi in the combined tree (Figure 6).

Series Panamenses X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573793

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces panamensis.

Type species: Talaromyces panamensis (Samson, Stolk & Frisvad) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium panamense Samson, Stolk & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 31: 136, 1989.

Accepted species: Talaromyces panamensis.

Notes: Ser. Panamenses was an independent lineage and phylogenetically close to ser. Virides in the combined phylogeny (Figure 6). But this relationship was not supported by all the single-gene analyses (Figures S16–S18).

Series Pinophili X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573794

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces pinophilus.

Type species: Talaromyces pinophilus (Hedgc.) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium pinophilum Hedgc., Bull. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau Animal Industry 118: 75, 1910.

Accepted species: Talaromyces adpressus, T. annesophieae, T. cavernicola, T. domesticus, T. funiformis, T. gautengensis, T. lentulus, T. mae, T. malicola, T. perryae, T. pinophilus, T. potiguarorum, T. pratensis, T. santanderensis, T. sayulitensis, T. soli, T. tumuli.

Notes: Series Pinophili was well-defined in the combined and single CaM and RPB2 phylogenies, which was not supported by the BenA analysis (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). It is most speciose in the section and contains 17 known species.

Series Primulini X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573795

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces primulinus.

Type species: Talaromyces primulinus (Pitt) Samson, N. Yilmaz & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium primulinum Pitt, The Genus Penicillium and its teleomorph states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces: 455, 1979.

Accepted species: Talaromyces astoniae, T. beariae, T. kabodanensis, T. oumae-annae, T. primulinus, T. shilinensis, T. viridulus.

Notes: Series Primulini was monophyletic in the combined and single RPB2 phylogenies, which was different from the BenA and CaM analyses (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). Among the known species, three are from Oceania and two from Asia.

Series Purgamentorum X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573796

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces purgamentorum.

Type species: Talaromyces purgamentorum N. Yilmaz, López-Quint., Vasco-Pal. & Houbraken, Mycol. Progr. 15: 1054, 2016.

Accepted species: Talaromyces purgamentorum.

Notes: Series Purgamentorum is shown as an independent lineage in the combined phylogeny and single BenA and RPB2 trees (Figure 6, Figures S16 and S18). It was mixed with species of ser. Primulini in the CaM analysis (Figure S17).

Series Purpureogeni X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573797

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces purpureogenus.

Type species: Talaromyces purpureogenus (Stoll) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Houbraken, Spierenb., Seifert, Peterson, Varga & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 70: 177, 2011.

≡ Penicillium purpureogenum Stoll, Beitr. Morph. Biol. Char. Penicillium: 32, 1904.

Accepted species: Talaromyces purpureogenus, T. stipitatus, T. zhenhaiensis.

Notes: Series Purpureogeni was monophyletic in the combined and single-gene phylogenies. It was sister to ser. Thailandenses in the combined and single BenA and RPB2 analyses, but this series became a basal clade in the CaM phylogeny (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18).

Series Rapidi X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573798

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces rapidus.

Type species: Talaromyces rapidus Guevara-Suarez, Dania García & Gené, Mycoses 60(10): 658, 2017.

Accepted species: Talaromyces rapidus.

Notes: Series Rapidi was sister to ser. Argentinenses in the combined phylogeny (Figure 6), which was not supported by the single-gene analyses (Figures S16–S18).

Series Rubri X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573799

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces ruber.

Type species: Talaromyces ruber (Stoll) N. Yilmaz, Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, Persoonia 29: 48, 2012.

≡ Penicillium rubrum Stoll, Beitr. Morph. Biol. Char. Penicillium: 35, 1904.

Accepted species: Talaromyces amazonensis, T. amestolkiae, T. galapagensis, T. hainanensis, T. indigoticus, T. muroii, T. mycothecae, T. neofusisporus, T. ruber, T. rubicundus, T. stollii, T. striatoconidius.

