Abstract
Background
Adolescent pregnancy and early marriage are major public health issues with potential adverse mental health consequences, including suicidal behaviors (SBs). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of, and the association between, adolescent pregnancy and SBs among girls aged < 19 years.
Methods
The review systematically searched databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Embase, beginning from the date of 13 June 2025. The study included any observational studies reporting the association between SBs including suicide, suicidal ideation (SI), suicide attempts (SA) and adolescent pregnancy. Meta-analysis and subgroup analyses using a random-effects model were conducted to estimate pooled prevalence and odds ratios (ORs), with I2 used to assess heterogeneity for the association between adolescent pregnancy and SI, SA, and suicide.
Results
A total of 12 studies involving 125,551 pregnant adolescent women were included. The pooled estimate and 95% CIs for the prevalence of SI and SA were 14% (9% − 19%) and 6% (5% − 8%), respectively. Furthermore, subgroup meta-analysis by region indicated that the pooled estimate for the prevalence of SA is 10% (5% − 16%) for Asia, 3% (2% − 3%) for India and Africa, and 6% (1% − 10%) for developed countries. The pooled OR and 95% CI for the risk of SI was OR = 1.63 (1.21–2.05), for SA it was OR = 1.99 (1.16–2.83), and for suicide, it was OR = 1.43 (1.40–2.24) in pregnant adolescents compared to pregnant women aged over 19 years.
Conclusion
Findings indicated that adolescent pregnancy was associated to an increased risk of SBs. Additionally, the pooled estimate for the prevalence of SI and SA among adolescent pregnant mothers is higher than that in the general population, as well as among unmarried teenage girls and young women.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-026-09553-9.
Keywords: Suicide, Teenage pregnancy, Epidemiology, Review, Mental illness, Obstetrics, Wedding
Introduction
Adolescent pregnancy and early marriage are significant issues that impact both mental health and social well-being, potentially leading to increased suicidal behaviors (SBs) [1, 2]. Suicide, suicide attempted (SA), suicidal plan, and suicidal ideation (SI) are common types of SBs. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescent pregnancy as the pregnancy of women ages 10–19 years [3]. In developing regions, there are approximately 21 million girls between the ages of 15 and 19 years and 2 million girls under the age of 15 years who become pregnant each year [1, 4]. Although adolescent pregnancy is reported in 95% of developing countries, it is still a significant public health issue for both developing and developed countries [5, 6].
Early marriage and teenage pregnancy can jeopardize the educational and career opportunities of young girls [7]. Early marriage refers to any marriage or union in which one or both spouses are under 18 years of age [8]. Their psychological health is also adversely affected, leading to increased suicide rates. Furthermore, research indicates that females are more likely to attempt suicide than males [9]. Given that women face a heightened risk of SA, and that pregnancy further exacerbates this risk, it is essential to investigate suicide attempts among young women experiencing teenage pregnancy [3, 10].
Among young people aged 15 to 19 years worldwide, suicide ranks as the fourth leading cause of death. However, for girls in this age group, it is the third most common cause of death, preceded only by maternal conditions [11]. In high-income countries, suicide has become a significant cause of death during pregnancy and in the first year after birth, accounting for approximately 5%-20% of all maternal deaths [12]. According to published global systematic reviews, the prevalence of SI is highly variable, with a range of 3% to 33%. Among pregnant women in the USA the suicide ranges is between 23% and 33% [11, 13]. Nevertheless, the prevalence of SBs among teenage pregnant women remains unclear.
Teenage and child pregnancy were found to be a substantial predictor of SBs in a study evaluating gynecologic, newborn, and maternal risks for suicide and SAs in young people in Sweden [14]. SBs encompassing SI, SA, and suicide—represent a major public health concern among adolescents worldwide. Adolescent pregnancy, defined as pregnancy occurring before 19 years of age, has been consistently associated with heightened psychological vulnerability due to intersecting biological, social, and structural stressors. While early marriage is a well-recognized determinant of adolescent pregnancy in many settings, these two phenomena are not synonymous and may exert both overlapping and independent effects on mental health outcomes. Despite growing primary evidence, the magnitude of the association between adolescent pregnancy and suicidal behaviors remains unclear due to fragmented findings and methodological heterogeneity, underscoring the need for a comprehensive meta-analytic synthesis [15, 16]. Sociocultural factors have been linked to a consistent link between adolescent pregnancy and SBs such as the justification of teenage marriage without legal performances, religious opinions authorizing or barring adolescent marriage and pregnancy, normalization of adolescent pregnancy and family support, low female attendance to school and poverty, all may have an impact on SB [3, 17]. There are only a few studies that study the link between adolescent pregnancy and SBs.
