Abstract
This review of the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism includes estimates of incidence and prevalence of venous thrombosis and its sequelae, a discussion geographical, annual and seasonal variations and data concerning possible risk factors. Selection of patients at increased risk for development of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism for specific diagnostic screening or for prophylactic therapy with low-dose heparin may be a more effective approach to lowering morbidity and mortality from this disease.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- AMUNDSEN M. A., SPITTELL J. A., Jr, THOMPSON J. H., Jr, OWEN C. A., Jr Hypercoagulability associated with malignant disease and with the postoperative state. Evidence for elevated levels of antihemophilic globulin. Ann Intern Med. 1963 Apr;58:608–616. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-58-4-608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aaro L. A., Juergens J. L. Thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism as complications of pregnancy. Med Clin North Am. 1974 Jul;58(4):829–834. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)32126-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Almén T., HRTEL M., Nylander G., Olivecrona H. The effect of estrogen on the vascular endothelium and its possible relation to thrombosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1975 Jun;140(6):938–940. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Amris C. J., Hansen N. E. Coagulation and fibrinolytic studies in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Acta Med Scand. 1968 Dec;184(6):551–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Amris C. J., Starup J. The coagulation mechanism in oral contraception. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1967;46(1):78–91. doi: 10.3109/00016346709158628. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BOYD A. M., JEPSON R. P., RATCLIFFE A. H., ROSE S. S. The logical management of chronic ulcers of the leg. Angiology. 1952 Jun;3(3):207–215. doi: 10.1177/000331975200300301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BYRNE J. J., O'NEIL E. E. Fatal pulmonary emboli; a study of 130 autopsy proven fatal emboli. Am J Surg. 1952 Jan;83(1):47–49. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(52)90157-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Badaracco M. A., Vessey M. P. Recurrence of venous thromboembolic disease and use of oral contraceptives. Br Med J. 1974 Feb 9;1(5901):215–217. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5901.215. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ballard R. M., Bradley-Watson P. J., Johnstone F. D., Kenney A., McCarthy T. G. Low doses of subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after gynaecological surgery. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1973 May;80(5):469–472. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb15963.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bennett N. B., Ogston C. M., McAndrew G. M., Ogston D. Studies on the fibrinolytic enzyme system in obesity. J Clin Pathol. 1966 May;19(3):241–243. doi: 10.1136/jcp.19.3.241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bensinger T. A., Logue G. L., Rundles R. W. Hemorrhagic thrombocythemia; control of postsplenectomy thrombocytosis with melphalan. Blood. 1970 Jul;36(1):61–69. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bolton C. H., Hampton J. R., Mitchell J. R. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on platelets and plasma-phospholipids. Lancet. 1968 Jun 22;1(7556):1336–1341. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92036-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bonnar J., McNicol G. P., Douglas A. S. Coagulation and fibrinolytic mechanisms during and after normal childbirth. Br Med J. 1970 Apr 25;2(5703):200–203. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5703.200. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brown M., Glassenberg M. Mortality factors in patients with acute stroke. JAMA. 1973 Jun 11;224(11):1493–1495. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brugarolas A., Mink I. B., Elias E. G., Mittelman A. Correlation of hyperfibrinogenemia with major thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1973 Jan;136(1):75–77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burstein R., Alkjaersig N., Fletcher A. Thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum state. J Lab Clin Med. 1971 Nov;78(5):838–838. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Byrd R. B., Divertie M. B., Spittell J. A., Jr Bronchogenic carcinoma and thromboembolic disease. JAMA. 1967 Dec 11;202(11):1019–1022. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CARSON N. A., DENT C. E., FIELD C. M., GAULL G. E. HOMOCYSTINURIA: CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL REVIEW OF TEN CASES. J Pediatr. 1965 Mar;66:565–583. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(65)80121-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CASPARY E. A., PEBERDY M. ORAL CONTRACEPTION AND BLOOD-PLATELET ADHESIVENESS. Lancet. 1965 May 29;1(7396):1142–1143. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(65)91960-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CHIEVITZ E., THIEDE T. Complications and causes of death in polycythaemia vera. Acta Med Scand. 1962 Nov;172:513–523. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1962.tb07186.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- COON W. W., COLLER F. A. Clinicopathologic correlation in thromboembolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1959 Sep;109:259–269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- COON W. W., COLLER F. A. Some epidemiologic considerations of thromboembolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1959 Oct;109:487–501. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CRANE C. Deep venous thrombosis in the leg following effort or strain. N Engl J Med. 1952 Apr 3;246(14):529–533. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195204032461402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CROSBY W. H. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: relation of the clinical manifestations to underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Blood. 1953 Sep;8(9):769–812. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chow A. W., Guze L. B. Bacteroidaceae bacteremia: clinical experience with 112 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1974 Mar;53(2):93–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Colt J. D., Lee P. Y. Mortality rate of above-the-knee amputation for arteriosclerotic gangrene: a critical evaluation. Angiology. 