Notes: Series Rubri was supported by the combined phylogeny (Figure 6). In the BenA tree, this series was highly supported (MLBP = 98), somehow, T. apricus of ser. Aprici joined in (Figure S16). The monophyly of the series was not supported by the CaM and RPB2 analyses (Figures S17 and S18).

Series Talaromyces C.R. Benj., Mycologia 47(5): 681, 1955.

Type species: Talaromyces flavus (Klöcker) Stolk & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 2: 10, 1972.

≡ Gymnoascus flavus Klöcker, Hedwigia 41: 80, 1902.

Accepted species: Talaromyces aspriconidius, T. calidicanius, T. duclauxii, T. flavus, T. ginkgonis, T. haitouensis, T. marneffei.

Notes: Series Talaromyces is mainly distributed in East Asia, e.g., T. aspriconidius, T. calidicanius, T. ginkgonis and T. haitouensis from China and T. marneffei originally described from Vietnam. The monophyly of the series was not supported by single CaM analysis (Figure S17). This series does not correspond to the concept of series Flavi sensu Pitt [13], to which the following species belong: T. flavus, T. helicus (in section Helici), T. stipitatus, T. panasenkoi (=T. ucrainicus in section Trachyspermi), and T. striatus (≡ Pseudohamigera striata).

Series Thailandenses X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573800

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces thailandensis.

Type species: Talaromyces thailandensis Manoch, Dethoup & N. Yilmaz, Mycoscience 54(5): 339, 2013.

Accepted species: Talaromyces aureolinus, T. bannicus, T. echinulatus, T. exleyae, T. francoae, T. kendrickii, T. linderae, T. mangshanicus, T. penicillioides, T. qii, T. thailandensis.

Notes: Ser. Thailandenses was monophyletic in both combined phylogeny and single-gene analyses with strong supports. Its sister relationship with ser. Purpureogeni was well-supported except for the CaM analysis (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). Talaromyces rosorhizae nom. inval. belonged to this series, as well as the recently introduced species T. doitungensis Thakshila et al. from Thailand (Talaromyces sp. MFLUCC 24-0321) [25].

Series Veerkampiorum X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573801

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces veerkampii.

Type species: Talaromyces veerkampii Visagie, N. Yilmaz & Samson, Mycoscience 56: 497, 2015.

Accepted species: Talaromyces californicus, T. heilongjiangensis, T. louisianensis, T. veerkampii.

Notes: Series Veerkampiorum was monophyletic in all the analyses with strong supports (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). A new species T. heilongjiangensis was introduced in the series, and T. taiwanensis was treated as a later synonym of T. veerkampii in view of the very limited sequence divergence.

Series Verruculosi X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573802

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces verruculosus.

Type species: Talaromyces verruculosus (Peyronel) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 177, 2011.

≡ Penicillium verruculosum Peyronel, I germi astmosferici dei fungi con micelio, Diss.: 22, 1913.

Accepted species: Talaromyces australis, T. jianfengicus, T. johnpittii, T. popeae, T. shepherdshillensis, T. stellenboschensis, T. verruculosus, T. yunnanensis.

Notes: Series Verruculosi was monophyletic in the combined and single-gene phylogenies, but the sister relationship between T. australis and the other members of the series was poorly supported in the RPB2 analysis (Figure S18). This series was sister to ser. Talaromyces in the combined phylogeny (Figure 6), which was not supported by the single-gene phylogenies (Figures S16–S18).

Series Versatiles X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573803

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces versatilis.

Type species: Talaromyces versatilis Bridge & Buddie, Index Fungorum 26: 1, 2013.

Accepted species: Talaromyces versatilis.

Notes: Series Versatiles appeared as an independent lineage in the combined phylogeny (Figure 6). But it clustered with ser. Angelicarum in the BenA tree, grouped with ser. Beijingenses in CaM tree, and was close to some species of ser. Rubri in RPB2 tree (Figures S16–S18).

Series Virides X.C. Wang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573804

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces viridis.

Type species: Talaromyces viridis (Stolk & G.F. Orr) Arx, Persoonia 13(3): 282, 1987.