Adolescent pregnancy is still a significant public health issue, and cultural and regional factors have a significant impact on its prevalence [18, 19].
On the other hand, suicide and suicidal behaviors are very common among adolescents, especially in developing and less-developed countries, where early marriage and adolescent pregnancy are major concerns. Despite the increasing recognition of the mental health challenges faced by pregnant adolescents, there is a lack of comprehensive meta-analysis specifically assessing the risk of SBs among adolescent pregnant mothers.
In this review, we explored the relationship between adolescent marriage and pregnancy with SBs using published papers. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis is to estimate the summary prevalence of and associations between teenage pregnancy and SBs among early married girls with adolescent pregnancy under 19 years.
Methods
Search strategy
This review was conducted based on PRISMA guideline [20]. The study systematically searched databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Embase, beginning from the date of 13 June 2025. Furthermore, the screening of grey literature, open grey databases, and reference lists of the final identified records resulted in the discovery of more pertinent records. The study systematically searched any observational studies reporting the prevalence and distribution of any SBs including suicide, SA, and SI among early married girls with adolescent pregnancy in comparison with pregnant women over 19 years old around the world. There were no language restrictions.
The study systematically searched for observational studies reporting the association between adolescent pregnancy and any SBs, including suicide, suicide attempts (SAs), and suicidal ideation (SIs). The preliminary search terms were “suicide*” and “teenage pregnancy” OR “adolescent pregnancy”. The final search utilized relevant MeSH terms and text words related to adolescent pregnancy and any mental health issues and SBs using the PICO structure in the title and/or abstract. Details of all search strategies are presented in the Appendix 1. References of eligible articles were also carefully reviewed.
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
The review included any records assessed the prevalence and/or the risk of suicide, SA, SI among pregnant mothers under 19 years old. Since eligible studies had reported results related to measures such as SA, SI, and suicide (the common types of SBs), the present meta-analysis focused on these indicators and their association with teenage pregnancy. There were no records assessed suicide plan and teenage pregnancy. The exclusion criteria were:
Reviews, letters, commentaries, and qualitative studies
Studies investigated among pregnant mothers over 19 years old
Studies involved ineligible outcome measures including not reported any types of SBs (SA, SI, suicide, and/or suicidal plan) among adolescent and/or young pregnant mothers.
The exposure group consists of pregnant adolescents (≤ 19 years), while the comparator group includes pregnant women aged ≥ 20 years. The age cut-off of 19 years reflects the internationally accepted definition of adolescent/teenage pregnancy and was consistently applied across included studies. The components of PICO were as follows:
Population
Early married girls and/or adolescent pregnant women under 19 years.
Intervention
Adolescent pregnancy (under 19 years old).
Control
Pregnant women above 19 years.
Outcome
Any suicidal behaviors including suicide, suicide attempt, and suicidal ideation.
Quality and risk of bias assessments
The modified Downs and Black checklist [21], based on previous meta-analysis [22, 23], was utilized to assess the quality of the articles contained. The checklist was created to model judgments according to GRADE criteria for recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations, which includes the following domains: (a) Reporting (9 items) (b) External validity (3 items) (c) Internal validity (bias) (7 items) (d) Internal validity (confounding) (6 items). All items except item 5 in the reporting domain are given a score of 1 (yes) and 0 (for no or unable to determine). We generated an overall summary risk of bias judgment (good/low risk (score 20 ≥ 75%), fair/moderate risk (score 14–19 ≥ 50–74%), poor/high risk (score ≤ 13; ≤ 50) for each specific outcome, following Downs and Black’s original guidance, but with a slight variation. The evaluation of all instrument items was blinded and standardized by two authors (HA and EDE), as well as the Epidemiologists. The two authors came to a consensus on the final studies included. The third author would make the final decision if there are any disagreements.
