Skip to main content
PMC home page
Immunology logoLink to Immunology
. 1995 Sep;86(1):85–96.

Th1 cells specific for HIV-1 gag p24 are less efficient than Th0 cells in supporting HIV replication, and inhibit virus replication in Th0 cells.

A Vyakarnam 1, P M Matear 1, S J Martin 1, M Wagstaff 1
PMCID: PMC1383814  PMID: 7590887

Abstract

This report provides three lines of evidence to suggest that T-helper type 1 (Th1) and type 0 (Th0) cells could play an opposing role in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Using a panel of Th1 and Th0 clones specific for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gag p24, derived from seronegative volunteers immunized with gag p24: Ty virus-like particles, a Th1 clone specific for tuberculin (PPD), and a Th0 clone derived by random activation from the same volunteer, we have demonstrated the following differences in the capacity of these clones to regulate the in vitro replication of HIV. (1) Th1 clones were less efficient than Th0 clones in supporting HIV replication, both in their resting state (by 10-1000-fold) and after antigen activation (by five to 100-fold). Furthermore, the infectious titre of HIV recovered from the Th0 population was more than 1000-fold higher than virus from the Th1 population, and the number of HIV-infected Th0 cells was five to 16 times higher than the number of infected Th1 cells. (2) Antigen- or mitogen-activated Th1, but not Th0 clones, inhibited HIV in bystander CEM-4 cells. Th1 cells also inhibited HIV in autologous and allogeneic Th0 cells. The level of inhibition in these experiments ranged from 50% to 100% and was three to 10-fold higher and more sustained in the presence of p24-specific clones compared to the PPD-specific Th1 clone. The capacity of Th1 cells to inhibit HIV in neighbouring cells was also reflected in the reduced replication of HIV in the clones immediately after antigen activation compared to unstimulated cells. Kinetic studies of virus production, cytokine release and proliferation showed that inhibition of HIV was associated with peak cytokine release and preceeded proliferation. (3) The Th1 clones had higher cytolytic potential than the Th0 clones. Therefore, the HIV inhibitory activity of Th1 cells could be partly due to cell to cell killing. These data demonstrate the opposing effects of Th1 and Th0 cells on the in vitro replication of HIV, and suggest that Th1 cells might be important in immunity whereas Th0/Th2 cells might lay a role in promoting disease.

