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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2026 Sep;40(9):1431–1437. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202604069

膝关节多发韧带损伤诊断和治疗的研究进展

Research progress in diagnosis and treatment of multiple ligament knee injuries

Hejie XIE 1, Huaqi LI 1, Xiaoke SHANG 2,*, Yang LI 1, Zhen GENG 1, Yuxuan LI 1, Yu LI 1, Yongjin YANG 1, Anyang YU 1, Jie YANG 1, Jinming XU 1, Yingxin XI 1
PMCID: PMC13601005  PMID: 42749332

Abstract

Objective

To summarize the research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple ligament knee injuries (MLKI).

Methods

Domestic and international literature related to MLKI in recent years was retrieved, and a systematic summary and analysis were conducted from the aspects of etiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.

Results

High-energy trauma is the main cause of MLKI, while low-energy and ultra-low-speed injuries also require attention; ultra-low-speed injuries are more common in obese individuals with a higher risk of complications. The Schenck classification is the most widely used in clinical practice, but it has limitations in describing injury energy and evaluating fracture-dislocations. The diagnosis of MLKI should follow the principle of separate management for acute and chronic conditions: acute injuries should be preferentially evaluated in accordance with Advanced Trauma Life Support principles, and chronic injuries are preferably assessed by physical examination. MRI combined with stress radiography can improve diagnostic accuracy, and neurovascular injuries such as popliteal artery and common peroneal nerve injuries should be vigilant. Surgical treatment is the mainstream treatment for MLKI, with better efficacy than nonoperative treatment. Early surgery can improve joint function but increases the risk of joint stiffness; no unified consensus has been reached on graft selection and the sequence of ligament reconstruction. The rehabilitation period of MLKI is about 9-12 months, with non-weight bearing for 4-6 weeks postoperatively and early mobilization as the core principles. The application of hinged external fixators can reduce the failure rate of ligament reconstruction. Early mobilization strategy is superior to delayed mobilization but does not reduce the rate of arthrolysis, and rehabilitation programs should be individualized.

Conclusion

Basic consensus has been formed on the fundamental diagnosis and treatment principles of MLKI in clinical practice. Surgery combined with individualized rehabilitation is the key to improving prognosis. However, controversies still exist in key aspects such as surgical timing, graft selection and rehabilitation strategies, and the level of existing evidence-based evidence needs to be improved. Large-sample, multicenter prospective studies are urgently needed in the future to promote the development of precise and standardized diagnosis and treatment of MLKI.

Keywords: Knee dislocation, multiple ligament knee injuries, diagnosis, treatment strategy


膝关节多发韧带损伤(multiple ligament knee injuries,MLKI)通常定义为膝关节4个主要韧带结构——前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)、后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)、后内侧角(posteromedial corner,PMC)及后外侧角(posterolateral corner,PLC)中至少2个结构的损伤[1-2]。该类损伤占骨科损伤的0.02%~0.2%,但由于部分患者存在韧带自发性复位或在多发伤中被漏诊,其实际发生率可能被低估[3-4]。MLKI多由高能量损伤所致膝关节脱位(knee dislocation,KD)引起[5],可导致创伤后骨关节炎加速进展、无法恢复工作或运动能力及合并神经血管损伤等严重后果,显著影响患者生活质量。若未能获得及时、恰当的治疗,患者常遗留持续性疼痛与关节不稳,且需接受多次手术干预,预后较差[6]。

近年来,临床对MLKI的认识逐步深入,但由于损伤机制的多样性及患者个体差异较大,其在分类优化、手术时机选择、移植物应用及术后康复等关键环节仍存在争议,迄今尚未形成统一的规范化诊疗方案。本文系统梳理近年MLKI相关研究进展,总结其病因、分类、诊断、治疗及康复要点,分析当前诊疗难点,以期为临床规范化诊治及后续研究提供参考。

1. MLKI的病因

MLKI多由高能量损伤所致,亦可由低能量损伤引起。Engebretsen等[7]对85例KD患者的研究显示,51%为高能量损伤,47%与运动相关。高能量损伤常见于交通事故、高处坠落或严重挤压伤,常合并其他部位损伤[8-9]。低能量损伤多发生于体育运动过程中或从约1.5 m以下高度跌落时[8-9]。Werner等[10]报道,由超低速损伤所致的MLKI临床较为少见,多见于肥胖人群及女性,多发生于行走、跌倒等日常活动。该类损伤在肥胖人群中风险更高且并发症更显著。随着肥胖人群比例持续增加,其发病率呈上升趋势,故不应因其总体发病率较低而被忽视。