Statistical analysis
The pooled prevalence estimate and 95% Confidence interval (CI) were calculated for proportions of suicidal behaviors including suicide attempt and ideation among teenage pregnant women. Pooled estimates were stratified by continent. There were no missing outcome data for the extracted effect sizes.
The association between teenage pregnancy and the risk of suicide, suicidal ideation, and suicide behavior was estimated with pooled odds ratios (ORs) by using a random-effects model. The pooled estimates for “prevalence” and “ORs” were analyzed separately, as the study designs for prevalence (cross-sectional) and analytical studies differ. Random-effects models using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation were applied due to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity across studies. Fixed-effect models were not appropriate given variations in study design, populations, outcome definitions, and geographic settings. Sensitivity analyses were conducted when pooled prevalence estimates were influenced by outliers. Publication bias and funnel plots were not assessed when fewer than 10 studies were available, consistent with methodological guidance. To estimate pooled ORs, the effect sizes (ORs and RRs) with 95% CIs were extracted from the original articles in the Excel file, and then it was transferred the STATA software. Logit transformation was conducted to estimated pooled effect sizes using “metan” command.
To determine heterogeneity between studies, I2 was used. STATA version 14 was used for conducting all analyses (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).
Results
Figure 1 shows the PRISMA flow diagram. A total of 6,225 relevant records were identified after duplicates were removed. Of these, 6,187 records were excluded after reviewing the title and abstract, and 38 full-text articles were assessed. Ultimately, 12 articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis that evaluated the eligibility criteria.
Fig. 1.
PRISMA flow diagram
Baseline characteristics of the included articles are presented in Table 1. A total of 12 studies [1, 3, 11, 19, 24–31] involving 125,551 pregnant adolescent women were included. The target group of the participants consisted of adolescent pregnant women under 19 years and/or compared with pregnant women over 19 years old. Similarly, the age range of the participants was within adolescent ages and/or compared with young pregnant mothers above 19 years.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the included articles
| Authors | Year | Country | Design | Age range | Education | Target Group | Samples (125,551) | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fakhari et al. | 2022 | Iran | Case-control | 10–25 years: 46.2% | Secondary school 54% | 186 suicidal behaviors (32 suicides 154 attempters); 201 controls | 387 | Early marriage was correlated with suicidal behaviors |
| Aggarwal S et al. | 2023 | India | Prospective | Mean = 16 | 29% 8–9 vs. school | Unmarried: 6039; Newly married: 1825 | 7864 | Child marriage can have poor mental health consequences |
| Boden MJ et al. | 2008 | New Zealand | Prospective | 15–21 range | 59% no qualifications by age 25 | (No early motherhood = 429; Motherhood ages 18–21 = 64; Motherhood by age 18 = 22) | 515 | Early motherhood puts young women at risk for poorer mental health circumstances |
| Iacobelli S et al. | 2014 | France | Case-control | adolescent and adult mother-infant pairs | NR | adolescent (case) and adult (control) mother-infant pairs who delivered | 952 | Concerns emerge regarding the long-term psychosocial risks faced by adolescent mothers. |
| Li J et al. | 2021 | Bangladesh | Cross-sectional | 23 year (adolescent and young mothers) | Primary school: 73.4% | young women with adolescent pregnancy | 940 | Women with adolescent pregnancy were at high risk of suicide attempts |
| Quarshie EN et al. | 2025 | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 14–19 years | NR | 449 pregnant adolescent girls | 449 | suicidal behaviors are common among adolescent pregnant women |
