Skip to main content
PMC home page
American Journal of Public Health logoLink to American Journal of Public Health
. 1989 Sep;79(9):1243–1246. doi: 10.2105/ajph.79.9.1243

Maternal smoking during pregnancy: no association with congenital malformations in Missouri 1980-83.

M H Malloy 1, J C Kleinman 1, J M Bakewell 1, W F Schramm 1, G H Land 1
PMCID: PMC1349697  PMID: 2764201

Abstract

Using a multisource birth defects registry developed by the Missouri Center for Health Statistics for the years 1980-83, we examined the relation between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the occurrence of congenital malformations. There were 288,067 live singleton births in this data set of which 10,223 had one or more congenital malformations. When adjusted for potential confounders the odds ratio for congenital malformations in the infants of women who smoked during pregnancy was not increased (odds ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval = 0.94 - 1.03). We examined the relation between smoking and groups of malformations using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, as well as analyzing for certain specific malformations within each group and found no increased risk for infants of smokers.

Full text

PDF
1245

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alberman E. D., Goldstein H. Possible teratogenic effect of cigarette smoking. Nature. 1971 Jun 25;231(5304):529–530. doi: 10.1038/231529a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baird D. Environment and reproduction. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1980 Dec;87(12):1057–1067. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1980.tb04474.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bonham G. S., Wilson R. W. Children's health in families with cigarette smokers. Am J Public Health. 1981 Mar;71(3):290–293. doi: 10.2105/ajph.71.3.290. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Carmichael N. G., Backhouse B. L., Winder C., Lewis P. D. Teratogenicity, toxicity and perinatal effects of cadmium. Hum Toxicol. 1982 Mar;1(2):159–186. doi: 10.1177/096032718200100209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Edmonds L. D., Layde P. M., James L. M., Flynt J. W., Erickson J. D., Oakley G. P., Jr Congenital malformations surveillance: two American systems. Int J Epidemiol. 1981 Sep;10(3):247–252. doi: 10.1093/ije/10.3.247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Evans D. R., Newcombe R. G., Campbell H. Maternal smoking habits and congenital malformations: a population study. Br Med J. 1979 Jul 21;2(6183):171–173. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6183.171. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Hemminki K., Mutanen P., Saloniemi I. Smoking and the occurrence of congenital malformations and spontaneous abortions: multivariate analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983 Jan 1;145(1):61–66. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(83)90340-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Hook E. B., Cross P. K. Cigarette smoking and Down syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1985 Nov;37(6):1216–1224. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Jaeger R. J. Carbon monoxide in houses and vehicles. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1981 Dec;57(10):860–872. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Kelsey J. L., Dwyer T., Holford T. R., Bracken M. B. Maternal smoking and congenital malformations: an epidemiological study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1978 Jun;32(2):102–107. doi: 10.1136/jech.32.2.102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Khoury M. J., Weinstein A., Panny S., Holtzman N. A., Lindsay P. K., Farrel K., Eisenberg M. Maternal cigarette smoking and oral clefts: a population-based study. Am J Public Health. 1987 May;77(5):623–625. doi: 10.2105/ajph.77.5.623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kleinman J. C., Madans J. H. The effects of maternal smoking, physical stature, and educational attainment on the incidence of low birth weight. Am J Epidemiol. 1985 Jun;121(6):843–855. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kleinman J. C., Pierre M. B., Jr, Madans J. H., Land G. H., Schramm W. F. The effects of maternal smoking on fetal and infant mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Feb;127(2):274–282. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kline J., Stein Z. A., Susser M., Warburton D. Smoking: a risk factor for spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med. 1977 Oct 13;297(15):793–796. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197710132971501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Longo L. D. Environmental pollution and pregnancy: risks and uncertainties for the fetus and infant. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980 May 15;137(2):162–173. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(80)90770-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Malloy M. H., Kleinman J. C., Land G. H., Schramm W. F. The association of maternal smoking with age and cause of infant death. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Jul;128(1):46–55. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114957. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Meiniel R. Neuromuscular blocking agents and axial teratogenesis in the avian embryo. Can axial morphogenetic disorders by explained by pharmacological action upon muscle tissue? Teratology. 1981 Apr;23(2):259–271. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420230211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Meyer M. B., Jonas B. S., Tonascia J. A. Perinatal events associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 1976 May;103(5):464–476. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Myrianthopoulos N. C., Chung C. S. Congenital malformations in singletons: epidemiologic survey. Report from the Collaborative Perinatal project. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1974;10(11):1–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Schwetz B. A., Smith F. A., Leong B. K., Staples R. E. Teratogenic potential of inhaled carbon monoxide in mice and rabbits. Teratology. 1979 Jun;19(3):385–392. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420190316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Sever L. E., Emanuel I. Intergenerational factors in the etiology of anencephalus and spina bifida. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1981 Apr;23(2):151–154. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1981.tb02436.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Shiono P. H., Klebanoff M. A., Berendes H. W. Congenital malformations and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Teratology. 1986 Aug;34(1):65–71. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420340109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. UNDERWOOD P., HESTER L. L., LAFFITTE T., Jr, GREGG K. V. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SMOKING TO THE OUTCOME OF PREGNANCY. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1965 Jan 15;91:270–276. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(65)90211-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Yerushalmy J. The relationship of parents' cigarette smoking to outcome of pregnancy--implications as to the problem of inferring causation from observed associations. Am J Epidemiol. 1971 Jun;93(6):443–456. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from American Journal of Public Health are provided here courtesy of American Public Health Association

RESOURCES