2. MLKI的分类

MLKI的分类主要依据三大因素:损伤能量级别、胫骨移位方向与程度,以及受累解剖结构[11]。KD的能量分类可用于评估损伤严重程度,并预测血管、神经损伤风险[12]。然而,仅以能量级别作为初步评估手段,其分类体系尚不够完善[13]。

胫骨相对于股骨的移位方向分类始于Kennedy于1963年提出的KD分型系统[14]。该定向分类包括内侧脱位、外侧脱位、前脱位、后脱位及旋转脱位5种类型;旋转脱位又可细分为前内侧、前外侧、后内侧及后外侧脱位[14]。该分类系统虽使用简便,但在判断损伤严重程度和范围方面存在局限,亦无法评估已自发复位的膝关节[13,15]。

为弥补上述分类系统的不足,Schenck于1994年提出KD的解剖分类系统,根据损伤韧带的数量和类型将MLKI分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ型[16]。1997年Wascher等[2]在此基础之上增加Ⅴ型,即伴有膝关节周围骨折的MLKI。2004年Stannard等[17]进一步将Ⅴ型细分为4个亚型,形成改良Schenck分型。见表1。2009年Boisgard等[18]提出一种膝关节损伤解剖学分类系统,纳入了不伴脱位的单纯双交叉韧带损伤,可全面评估周围组织损伤情况,明确损伤类型(撕裂或撕脱),并覆盖所有双交叉韧带损伤与KD场景。其他分类还包括李箭等提出的华西分期分型诊治体系等[19]。

表 1.

Modified Schenck classification system for MLKI

MLKI的改良Schenck分型

分型
Classification
损伤结构
Injured structures
注:MCL:内侧副韧带;LCL:外侧副韧带
Note: MCL: medial collateral ligament; LCL: lateral collateral ligament
KD-Ⅰ型 ACL或PCL+MCL或LCL(或PMC或PLC)
KD⁃Ⅱ型 ACL+PCL
KD⁃Ⅲ⁃M型 ACL+PCL+MCL(或PMC)
KD⁃Ⅲ⁃L型 ACL+PCL+LCL(或PLC)
KD⁃Ⅳ型 ACL+PCL+MCL+LCL(或PMC+PLC)
KD-Ⅴ型 任何MLKI+关节周围骨折
KD-Ⅴ1型 骨折、脱位+ACL或PCL
KD-Ⅴ2型 骨折、脱位+ACL+PCL
KD-Ⅴ3型 骨折、脱位+ACL+PCL,MCL+LCL(或PMC、PLC)
KD-Ⅴ4型 骨折、脱位+ACL+PCL+MCL+LCL(或PMC+PLC)

目前临床应用最为广泛的是Schenck分类系统。其详细的解剖分型有助于医师完善术前规划,并在判断预后危险因素及预测神经血管并发症方面具有一定实用价值。然而,该系统仍存在以下局限:未能描述损伤能量级别,对合并胫骨平台骨折的多发韧带损伤评估不够全面,亦未体现高能量损伤与血管损伤高发生率之间的相关性[20]。同时,该系统对骨折-脱位损伤的描述存在不足,所有此类损伤均被统一归为KD Ⅴ型[13]。因此胫骨平台骨折更适合采用Moore[21]或Schatzker等[22]提出的分类系统。

3. MLKI的诊断

临床诊断对MLKI的诊疗决策至关重要,且需根据急、慢性损伤分期制定不同诊疗策略。急性损伤多由高能量创伤引起,应遵循高级创伤生命支持原则完成系统性评估[23]。对于亚急性与慢性损伤,文献推荐以膝关节体格检查为首选诊断方法,但其准确性高度依赖患者的配合程度及医师对阳性体征的识别能力[24]。在亚急性或慢性MLKI患者中,部分韧带损伤可能因急性期其他结构损伤较重而被掩盖或漏诊,因此应特别注意ACL、PCL、PLC、MCL及LCL完整性的系统评估。

3.1. 体格检查

ACL损伤可通过前抽屉试验、Lachman试验及轴移试验进行评估,其中Lachman试验准确性较高。对于肿胀及疼痛较轻的慢性损伤患者,上述检查易于完成;但在急性损伤阶段,其应用常受限于患者的疼痛与肿胀[25]。