≡ Sagenoma viride Stolk & G.F. Orr, Mycologia 66(4): 677, 1974.

Accepted species: Talaromyces viridis.

Notes: Ser. Virides represented as an independent lineage (Figure 6). Its relationship with ser. Panamenses has been discussed previously.

Section Tenues B.D. Sun, A.J. Chen, Houbraken & Samson, MycoKeys 68: 82, 2020.

Series Tenues X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.

Fungal Names: FN573805

Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Talaromyces tenuis.

Type species: Talaromyces tenuis B.D. Sun, A.J. Chen, Houbraken & Samson, MycoKeys 68: 86, 2020.

Accepted species: Talaromyces tenuis.

Notes: The series was established to accommodate only the type species of the section, and it was sister to ser. Brunneospori of sect. Brunneospori (Figure 2 and Figures S4–S6).

Section Trachyspermi Yaguchi & Udagawa, Mycoscience 37(1): 57, 1996.

Series Diversi X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, J. Fungi 11(7, no. 508): 10, 2025.

Type species: Talaromyces diversus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, N. Yilmaz & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 70: 175, 2011.

≡ Penicillium diversum Raper & Fennell, Mycologia 40(5): 539, 1948.

Accepted species: Talaromyces albisclerotius, T. clemensii, T. cystophila, T. diversus, T. peaticola, T. tianshanicus.

Notes: The concept of the series has been discussed previously [14].

Series Erythromelles X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, J. Fungi 11(7, no. 508): 10, 2025.

Type species: Talaromyces erythromellis (A.D. Hocking) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 175, 2011.

≡ Penicillium erythromellis A.D. Hocking, The genus Penicillium and its teleomorph states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces: 459, 1979.

Accepted species: Talaromyces aerius, T. albobiverticillius, T. amyrossmaniae, T. austrocalifornicus, T. catalonicus, T. convolutus, T. elephas, T. erythromellis, T. heiheensis, T. pernambucoensis, T. rubidus, T. rubrifaciens, T. solicola.

Notes: The concept of the series has been stated in the previous study [14].

Series Miniolutei X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, J. Fungi 11(7, no. 508): 11, 2025.

Type species: Talaromyces minioluteus (Dierckx) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 176, 2011.

≡ Penicillium minioluteum Dierckx, Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles 25: 87, 1901.

Accepted species: Talaromyces africanus, T. calidominioluteus, T. chongqingensis, T. gaditanus, T. germanicus, T. minioluteus, T. minnesotensis, T. samsonii, T. udagawae, T. xishuangbannaensis.

Notes: The series has been discussed in the previous study [14].

Series Resinarum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, J. Fungi 11(7, no. 508): 11, 2025.

Type species: Talaromyces resinae (Z.T. Qi & H.Z. Kong) Houbraken & X.C. Wang, Stud. Mycol. 95: 91, 2020.

≡ Penicillium resinae Z.T. Qi & H.Z. Kong, Acta Mycol. Sin. 1(2): 103, 1982.

Accepted species: Talaromyces brasiliensis, T. longistipes, T. phuphaphetensis, T. resinae, T. satunensis, T. subericola.

Notes: This series has been discussed in the previous study [14].

Series Trachyspermi Pitt sensu Peng et al., J. Fungi 11(7, no. 508): 11, 2025.

Type species: Talaromyces trachyspermus (Shear) Stolk & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 2: 32, 1973.

≡ Arachniotus trachyspermus Shear, Science 16: 138, 1902.

Accepted species: Talaromyces albidus, T. affinitatimellis, T. assiutensis, T. atroroseus, T. basipetosporus, T. ellipsoideus, T. guatemalensis, T. hallidayae, T. mellisjaponici, T. phialiformis, T. speluncarum, T. systylus, T. trachyspermus, T. ucrainicus.

Notes: This series has been discussed in the previous study [14].

4.2. New Species

Talaromyces fujianensis X.C. Wang, L.Y. Peng & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 7

Figure 7.