| Gage AJ et al. | 2013 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 10–17 years (14.18) | Not currently attending school: 16%; Both parents educated: 23% | Comparison of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among married and unmarried girl | 2623 | Child marriage was associated with increased odds of suicidality. |
| Xaveir CG et al. | 2018 | Canada | Case-control | 25 to 49 | Some high school: 46.7% | pregnant women with and without teenage pregnancy | 3960 | Teenage pregnancy was associated with suicidal behaviors |
| Goueslard K et al. | 2023 | France | Prospective | 12 to 18 years (mean 17) | NR | pregnant and non-pregnant adolescent | 106,347 | adolescent pregnancy is associated with |
| Caliskan Y et al. | 2025 | Turkey | Case-control | aged 13–19 years | middle school: 58% | pregnant adolescents and non-pregnant adolescents | 100 | Adolescent pregnancy increased risk for suicidality |
| Faisal-Cury A et al. | 2022 | Brazil | Case-control | 15–19 years | middle school: 42% | pregnant women lower and upper 18 years | 769 | pregnant women may also experience suicidal ideation |
| Soares MC et al. | 2021 | Brazil | Prospective | 12 to 19 years | 43.3% primary school | pregnant women aged between 12 and 19 years | 645 | Pregnant adolescents who were at risk of suicide during pregnancy were more likely to have premature babies. |
The articles included in this review were conducted across nearly all regions and continents, resulting in a fairly uniform geographical distribution of studies. However, regarding the study years, while the period spanned from 2008 to 2025, 8 of 12 articles of the research was carried out after 2021. The literacy level of 62% of the participants fell within the middle or secondary school range. In general, all studies have identified a positive correlation between teenage marriage, pregnancy, and SBs such as suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, suicide and/or also poor mental health. We have included quantitative details in the meta-analysis section.
In Table 2, details are presented regarding the assessment of quality and risk of bias. Out of 12 records, 7 articles were classified as low risk, 4 articles as moderate risk, and no study was identified with a high risk of bias.
Table 2.
Results of the quality assessment
| Records | Reporting | External validity | Internal validity (bias) | Internal validity (confounding) | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fakhari et al. | L | L | L | M | Low risk |
| Aggarwal S et al. | L | L | L | L | Low risk |
| Boden MJ et al. | L | L | M | L | Low risk |
| Iacobelli S et al. | M | M | L | L | Moderate risk |
| Li J et al. | L | L | L | M | Low risk |
| Quarshie EN et al. | L | L | M | L | Low risk |
| Gage AJ et al. | M | L | L | M | Moderate risk |
| Xaveir CG et al. | L | L | L | L | Low risk |
| Goueslard K et al. | M | L | L | M | Moderate risk |
| Caliskan Y et al. | L | M | L | M | Moderate risk |
| Faisal-Cury A et al. | M | L | L | M | Low risk |
| Soares MC et al. | M | L | M | L | Moderate risk |
L Low risk, M Moderate risk, H High risk
Meta-analysis
Pooled prevalence of SBs
In Table 3, the pooled prevalence and odds ratios for the associations between adolescent pregnancy and suicidal behaviors (SBs) are presented. A meta-analysis involving eight studies indicates that the summary prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) is 14% (95% CI: 9% − 19%; I2= 98%, P = 0.001) among adolescent pregnant women. After sensitivity analysis excluding Boden MJ et al. [26] study due to the highest reported prevalence, the pooled prevalence of SI was estimated at 12% (95% CI: 7% − 16%) (Fig. 2,and Table 3).
Table 3.
The pooled prevalence and odds ratios for the associations between adolescent pregnancy and suicidal behaviors
| Measurement/outcome | N of studies | Pooled effect size and 95% CI |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled prevalence | Suicidal ideation (overall) | 8 | 14% (9% − 19%) |
|
Suicidal ideation (sensitivity analysis)* |
7 | 12% (7% − 16%) | |
| Suicide attempt (SA) | 10 | 6% (5% − 8%) | |
| Pooled odds ratios (ORs) | Suicidal ideation (SI) | 5 | 1.63 (1.21–2.05) |
| Suicide attempt (SA) | 9 | 1.99 (1.16–2.83) | |
| Suicide | 2 | 1.82 (1.4–2.24) | |
* Excluded a highest prevalence study, Boden MJ et al. [26]
Fig. 2.