PCL损伤的检查可采用后抽屉试验、后沉试验、股四头肌主动试验及Godfrey试验,其中最敏感者为后抽屉试验[26]。检查时需重点观察胫骨与股骨前方的台阶差,正常屈膝90° 时胫骨位于股骨前方8~10 mm,并依据胫骨后向移位程度进行分级[26]。

MCL与LCL损伤可分别通过外翻应力试验和内翻应力试验评估。膝关节完全伸直位时,若内翻应力下出现外侧间隙过度张开,提示除LCL损伤外,常合并交叉韧带及PLC等结构损伤;同理,伸直位外翻应力下出现内侧松弛,则提示除MCL损伤外,还可能累及后内侧关节囊,甚至合并交叉韧带损伤[26]。

表盘测试用于评估维持PLC稳定性的相关结构,包括MCL、腘肌腱及腘腓韧带,该试验需在膝关节屈曲30° 及屈曲90° 两种体位下分别完成[25]。其他可用于评估后外侧结构的检查包括后外侧抽屉试验、外旋抽屉试验及反轴移试验[26]。

血管损伤方面,KD相关的最严重且危及肢体的损伤为腘动脉断裂或血栓形成,其发生率介于10%~64%,多由牵拉伤或完全断裂所致[27]。血管评估应首先观察肢体远端毛细血管充盈、皮温及肤色,继而触诊足背动脉与胫后动脉搏动;需注意,即使体格检查正常且可触及动脉搏动,仍不能完全排除严重血管损伤[27]。踝肱指数为一种无创检查,通过多普勒探头与血压袖带检测血管损伤,其计算方式为患肢收缩压与健侧上肢收缩压的比值[28]。Mills等[28]发现,KD后若踝肱指数低于0.90,其对于需手术干预的严重动脉损伤的敏感性、特异性及阳性预测值均为100%。若患肢脉搏持续消失并伴肢体缺血表现,应立即邀请血管外科会诊;若可触及脉搏但对侧明显减弱,则需进一步行血管影像学检查[26]。

神经损伤是严重MLKI患者致残的重要原因,KD中周围神经损伤的总体发生率约为20%[29]。腓总神经为最常受损的神经,胫神经损伤亦有发生[30],其中膝关节后脱位患者神经损伤发生率较高[31]。完全性腓总神经损伤预后较差,总体恢复率仅约50%,约1/3患者可完全恢复,1/3遗留轻度功能障碍,1/3进展为完全性神经麻痹[32]。

3.2. 影像学诊断

尽管MRI在诊断孤立性韧带损伤中的价值已得到广泛证实,但其在MLKI中的准确性仍存争议。Derby等[33]发现MRI在检测交叉韧带及侧副韧带损伤方面敏感性较高,但在诊断半月板或PLC损伤时并不可靠。Twaddle等[34]亦证实MRI对LCL及PLC损伤的显影不可靠。但Munshi等[35]报道,对于关节镜下难以精准识别的损伤,MRI在诊断交叉韧带损伤及半月板撕裂方面仍具备可靠的敏感性与特异性。Barbier等[36]指出MRI缺乏足够的准确性与可重复性,诊断应结合临床检查及应力位X线片检查。

MRI属静态检查,即使对MLKI具有较高的诊断敏感性,也无法反映损伤所导致的膝关节动态功能异常[37]。与之相对,应力位X线片检查属动态检查,能够显示由韧带功能不全引发的功能性松弛[37]。内翻与外翻应力位X线片常用于评估MCL与LCL的松弛程度及关节间隙张开情况[38]。见表2。在MLKI中,应力位X线片可作为MRI的有效补充,该检查实用且经济,能够客观、量化地评估膝关节不稳程度,为术前决策提供依据,同时在术后随访中也具有重要价值[39]。因此,即便在更先进影像技术可及的条件下,应力位X线片检查仍具有重要地位[37]。

表 2.