Talaromyces fujianensis (FJ12-14). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–D) conidiophores; (E) macroconidia; (F) microconidia; (G) chlamydospore. Bars: (B) = 15 µm, also for (C); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).

Fungal Names: FN573764

Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality of the fungus.

In Talaromyces sect. Islandici ser. Musarum

Typification: CHINA. Fujian Province, Zhangzhou City, Nanjing County, Huboliao National Nature Reserve, Jinshan Town, E’xiandong (goose fairy cave), 24°47′25″ N 117°20′6″ E, soil under rock, 15 July 2025, Xin-Cun Wang, culture, Lu-Yao Peng, FJ12-14 (holotype HMAS 354375, preserved in a metabolically inactive state; ex-type strain CGMCC 3.29867).

DNA barcodes: ITS PZ326302, BenA PZ321402, CaM PZ321406, RPB2 PZ321412.

Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 9–12 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 17–19 mm; YES 15–16 mm; PDA 16–17 mm.

Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant, deep; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia buff; texture velutinous and sticky; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to dull brown.

On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire or fimbriate; mycelia white, yellow at centers; texture velutinous, floccose at centers, sticky; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to yellow.

On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia pale, light yellow at centers; texture velutinous and sticky; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown, white at margins; strong odor.

On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly irregular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire to fimbriate; mycelia white, yellow at centers; texture velutinous, floccose at centers, sticky; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to yellow to orange.

Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, terverticillate or more branched; stipes smooth-walled, 30–70 × 2.0–3.5 μm; rami 2, 15–33.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 2–3, 10–32.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides acerose or ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 2–5 per metula, 10.5–23.5 × 2.0–3.5 μm; two types of conidia observed; microconidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, hyaline, 3.5–4.5 × 2.0–4.0 μm; macroconidia subglobose, ellipsoidal to obovoid, smooth-walled, hyaline, 5.0–9.5 × 4.0–6.5 μm; chlamydospores subglobose, fusiform or irregular, smooth-walled, hyaline, 8.5–12 × 5.0–9.5 μm.

Notes: The new species appeared as a distinct lineage in ser. Musarum in the multi-locus and single-gene phylogenies (Figure 3 and Figures S7–S9). Morphologically, it differs from T. musae and T. tiftonensis of the same series in sticky colonies, the presence of chlamydospores, and two types of conidia [26,27]. The morphology of T. ailsahockingiae in the series was not given in the protologue [28] and thus could not be morphologically compared.

Talaromyces heilongjiangensis X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 8

Figure 8.

Talaromyces heilongjiangensis (HLJ58-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) conidiophores; (G) conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).

Fungal Names: FN571816

Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality of the fungus.

In Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces ser. Veerkampiorum

Typification: CHINA. Heilongjiang Province, Jiamusi City, Fuyuan City, Nongjiang County, at the lakeside of Dalijia Lake, 48°16′52″ N 134°17′30″ E, in soil, 13 May 2023, Xin-Cun Wang and He Song, culture, He Song, HLJ58-02 (holotype HMAS 247930, preserved in a metabolically inactive state; ex-type strain CGMCC 3.29868).

DNA barcodes: ITS PP357621, BenA PP373072, CaM PP373077, RPB2 PP373083.

Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 24–27 mm; CYA 37 °C 27–32 mm; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 45–52 mm; YES 21–23 mm; PDA 31–43 mm.

Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse yellowish green to greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow to orange.

On CYA 37 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain or slightly protuberant, with radially sulcate or not; margins moderately narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent or moderately dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to light brown.

On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins wide, entire or fimbriate; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation moderately dense to dense; conidia en masse yellowish green to greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to yellow.

On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant, concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous to floccose; sporulation moderately dense to dense; conidia en masse brownish grey to greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to orange.

On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide to wide, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation moderately dense to dense; yellowish green to grayish green conidia en masse; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white or yellow to orange.

Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 20–185 × 2.0–3.5 μm; rami 2, 10.5–17.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; metulae 2–5, 8.5–13 × 2.5–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 3–6 per metula, 8–12 × 3.5–4.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, rough-walled, brown, 3.0–4.5 (–5.5) × 3.0–4.0 (–5.0) μm.

Additional strain examined: CHINA. Heilongjiang Province, Jiamusi City, Fuyuan City, Nongjiang County, at the lakeside of Dalijia Lake, 48°18′0″ N 134°17′23″ E, in soil, 13 May 2023, Xin-Cun Wang and He Song, culture, He Song, HLJ58-14.

Notes: This species is the member of ser. Veerkampiorum and phylogenetically related to T. californicus, T. louisianensis and T. veerkampii (Figure 6). It differs from T. californicus in 3 bp for BenA, 3 bp for CaM and 7 bp for RPB2; from T. louisianensis in 4 bp for BenA, 13 bp for CaM, and 4 bp for RPB2; and from T. veerkampii in 6 bp for BenA, 5 bp for CaM and 8 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs from T. californicus in slower growth rate on CYA at 37 °C, terverticillate conidiophores and smaller conidia (3.0–4.5 × 3.0–4.0 vs. 4.0–6.0 × 4.0–7.0 μm) [29]; from T. louisianensis in slower growth rates on CYA at 25 °C and 37 °C and terverticillate conidiophores [29]; and from T. veerkampii in faster growth rates on CYA at 37 °C and on MEA at 25 °C, slower growth rate on YES, reverse buff to orange instead of dark green on YES, terverticillate conidiophores, broader phialides (3.5–4.5 vs. 3.0–3.5 μm wide), and rough-walled conidia [30]. Their morphological distinctions were summarized in Table 8.

Table 8.

Morphological comparisons of new species and their closely related species.

Species	CYA 25 °C (mm)	CYA 37 °C (mm)	MEA (mm)	YES (mm)	Conidiophore	Conidia Shape	Conidia Wall	Conidia Size (µm)	Reference
T. heilongjiangensis	24–27	27–32	45–52	21–23	biverticillate or terverticillate	subglobose to ellipsoidal	rough	3.0–4.5 × 3.0–4.0	This study
T. californicus	25–40	30–40	40–51	n.a.	monoverticillate or biverticillate	globose to subglobose	finely rough to rough	4.0–6.0 × 4.0–7.0	[29]
T. louisianensis	35–39	37–43	45–55	n.a.	biverticillate	globose to subglobose	smooth to rough	3.5–5.0 × 3.5–5.0	[29]
T. veerkampii	20–31	18–23	38–42	35–46	biverticillate or monoverticillate	broadly ellipsoidal	finely rough	4.0–4.5 × 3.0–4.0	[30]
T. tapisciae	17–17	no growth	21–25	10–15	biverticillate, terverticillate or quaterverticillate	subglobose to ellipsoidal	rough	3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.0	This study
T. jiangxiensis	n.a.	n.a.	26–33	n.a.	biverticillate	fusiform to pyriform, sometimes ellipsoidal	spiny	3.0–4.5 × 2.0–3.5	[31]

“n.a.” is the abbreviation for “not available”.

Talaromyces tapisciae X.C. Wang, L.Y. Peng & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 9

Figure 9.

Talaromyces tapisciae (YN23-08). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) conidiophores; (G) conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).

Fungal Names: FN573765

Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the host plant of the fungus, Tapiscia yunnanensis W.C. Cheng & C.D. Chu.

In Talaromyces sect. subinflati ser. subinflati

Typification: CHINA. Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Mengla Town, Bubang Village, Wangtianshu (Parashorea chinensis H. Wang) Scenic Area, 21°37′24″ N 101°35′21″ E, in soil under rotten stump of Tapiscia yunnanensis, 31 May 2024, Xin-Cun Wang, culture, Lu-Yao Peng, YN23-08 (holotype HMAS 354376, preserved in a metabolically inactive state; ex-type strain CGMCC 3.29869).

