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. 1977 Nov;272(3):613–632. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp012063

A quantitative description of the pattern of breathing during steady-state CO2 inhalation in man, with special emphasis on expiration

D J C Cunningham, W N Gardner
PMCID: PMC1353645  PMID: 592205

Abstract

1. Quantitative data on the pattern of breathing in normal men and women (Gardner, 1977) have been used to derive expressions that are based on known physiological mechanisms.

2. The relations between the applied chemical drive to breathing (expressed as ΔPA, CO2 in high O2) and the several components of the volume—time patterns described in the companion paper were examined. Neither mean tidal volume (V̄T), nor mean inspiratory nor mean expiratory times (T̄I, T̄E) were uniquely related to the chemical drive across the breakpoint, which could be demonstrated in two and suspected in the third of these plots.

3. Mean inspiratory flow (V̄T/T̄I) was linearly related to PA, CO2 over the whole range and, like minute ventilation (V̇̄), showed no breakpoint. The mean relation was V̄T/T̄I = 0·11 (PA, CO2 — 35·2). V̄T/T̄I was highly correlated with V̇̄; in individuals with healthy lungs and under relatively stable conditions of compliance and resistance it may be accepted as a wholly inspiratory alternative to V̇̄ as an index, on the efferent side, of the total prevailing chemical drive.

4. The description of the relation between T̄I and V̄T was essentially the same as that of Clark & Euler (1972): in range 1, T̄I = either 1·29 - 0·07 V̄T or the constant 1·24 sec, and in range 2, T̄I = 0·65/(V̄T — 0·88) + 0·59.

5. Expiration was described by an equation based on the inverse linkage between T̄E and chemical drive and the direct link between both mean and breath-by-breath values of TI and TE: T̄E = pT̄I + q/(drive — r) in which p was 0·64 ± 0·09, q was 11·1 ± 2·64 sec. (torr CO2)-1 and r was -2·73 ± 1·09 torr CO2. All three parameters were necessary for an adequate description.

6. It is argued that the first term of the TE equation represents influences related to lung volume exerted through the vagus, and that the second represents the effects of over-all chemical stimulation exerted through other pathways.

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Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

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