Meta-analysis of the pooled estimate for the prevalence of suicidal ideation among adolescent pregnant women using random effects model
Similarly, the pooled estimate for the prevalence of suicide attempts (SA) based on ten studies was estimated at 6% (95% CI: 5% − 8%; I2= 96.9%, P = 0.021). Subgroup meta-analysis by region indicated that the pooled estimate for the prevalence of SA is 10% (95% CI: 5% − 16%) for Asia, 3% (95% CI: 2% − 3%) for India and Africa, and 6% (95% CI: 1% − 10%) for developed countries (Fig. 3). A meta-analysis of two studies also demonstrated that adolescent pregnancy was associated with the risk of suicide (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.40–2.24; I2= 26%, P = 0.322) (Please see Table 3).
Fig. 3.
Sub-group meta-analysis of the pooled estimate for the prevalence of suicide attempt among adolescent pregnant women using random effects model
Meta-analysis of the association between adolescent pregnancy and SBs
A meta-analysis of nine studies indicated that adolescent pregnancy increased the risk of suicide attempts (SA), with a pooled odds ratio (OR) estimated at (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.16–2.83; I2= 60.8%, P = 0.009) (Fig. 4). Similarly, the pooled estimate for the risk of suicidal ideation (from five studies) was (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.21–2.05; I2= 0.0%, P = 0.766) among adolescent pregnant women (Fig. 5).
Fig. 4.
Meta-analysis of the adolescent pregnancy and the risk of suicide attempt
Fig. 5.
Meta-analysis of the adolescent pregnancy and the risk of suicidal ideation
Discussion
The current meta-analysis is among the few studies that have explored the relationship between teenage pregnancy and SBs, as well as their prevalence. While earlier original studies and reviews have highlighted the negative physical, social, and mental health consequences of early marriage and teenage pregnancy, this meta-analysis specifically investigated and categorized the connection between teenage pregnancy and SBs. Overall, the current meta-analysis indicates that teenage pregnancy elevates the risk of SBs, and its prevalence is notably significant within this group.
The results of this meta-analysis indicated that early marriage and teenage pregnancy elevate the risk of suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation by 1.8, 1.99, and 1.63 times, respectively, when compared to young pregnant mothers over 19 years of age. As each study included in the meta-analysis indicated that teenage pregnancy and early marriage were linked to a higher risk of suicidal behavior, or that adolescents experiencing teenage pregnancy also faced poorer mental health outcomes, it is reasonable to conclude that nearly all studies in this meta-analysis recognized teenage pregnancy as a risk factor for SBs [1, 3, 11, 19, 24–31].
The observed association between adolescent pregnancy and increased suicidal behaviors is consistent with emerging evidence highlighting compounded psychosocial vulnerability in this population. Recent reviews among adolescents and young women indicate that exposure to early life stressors, restricted educational opportunities, economic dependency, and limited access to mental health services contribute to elevated suicide risk. Pregnancy during adolescence may further exacerbate these vulnerabilities through role strain, social stigma, and reduced autonomy [8, 32].
Currently a literature review highlighted that pregnant adolescents face diverse gaps in current support systems, and further research is needed addressing social services, reproductive health consultations, and mental health support. Greater emphasis on multidisciplinary approaches and examples of effective support strategies is crucial to creating a nurturing environment and securing the well-being of pregnant adolescents [33]. Another review in sub-Saharan Africa found that although depression is common in pregnancy and childhood, there have been very limited studies on the subject [34]. Another review indicated that pregnant adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa endure a significant and often overlooked burden of mental health issues, exacerbated by social and structural vulnerabilities [35]. However, Abdul Rahim K et al. found insignificantly higher rates of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation among adolescent mothers than non-adolescent mothers, while there was a significant association for depression [16].
In many societies, teenage marriage can be influenced by cultural and social factors. Family, societal, and traditional pressures may drive adolescents toward marriage. These pressures can result in depression and feelings of loneliness among adolescents. Early marriage can result in emotional and psychological stress. Teenagers may struggle to manage new responsibilities, which can lead to anxiety and depression. These negative emotions can heighten the risk of suicide [36, 37].