Varus and valgus instability of the knee assessed using stress X-ray films

采用应力位X线片评估膝关节内翻与外翻不稳

内翻应力试验
Varus stress test
外翻应力试验
Valgus stress test
患-健侧关节间隙差值
Side-to-side difference of joint space
损伤结构
Injured structures
患-健侧关节间隙差值
Side-to-side difference of joint space
损伤结构
Injured structures
<2.7 mm 腓侧副韧带正常或部分撕裂 <3.2 mm MCL正常活动部分撕裂
2.7 mm 孤立性腓侧副韧带损伤 3.2 mm 内侧副韧带浅层完全撕裂
≥4 mm PLC完全损伤 ≥9.8 mm 内侧所有结构完全撕裂

4. MLKI的治疗

4.1. 手术与非手术治疗

目前,MLKI手术治疗与非手术治疗效果的比较尚缺乏高质量汇总定量分析,一定程度上反映了该损伤治疗方案的个体差异性。Richter等[40]报道了89例MLKI患者,其中接受交叉韧带修复术49例、交叉韧带重建术14例、非手术治疗26例,结果显示手术组Lysholm评分及Tegner评分均优于非手术组。Peskun等[41]汇总了来自31项手术研究(855例)及4项非手术研究(61例)的结局数据,在功能结局、关节不稳、关节挛缩及恢复活动等方面均支持手术治疗。尽管多数研究证实手术治疗具有显著优势,但临床决策仍需结合患者个体情况综合考量。对于病态肥胖、合并血管损伤或开放性损伤、无法配合术后康复、高龄及合并较多基础疾病的患者,可酌情选择非手术治疗[38]。

4.2. 手术时机

目前文献对于MLKI的最佳手术时机尚未形成统一共识,在早期手术与延期手术的界定上亦存在争议。早期手术通常指伤后3周内实施的手术干预[42]。Levy等[43]发现,3周内行早期手术者在膝关节稳定性、功能恢复、重返工作及运动方面效果更佳。延期手术通常指伤后4~6周进行的手术干预[44]。Hohmann等[45]在一项随访至少2年的研究中纳入149例早期手术患者(伤后至手术间隔平均10.6 d)及111例晚期手术患者(平均间隔294 d),结果表明早期手术可显著改善Lysholm评分。Vaishya等[46]报道,与延期手术相比,早期手术组在Lysholm评分、IKDC客观评分、Tegner活动评分及Mayer评分方面均更优,且早期手术可显著降低继发性软骨损伤风险及胫骨前向移位程度,而两组继发性半月板撕裂风险无显著差异。但需注意,早期手术组膝关节僵硬的发生风险显著升高。

4.3. 移植物的选择

膝关节韧带重建中主要采用的移植物包括自体移植物、同种异体移植物及人工合成移植物,目前尚无充分证据明确应优先使用何种移植物材料[47]。自体移植物具有取材便利、无免疫排斥反应及远期并发症较少等优势,但需取患者自体肌腱,增加额外创伤,并可能导致膝前疼痛及感染风险升高[48-49]。同种异体移植物来源充足,可避免供区损伤,且不会出现腘绳肌无力、膝前疼痛等自体移植物相关并发症,尤其在美国,对术后需快速重返运动的运动员群体中应用较为广泛[48]。但其感染风险较高,移植物整合愈合时间更长、治疗费用更高,且再断裂风险亦显著增加[50]。Zhao等[51]对112例韧带重建患者进行对比(自体移植物组54例,同种异体移植物组58例),比较术后炎症反应、疾病传播风险、移植物安全性、手术切口长度及手术时间等指标,结果显示两组在人口学资料与临床特征方面无显著差异,同种异体移植物未增加术后感染及疾病传播风险。

LARS韧带于1985年由法国Laboureau研发,系以聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯仿照人体解剖结构与生物力学原理设计而成[52]。近年来,因其较好的生物相容性与力学特性,在膝关节韧带重建中应用较多。Bugelli等[53]对60例采用LARS韧带重建的患者进行至少5年随访,结果显示膝关节功能与稳定性显著改善,术后IKDC、Lysholm及Tegner评分均明显提升,并发症发生率较低,具有良好的中远期疗效与安全性。Kentel等[54]研究证实,采用 LARS韧带行ACL重建的患者术后重返工作及体力活动的速度显著快于自体移植物组,但翻修率亦较高。Ma等[55]对比LARS韧带与自体移植物行ACL重建术后至少2年随访发现,两组膝关节功能与稳定性无显著差异,并发症及翻修率相当,但LARS组术后恢复更快、重返运动时间更短。Tulloch等[56]回顾55例采用LARS韧带行初次ACL重建的患者,其结构失败率高达33.3%,据此认为LARS韧带不应作为初次ACL重建的推荐移植物选择。Smolle等[57]在一项前瞻性研究中发现,尽管采用LARS韧带行初次ACL重建的患者长期功能与生活质量预后良好,但总并发症发生率高达66%(包括移植物失效、反应性滑膜炎等),需引起临床高度警惕。因此,在膝关节韧带重建中应审慎选择LARS韧带,根据患者需求及病情需要综合考虑。