DNA barcodes: ITS PZ326304, BenA PZ321404, CaM PZ321408, RPB2 PZ321414.

Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 17–18 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 21–25 mm; YES 10–15 mm; PDA 22–26 mm.

Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to yellow.

On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide to wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse yellowish green to greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to yellow.

On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers, concentrically and radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to yellow.

On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain; margins moderately wide to wide, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white, yellow at centers.

Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, in a minor portion terverticillate, rarely quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 250–725 × 3.0–4.5 μm; branches 2, 14–17.5 × 3.5–4.0 μm; rami 2–4, 8.5–19.5 × 3.5–4.5 μm; metulae 5–7, (8.5–) 11–15 (–17.5) × 3.5–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 2–6 per metula, 8.5–11 (–15) × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, rough-walled, 3.0–4.0 (–6.5) × 2.5–3.0 (–4.0) μm.

Additional strain examined: CHINA. Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Mengla Town, Bubang Village, Wangtianshu (Parashorea chinensis H. Wang) Scenic Area, 21°37′24″ N 101°35′21″ E, in soil under rotten stump of Tapiscia yunnanensis, 31 May 2024, Xin-Cun Wang, culture, Lu-Yao Peng, YN23-06.

Notes: This species is sister to T. jiangxiensis with strong supports in the phylogenies inferred from combined and single-gene datasets (Figure 5 and Figures S13–S15). Molecularly, their differences include 5 bp for BenA, 18 bp for CaM, and 10 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, the new species differs from its sister in entire colonial margins on MEA 25 °C, terverticillate and quaterverticillate conidiophores, and rough-walled but not spiny conidia [31].

4.3. New Chinese Records

Talaromyces angelicae S.H. Yu, T.J. An & H.K. Sang, J. Microbiol. 51(5): 707, 2013.

In Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces ser. Angelicarum

Strain examined: CHINA. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Changji City, Liuhuanggou Town, 43°44′45″ N 87°13′12″ E, in soil, September 2015, Kai Chen, XJ6-2.

Notes: This species was first reported in South Korea and isolated from a medicinal plant Angelica gigas Nakai [32]. The Chinese strain is similar to the type strain of the fungus morphologically, but differs from the ex-type culture in 3 bp for the RPB2 gene.

Talaromyces gautengensis Visagie & Yilmaz, Persoonia 53: 54, 2024.

In Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces ser. Pinophili

Strain examined: CHINA. Hebei Province, Handan City, Daming County, Daming Town, Youfentan Village, 36°17′37″ N 115°8′43″ E, in soil, 22 July 2023, Xin-Cun Wang, culture, Yi-Fan Wang, JJJ45-29.

Notes: This species was described from South Africa and had not been reported otherwhere [33]. The Chinese strain was identical to the ex-type culture in ITS and BenA sequences but having 5 bp differences for the RPB2 gene. The Chinese material extends its distribution to Asia.

Talaromyces rogersiae Jurjević & S.W. Peterson, Mycologia 109(4): 550, 2017.

In Talaromyces sect. Islandici ser. Wortmanniorum

Strain examined: CHINA. Beijing City, Chaoyang District, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40°0′15″ N 116°22′59″ E, as culture contaminant, 16 January 2025, Lu-Yao Peng, XCW_SN569.

Notes: This species was originally isolated from maize seed of North Carolina, USA [27]. The Chinese strain is identical to the ex-type culture in ITS and RPB2 sequences (Figure S9). The Chinese material extends its distribution to Asia.

5. Discussion

Phylogenies of Talaromyces were reconstructed section by section based on separate or concatenated multi-locus datasets (BenA, CaM and RPB2). Fifty series were accordingly classified into nine sections., i.e., one in sections Brunneospori and Tenues, two in sections Bacillispori and Helici, three in sect. Subinflati, four in sect. Purpurei, five in sections Islandici and Trachyspermi, and 27 in the speciose section Talaromyces. Among the fifty series recognized, forty were newly introduced in this study. The updated series-level taxonomy of Talaromyces will facilitate species identification. Three new species were described based on phylogenetical and morphological information, i.e., T. fujianensis sp. nov. in sect. Islandici, T. heilongjiangensis sp. nov. in sect. Talaromyces, and T. tapisciae sp. nov. in sect. subinflati. Additionally, three new Chinese records were reported: T. angelicae, T. gautengensis and T. rogersiae. The findings of the new species and new Chinese records reveal the high diversity of the genus in China.