Adolescents are typically developing emotionally and psychologically and may not fully grasp the relationships and commitments required for marriage. This immaturity can lead to dissatisfaction and identity crises, which heighten the risk of suicide. Negative news and experiences in marriage, such as domestic violence or infidelity, can have a devastating impact on adolescents. These experiences can reinforce feelings of failure and hopelessness, leading to suicidal thoughts. Some studies indicate that married adolescents are at a higher risk of suicide than their unmarried peers, particularly when they are facing economic or social difficulties [38].
Teenage pregnancy can have complex dimensions that may lead to lasting effects on a person’s life in both the short and long term. Due to the emotional and psychological immaturity of adolescents, they can be easily swayed by social and personal pressures. Therefore, this issue necessitates adequate support and guidance from families and society to avert more severe problems such as depression and suicide. Additionally, further studies are essential to gain a deeper understanding of this relationship and to offer effective solutions [39].
Regarding the prevalence of SBs among adolescent pregnant women, this meta-analysis estimated the pooled prevalence at 14% for suicidal ideation and 6% for suicide attempts. The proportion of SBs among teenage pregnant women is comparable to that in the general population. A meta-analysis conducted in Ethiopia demonstrated that the 12-month pooled prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the general population is 9% and 4%, respectively [40]. Another meta-analysis in China indicated that the lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts was 3.9% and 0.8%, respectively. This meta-analysis also estimated that the female-to-male ratio for lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts was 1.7 and 2.2, respectively [41]. The same lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation across nine countries (United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, France, West Germany, Lebanon, Taiwan, Korea, and New Zealand) reported 2.09 in Beirut and 18.51 in New Zealand [42].
Meanwhile, a systematic review and meta-analysis among Chinese children and adolescents aged under 18 years was estimated the pooled prevalence of the overall suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts 15.4%, 6.4%, and 3.5%, respectively [43]. Another meta-analysis conducted among women and girls in South Asia indicated that the overall prevalence of attempted suicide is 9% among South Asian adolescent girls, while the prevalence of suicidal ideation within the past 12 months was 22% for female medical and university students [44]. A global meta-analysis of children in the community aged 12 years and younger revealed a pooled prevalence estimate of 7.5% for suicidal ideation and 2.2% for suicide planning [45].
Therefore, published evidence, particularly meta-analyses, indicates that the prevalence of suicidal behaviors among pregnant teenage women based on the present meta-analysis is higher than that in the general population and among unmarried teenage girls and young women.
Limitations
Although this meta-analysis is among the few that have explored the relationship between teenage pregnancy and the risk of suicide and suicidal behaviors, it has its limitations. Due to the limited number of eligible studies, we incorporated various study designs and various effect sizes and proportions across time into the meta-analysis; however, to address this issue, we conducted separate meta-analyses for each design.
Conclusion
Findings from this meta-analysis seems that adolescent pregnancy was associated to an increased risk of suicidal behaviors, including suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide. Additionally, we found that the pooled estimate for the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adolescent pregnant mothers is higher than that in the general population, as well as among unmarried teenage girls and young women. However, prospective studies with control groups are need in the various settings.
These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted mental health interventions that incorporate family-centered strategies and culturally sensitive, community-based programs that utilize family networks. Public awareness campaigns addressing the risks of early marriage and teenage pregnancy are also crucial for fostering a supportive social environment. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to further explore these dynamics and develop comprehensive, context-appropriate strategies to tackle the unique challenges faced by pregnant adolescents.
Supplementary Information
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to express their gratitude for the statistical and epidemiological support provided by the Clinical Research Development Unit of Al-Zahra Hospital at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
Clinical trial number
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- SA
Suicide attempt
- SI
Suicidal ideation
- SB
Suicidal behavior
- CI
Confidence interval
- OR
Odds ratio
Authors' contributions
HA and EDE developed the original idea and contributed to the protocol development, reviewed the first draft of the manuscript, and interpreted, analyzed, and revised the manuscript. HA, EDE, FDGJ, FK, AN, PB, and FR contributed to the protocol development, records screening, data extraction, review, and technical comments, and provided the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript.
Funding
This study was funded by Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences and Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Authors confirm that all procedures were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.