Full text

PDF
89

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adams S. E., Dawson K. M., Gull K., Kingsman S. M., Kingsman A. J. The expression of hybrid HIV:Ty virus-like particles in yeast. Nature. 1987 Sep 3;329(6134):68–70. doi: 10.1038/329068a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Biswas P., Poli G., Kinter A. L., Justement J. S., Stanley S. K., Maury W. J., Bressler P., Orenstein J. M., Fauci A. S. Interferon gamma induces the expression of human immunodeficiency virus in persistently infected promonocytic cells (U1) and redirects the production of virions to intracytoplasmic vacuoles in phorbol myristate acetate-differentiated U1 cells. J Exp Med. 1992 Sep 1;176(3):739–750. doi: 10.1084/jem.176.3.739. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Clerici M., Hakim F. T., Venzon D. J., Blatt S., Hendrix C. W., Wynn T. A., Shearer G. M. Changes in interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 production in asymptomatic, human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individuals. J Clin Invest. 1993 Mar;91(3):759–765. doi: 10.1172/JCI116294. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Clerici M., Shearer G. M. A TH1-->TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol Today. 1993 Mar;14(3):107–111. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90208-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Del Prete G. F., De Carli M., Mastromauro C., Biagiotti R., Macchia D., Falagiani P., Ricci M., Romagnani S. Purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and excretory-secretory antigen(s) of Toxocara canis expand in vitro human T cells with stable and opposite (type 1 T helper or type 2 T helper) profile of cytokine production. J Clin Invest. 1991 Jul;88(1):346–350. doi: 10.1172/JCI115300. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Del Prete G., De Carli M., Almerigogna F., Giudizi M. G., Biagiotti R., Romagnani S. Human IL-10 is produced by both type 1 helper (Th1) and type 2 helper (Th2) T cell clones and inhibits their antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production. J Immunol. 1993 Jan 15;150(2):353–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Emilie D., Fior R., Crevon M. C., Maillot M. C., Boue F., Galanaud P. Cytokines from lymphoid organs of HIV-infected patients: production and role in the immune disequilibrium of the disease. Res Immunol. 1994 Oct-Dec;145(8-9):595–602. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2494(05)80039-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fiorentino D. F., Zlotnik A., Vieira P., Mosmann T. R., Howard M., Moore K. W., O'Garra A. IL-10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 cells. J Immunol. 1991 May 15;146(10):3444–3451. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Firestein G. S., Roeder W. D., Laxer J. A., Townsend K. S., Weaver C. T., Hom J. T., Linton J., Torbett B. E., Glasebrook A. L. A new murine CD4+ T cell subset with an unrestricted cytokine profile. J Immunol. 1989 Jul 15;143(2):518–525. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gazzinelli R. T., Makino M., Chattopadhyay S. K., Snapper C. M., Sher A., Hügin A. W., Morse H. C., 3rd CD4+ subset regulation in viral infection. Preferential activation of Th2 cells during progression of retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency in mice. J Immunol. 1992 Jan 1;148(1):182–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Graziosi C., Pantaleo G., Gantt K. R., Fortin J. P., Demarest J. F., Cohen O. J., Sékaly R. P., Fauci A. S. Lack of evidence for the dichotomy of TH1 and TH2 predominance in HIV-infected individuals. Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):248–252. doi: 10.1126/science.8023143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Haanen J. B., de Waal Malefijt R., Res P. C., Kraakman E. M., Ottenhoff T. H., de Vries R. R., Spits H. Selection of a human T helper type 1-like T cell subset by mycobacteria. J Exp Med. 1991 Sep 1;174(3):583–592. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.3.583. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Koyanagi Y., O'Brien W. A., Zhao J. Q., Golde D. W., Gasson J. C., Chen I. S. Cytokines alter production of HIV-1 from primary mononuclear phagocytes. Science. 1988 Sep 23;241(4873):1673–1675. doi: 10.1126/science.241.4873.1673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Leal L. M., Moss D. W., Kuhn R., Müller W., Liew F. Y. Interleukin-4 transgenic mice of resistant background are susceptible to Leishmania major infection. Eur J Immunol. 1993 Feb;23(2):566–569. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830230241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Maggi E., Biswas P., Del Prete G., Parronchi P., Macchia D., Simonelli C., Emmi L., De Carli M., Tiri A., Ricci M. Accumulation of Th-2-like helper T cells in the conjunctiva of patients with vernal conjunctivitis. J Immunol. 1991 Feb 15;146(4):1169–1174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Maggi E., Mazzetti M., Ravina A., Annunziato F., de Carli M., Piccinni M. P., Manetti R., Carbonari M., Pesce A. M., del Prete G. Ability of HIV to promote a TH1 to TH0 shift and to replicate preferentially in TH2 and TH0 cells. Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):244–248. doi: 10.1126/science.8023142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Maggi E., Parronchi P., Manetti R., Simonelli C., Piccinni M. P., Rugiu F. S., De Carli M., Ricci M., Romagnani S. Reciprocal regulatory effects of IFN-gamma and IL-4 on the in vitro development of human Th1 and Th2 clones. J Immunol. 1992 Apr 1;148(7):2142–2147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Martin S. J., Vyakarnam A., Cheingsong-Popov R., Callow D., Jones K. L., Senior J. M., Adams S. E., Kingsman A. J., Matear P., Gotch F. M. Immunization of human HIV-seronegative volunteers with recombinant p17/p24:Ty virus-like particles elicits HIV-1 p24-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. AIDS. 1993 Oct;7(10):1315–1323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Mills K. H., Barnard A., Watkins J., Redhead K. Cell-mediated immunity to Bordetella pertussis: role of Th1 cells in bacterial clearance in a murine respiratory infection model. Infect Immun. 1993 Feb;61(2):399–410. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.2.399-410.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Montaner L. J., Doyle A. G., Collin M., Herbein G., Illei P., James W., Minty A., Caput D., Ferrara P., Gordon S. Interleukin 13 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 production in primary blood-derived human macrophages in vitro. J Exp Med. 1993 Aug 1;178(2):743–747. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.2.743. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Mosmann T. R., Schumacher J. H., Street N. F., Budd R., O'Garra A., Fong T. A., Bond M. W., Moore K. W., Sher A., Fiorentino D. F. Diversity of cytokine synthesis and function of mouse CD4+ T cells. Immunol Rev. 1991 Oct;123:209–229. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00612.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Parronchi P., Macchia D., Piccinni M. P., Biswas P., Simonelli C., Maggi E., Ricci M., Ansari A. A., Romagnani S. Allergen- and bacterial antigen-specific T-cell clones established from atopic donors show a different profile of cytokine production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 15;88(10):4538–4542. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.10.4538. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Pearlman E., Kroeze W. K., Hazlett F. E., Jr, Chen S. S., Mawhorter S. D., Boom W. H., Kazura J. W. Brugia malayi: acquired resistance to microfilariae in BALB/c mice correlates with local Th2 responses. Exp Parasitol. 1993 Mar;76(2):200–208. doi: 10.1006/expr.1993.1023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Poli G., Kinter A., Justement J. S., Kehrl J. H., Bressler P., Stanley S., Fauci A. S. Tumor necrosis factor alpha functions in an autocrine manner in the induction of human immunodeficiency virus expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(2):782–785. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.2.782. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Romagnani S. Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: doubt no more. Immunol Today. 1991 Aug;12(8):256–257. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90120-I. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Romagnani S. Induction of TH1 and TH2 responses: a key role for the 'natural' immune response? Immunol Today. 1992 Oct;13(10):379–381. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90083-J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Romani L., Mencacci A., Cenci E., Spaccapelo R., Mosci P., Puccetti P., Bistoni F. CD4+ subset expression in murine candidiasis. Th responses correlate directly with genetically determined susceptibility or vaccine-induced resistance. J Immunol. 1993 Feb 1;150(3):925–931. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Rosenberg Z. F., Fauci A. S. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection: cytokine induction of HIV expression. Immunol Today. 1990 May;11(5):176–180. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(90)90070-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Salk J., Bretscher P. A., Salk P. L., Clerici M., Shearer G. M. A strategy for prophylactic vaccination against HIV. Science. 1993 May 28;260(5112):1270–1272. doi: 10.1126/science.8098553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Schnittman S. M., Lane H. C., Greenhouse J., Justement J. S., Baseler M., Fauci A. S. Preferential infection of CD4+ memory T cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1: evidence for a role in the selective T-cell functional defects observed in infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Aug;87(16):6058–6062. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.16.6058. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Sher A., Gazzinelli R. T., Oswald I. P., Clerici M., Kullberg M., Pearce E. J., Berzofsky J. A., Mosmann T. R., James S. L., Morse H. C., 3rd Role of T-cell derived cytokines in the downregulation of immune responses in parasitic and retroviral infection. Immunol Rev. 1992 Jun;127:183–204. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1992.tb01414.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Street N. E., Mosmann T. R. Functional diversity of T lymphocytes due to secretion of different cytokine patterns. FASEB J. 1991 Feb;5(2):171–177. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.5.2.1825981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Street N. E., Schumacher J. H., Fong T. A., Bass H., Fiorentino D. F., Leverah J. A., Mosmann T. R. Heterogeneity of mouse helper T cells. Evidence from bulk cultures and limiting dilution cloning for precursors of Th1 and Th2 cells. J Immunol. 1990 Mar 1;144(5):1629–1639. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Tsicopoulos A., Hamid Q., Varney V., Ying S., Moqbel R., Durham S. R., Kay A. B. Preferential messenger RNA expression of Th1-type cells (IFN-gamma+, IL-2+) in classical delayed-type (tuberculin) hypersensitivity reactions in human skin. J Immunol. 1992 Apr 1;148(7):2058–2061. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Vyakarnam A., McKeating J., Meager A., Beverley P. C. Tumour necrosis factors (alpha, beta) induced by HIV-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells potentiate virus replication. AIDS. 1990 Jan;4(1):21–27. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199001000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Vyakarnam A. Mechanisms for an opposing role for Th1/2 cells in AIDS. Res Immunol. 1994 Oct-Dec;145(8-9):618–624. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2494(05)80043-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Wahl S. M., Allen J. B., McCartney-Francis N., Morganti-Kossmann M. C., Kossmann T., Ellingsworth L., Mai U. E., Mergenhagen S. E., Orenstein J. M. Macrophage- and astrocyte-derived transforming growth factor beta as a mediator of central nervous system dysfunction in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Exp Med. 1991 Apr 1;173(4):981–991. doi: 10.1084/jem.173.4.981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Walker C. M., Levy J. A. A diffusible lymphokine produced by CD8+ T lymphocytes suppresses HIV replication. Immunology. 1989 Apr;66(4):628–630. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Wierenga E. A., Snoek M., de Groot C., Chrétien I., Bos J. D., Jansen H. M., Kapsenberg M. L. Evidence for compartmentalization of functional subsets of CD2+ T lymphocytes in atopic patients. J Immunol. 1990 Jun 15;144(12):4651–4656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Wong G. H., Goeddel D. V. Tumour necrosis factors alpha and beta inhibit virus replication and synergize with interferons. 1986 Oct 30-Nov 5Nature. 323(6091):819–822. doi: 10.1038/323819a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Yssel H., Shanafelt M. C., Soderberg C., Schneider P. V., Anzola J., Peltz G. Borrelia burgdorferi activates a T helper type 1-like T cell subset in Lyme arthritis. J Exp Med. 1991 Sep 1;174(3):593–601. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.3.593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Immunology are provided here courtesy of British Society for Immunology

RESOURCES