The most difficult part of this study is how to classify series of sect. Talaromyces. Among the 27 newly established series in the section, ten are monotypic. The species numbers of other series usually vary from two to 17. The key arguments for recognizing a series are based on the considerations whether it is a monophyly and how it is related to its allies. For example, series Aprici is sister to ser. Angelicarum in the combined locus phylogeny (Figure 6), but the grouping was not supported by the individual BenA or RPB2 analyses (Figures S16 and S18). Similarly, the sister relationship between ser. Dispares and ser. Intermedii in the multi-locus phylogeny did not show in the single-gene trees (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18). Thus, these monotypic series could not be simply grouped because of phylogenetical stability and taxonomical operability. The current divisions at series level will benefit a more accurate species identification by means of phylogenetic analysis at a smaller scale.

China is rich in species diversity of Talaromyces. This country is usually divided into seven geographic divisions: North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, Central China, East China, South China, and Southwest China. Many Talaromyces species were discovered in different parts, e.g., T. gautengensis and T. rogersiae of this study from North China, T. heilongjiangensis and T. heiheensis from Northeast China [34], T. angelicae from Northwest China, T. mangshanicus from Central China [34], T. fujianensis from East China, T. xishaensis from South China [35], and T. chongqingensis, T. elephas, T. ginkgonis, T. shilinensis, T. sinensis, T. tapisciae, T. wushanicus and T. xishuangbannaensis from Southwest China [14,36,37]. Notably, Southwest China harbors the highest biodiversity of the genus, which is in accordance with the discoveries of a recent investigation on fungal taxonomy of China [38]. China has four of the 36 biodiversity hotspots in the world: Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Mountains of Central Asia, and Mountains of Southwest China [39]; more efforts are needed to explore the underestimated areas of the country.

The taxonomic framework of Talaromyces at series level has been proposed, which will benefit better understanding of the group. Nevertheless, it cannot be perfect, and modifications will be undoubtedly needed in future. Along with introductions of additional new species, the concepts of series provided in this work might be improved. Further, introduction of additionally informative locus from genomes or application of phylogenomic approach to phylogeny of the genus may update our knowledge of the concepts of the series.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jof12070485/s1, Figure S1. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Bacillispori inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Bacillispori inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Bacillispori inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S4. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of sections Brunneospori, Helici and Tenues in Talaromyces inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S5. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of sections Brunneospori, Helici and Tenues in Talaromyces inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S6. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of sections Brunneospori, Helici and Tenues in Talaromyces inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S7. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Islandici inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S8. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Islandici inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S9. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Islandici inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S10. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Purpurei inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S11. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Purpurei inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S12. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Purpurei inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S13. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Subinflati inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S14. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Subinflati inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S15. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Subinflati inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S16. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S17. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap; Figure S18. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, X.-C.W.; methodology, X.-C.W.; software, X.-C.W.; validation, X.-C.W. and W.-Y.Z.; formal analysis, L.-Y.P., H.S., Y.-F.W. and X.-C.W.; investigation, L.-Y.P., H.S. and X.-C.W.; resources, X.-C.W. and W.-Y.Z.; data curation, X.-C.W.; writing—original draft preparation, X.-C.W.; writing—review and editing, X.-C.W. and W.-Y.Z.; visualization, L.-Y.P. and X.-C.W.; supervision, X.-C.W. and W.-Y.Z.; project administration, X.-C.W.; funding acquisition, X.-C.W. and W.-Y.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

The original data presented in the study are openly available in GenBank at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed on 15 April 2026).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding Statement

This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32270008).