4.4. 韧带重建顺序

多韧带损伤的重建顺序目前尚无共识。传统术式建议先拉紧PCL,再拉紧ACL,以避免膝关节伸展时胫骨后向位移,最后依次拉紧PLC与PMC[58-59]。但近期尸体生物力学研究发现,先拉紧2条交叉韧带并优先固定ACL,能更精准地恢复膝关节运动学[60]。Wentorf等[61]指出,在合并PLC损伤的膝关节中,拉紧并固定ACL移植物会导致胫骨异常外旋,显著增加移植物张力;因此合并PLC损伤时,应先修复PLC,以避免胫骨外旋增加,进而影响ACL移植物的固定效果与膝关节稳定性。Markolf等[62]在生物力学研究中报道,应先固定PCL再固定ACL,才能最佳恢复移植物的受力状态。Kim等[63]开展的病例研究纳入25例 KD Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型患者,结果显示先固定ACL组在后路应力位X线片、Lysholm评分及IKDC评分方面均优于先固定PCL组。Mosquera等[44]认为,双交叉韧带损伤时若先固定PCL而未对ACL预加张力,易导致膝关节失去中立位并出现胫骨前移,使PCL持续承受张力进而导致韧带拉长及手术失效;因此应对2条交叉韧带同步施加张力,先固定ACL,再固定PCL,随后依次拉紧PLC与PMC。目前,由于缺乏随机对照前瞻性临床研究,固定顺序的选择仍主要由术者经验决定。

5. MLKI的康复

MLKI的康复过程复杂且充满挑战。临床建议对所有受累韧带进行重建,并修复血管、神经、半月板及软骨等软组织结构,以便尽早开展关节活动训练,降低关节僵硬与移植物失效风险[38,64]。MLKI的康复周期通常需9~12个月,方可逐步恢复至完全活动水平,从而为移植物的整合与愈合提供充足时间,有效避免重建移植物失效[38,65]。多数专家建议术后初期4~6周内应避免患肢负重,随后逐步开展主动关节活动并循序渐进增加负重,同时应避免被动伸膝活动[65]。

在MLKI的康复研究中,证据质量最高的两个领域分别为:① MLKI术后佩戴支具的方式;② MLKI手术干预后早期活动与延迟活动的对比[6]。Stannard等[66]对KD患者多韧带重建术后的研究显示,与传统支具固定相比,采用铰链式外固定器可显著降低韧带重建失败率,且不增加术后并发症风险。Angelini等[67]发现应用铰链式外固定器的患者可获得与传统方式相当的韧带稳定性,同时膝关节活动范围更优,Lysholm评分更高。膝关节活动度的完全恢复对远期预后至关重要,建议患者力争在术后前2周内实现膝关节0°~90° 屈曲活动。一旦患者具备良好的动态神经肌肉控制与肌力基础,即可逐步开展功能性专项运动训练[38]。Mook等[68]比较急性MLKI手术干预后早期制动与早期活动方案的研究结果显示,早期活动在膝关节稳定性、活动度及功能预后方面均显著优于制动组,但并未降低随访期内再次手术或关节松解率。康复方案及重返运动的时间轴应根据患者个体情况进行个体化制定。目前,MLKI术后康复策略尚未达成共识,术后负重时机、支具类型与佩戴时间、康复方案选择及早期与延迟康复的优劣仍是争论的焦点[6]。

6. 展望

目前,MLKI在手术时机、移植物选择、韧带重建顺序及术后康复方案等关键问题上仍存争议,尚未形成统一的规范化诊疗指南。未来需开展大样本、多中心前瞻性研究,明确不同损伤类型及人群的最优诊疗策略,量化各类治疗方案的获益与风险;优化MLKI综合分类体系,整合多维度损伤信息,结合三维重建等新技术提升诊断精准性;深入研究移植物改良与研发,建立个体化移植物选择评估体系,明确不同韧带损伤组合的最优重建顺序。同时,需完善个体化康复方案,研发适配的康复辅助器具,结合生物力学监测提升康复效果;加强多学科协作诊疗模式,建立长期随访数据库,分析预后危险因素。通过高质量基础与临床研究,推动MLKI诊疗向精准化、规范化、个体化方向发展,进一步提升患者临床疗效与生活质量。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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