1972 Apr;23(4):205–210. doi: 10.1177/000331977202300404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coon W. W. Risk factors in pulmonary embolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1976 Sep;143(3):385–390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coon W. W. The spectrum of pulmonary embolism: twenty years later. Arch Surg. 1976 Apr;111(4):398–402. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1976.01360220094015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coon W. W., Willis P. W., 3rd, Keller J. B. Venous thromboembolism and other venous disease in the Tecumseh community health study. Circulation. 1973 Oct;48(4):839–846. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.48.4.839. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coon W. W., Willis P. W., 3rd Thrombosis of the deep veins of the arm. Surgery. 1968 Nov;64(5):990–994. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coope J., Thomson J. M., Poller L. Effects of "natural oestrogen" replacement therapy on menopausal symptoms and blood clotting. Br Med J. 1975 Oct 18;4(5989):139–143. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5989.139. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cunningham I. G., Yong N. K. The incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in Malaysia. Br J Surg. 1974 Jun;61(6):482–483. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800610616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DALE W. A., CAPPS W., Jr Major leg and thigh amputations; ten-year survey of results. Surgery. 1959 Aug;46(2):333–342. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Daniel D. G., Campbell H., Turnbull A. C. Puerperal thromboembolism and suppression of lactation. Lancet. 1967 Aug 5;2(7510):287–289. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(67)90117-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DeCAMP P. T., LANDRY R. M., OCHSNER A., DeBAKEY M. E. Spontaneous thrombophlebitis. Surgery. 1952 Jan;31(1):43–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Domenet J. G., Evans D. W., Stephenson H. Anticoagulants in congestive heart failure. Br Med J. 1966 Oct 8;2(5518):866–868. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5518.866. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- EDWARDS F. C., TRUELOVE S. C. THE COURSE AND PROGNOSIS OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS. III. COMPLICATIONS. Gut. 1964 Feb;5:1–22. doi: 10.1136/gut.5.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- EGEBERG O. INHERITED ANTITHROMBIN DEFICIENCY CAUSING THROMBOPHILIA. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1965 Jun 15;13:516–530. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Egeberg O. Inherited fibrinogen abnormality causing thrombophilia. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1967 Feb 28;17(1-2):176–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Emerson P. A., Teather D., Handley A. J. The application of decision theory to the prevention of deep vein thrombosis following myocardial infarction. Q J Med. 1974 Jul;43(171):389–398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FITTS W. T., Jr, LEHR H. B., BITNER R. L., SPELMAN J. W. AN ANALYSIS OF 950 FATAL INJURIES. Surgery. 1964 Oct;56:663–668. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Field E. S., Kakkar V. V., Nicolaides A. N., Renney J. T. Deep-vein thrombosis in patients with fractured neck of femur. Br J Surg. 1971 Nov;58(11):873–873. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flanc C., Kakkar V. V., Clarke M. B. The detection of venous thrombosis of the legs using 125-I-labelled fibrinogen. Br J Surg. 1968 Oct;55(10):742–747. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800551007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Freeark R. J., Boswick J., Fardin R. Posttraumatic venous thrombosis. Arch Surg. 1967 Oct;95(4):567–575. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1967.01330160037005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GIBBS N. M. Venous thrombosis of the lower limbs with particular reference to bed-rest. Br J Surg. 1957 Nov;45(191):209–236. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18004519102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GOODRICH S. M., WOOD J. E. PERIPHERAL VENOUS DISTENSIBILITY AND VELOCITY OF VENOUS BLOOD FLOW DURING PREGNANCY OR DURING ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE THERAPY. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1964 Nov 15;90:740–744. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(64)90935-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GORE I., HIRST A. E., TANAKA K. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND THROMBOEMBOLISM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN BOSTON AND IN KYUSHU, JAPAN. Arch Intern Med. 1964 Mar;113:323–330. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1964.00280090009003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gaston L. W. Studies on a family with an elevated plasma level of factor V (proaccelerin) and a tendency to thrombosis. J Pediatr. 1966 Mar;68(3):367–373. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(66)80239-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greene G. R., Sartwell P. E. Oral contraceptive use in patients with thromboembolism following surgery, trauma, or infection. Am J Public Health. 1972 May;62(5):680–685. doi: 10.2105/ajph.62.5.680. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HOMANS J. Thrombosis of the deep leg veins due to prolonged sitting. N Engl J Med. 1954 Jan 28;250(4):148–149. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195401282500404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Handley A. J., Emerson P. A., Fleming P. R. Heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after myocardial infarction. Br Med J. 1972 May 20;2(5811):436–438. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5811.436. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harris W. H., Salzman E. W., Desanctis R. W. The prevention of thromboembolic disease by prophylactic anticoagulation. A controlled study in elective hip surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1967 Jan;49(1):81–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hartsuck J. M., Greenfield L. J. Postoperative thromboembolism. A clinical study with 125I-fibrinogen and pulmonary scanning. Arch Surg. 1973 Nov;107(5):733–739. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1973.01350230085017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hassan M. A., Rahman E. A., Rahman I. A. Prostatectomy and deep vein thrombosis in Sudanese patients. Br J Surg. 1974 Aug;61(8):650–652. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800610813. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heatley R. V., Hughes L. E., Morgan A., Okwonga W. Preoperative or postoperative deep-vein thrombosis? Lancet. 1976 Feb 28;1(7957):437–439. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91470-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirsh J., Dacie J. V. Persistent post-splenectomy thrombocytosis and thrombo-embolism: a consequence of continuing anaemia. Br J Haematol. 1966 Jan;12(1):44–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1966.tb00125.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirsh J., McBride J. A., Dacie J. V. Thrombo-embolism and increased platelet adhesiveness in post-splenectomy thrombocytosis. Australas Ann Med. 1966 May;15(2):122–128. doi: 10.1111/imj.1966.15.2.122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hjelmstedt A., Bergvall U. Incidence of thrombosis in patients with tibial fractures. Acta Chir Scand. 1968;134(3):209–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoagland H. C., Perry M. C. Thrombocythemia, thrombocytosis. JAMA. 1976 May 24;235(21):2330–2331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Husni E. A., Pena L. I., Lenhert A. E. Thrombophlebitis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1967 Apr 1;97(7):901–905. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(67)90514-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inman W. H., Vessey M. P. Investigation of deaths from pulmonary, coronary, and cerebral thrombosis and embolism in women of child-bearing age. Br Med J. 1968 Apr 27;2(5599):193–199. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5599.193. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inman W. H., Vessey M. P., Westerholm B., Engelund A. Thromboembolic disease and the steroidal content of oral contraceptives. A report to the Committee on Safety of Drugs. Br Med J. 1970 Apr 25;2(5703):203–209. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5703.203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Irey N. S., Manion W. C., Taylor H. B. Vascular lesions in women taking oral contraceptives. Arch Pathol. 1970 Jan;89(1):1–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Irey N. S., Norris H. J. Intimal vascular lesions associated with female reproductive steroids. Arch Pathol. 1973 Oct;96(4):227–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- JONES R. S., BLACK T. C., SPARR H. A. Incidence and significance of thromboembolism in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc. 1950 Jun;61(6):826–834. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- JORDAN F. L., NANDORFF A. The familial tendency in thrombo-embolic disease. Acta Med Scand. 1956 Dec 31;156(4):267–275. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1956.tb00084.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jeffcoate T. N., Miller J., Roos R. F., Tindall V. R. Puerperal thromboembolism in relation to the inhibition of lactation by oestrogen therapy. Br Med J. 1968 Oct 5;4(5622):19–25. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5622.19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jick H., Slone D., Westerholm B., Inman W. H., Vessey M. P., Shapiro S., Lewis G. P., Worcester J. Venous thromboembolic disease and ABO blood type. A cooperative study. Lancet. 1969 Mar 15;1(7594):539–542. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91955-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Joffe S. N. Racial incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in South Africa. Br J Surg. 1974 Dec;61(12):982–983. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800611214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Joffe S. Postoperative deep vein thrombosis in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1975 Aug;10(4):539–540. doi: 10.1016/0022-3468(75)90201-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jones D. R., Macintyre I. M. Venous thromboembolism in infancy and childhood. Arch Dis Child. 1975 Feb;50(2):153–155. doi: 10.1136/adc.50.2.153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jones R. H., Sabiston D. C., Jr Pulmonary embolism in childhood. Monogr Surg Sci. 1966 Mar;3(1):35–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kakkar V. V., Howe C. T., Flanc C., Clarke M. B. Natural history of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet. 1969 Aug 2;2(7614):230–232. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)90002-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kakkar V. V., Howe C. T., Nicolaides A. N., Renney J. T., Clarke M. B. Deep vein thrombosis of the leg. Is there a "high risk" group? Am J Surg. 1970 Oct;120(4):527–530. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9610(70)80023-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kakkar V. The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis using the 125 I fibrinogen test. Arch Surg. 1972 Feb;104(2):152–159. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1972.04180020032006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kerr J. H., Corbett J. L., Prys-Roberts C., Smith A. C., Spalding J. M. Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in tetanus. Studies on 82 cases. Lancet. 1968 Aug 3;2(7562):236–241. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92350-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LAFLER C. J., HINERMAN D. L. A morphologic study of pancreatic carcinoma with reference to multiple thrombi. Cancer. 1961 Sep-Oct;14:944–952. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196109/10)14:5<944::aid-cncr2820140506>3.0.co;2-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LEVIN J., CONLEY C. L. THROMBOCYTOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH MALIGNANT DISEASE. Arch Intern Med. 1964 Oct;114:497–500. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1964.03860100079008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Langman M. J., Doll R. ABO blood group and secretor status in relation to clinical characteristics of peptic ulcers. Gut. 1965 Jun;6(3):270–273. doi: 10.1136/gut.6.3.270. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee L. C., Spittell J. A., Jr, Sauer W. G., Owen C. A., Jr, Thompson J. H., Jr Hypercoagulability associated with chronic ulcerative colitis: changes in blood coagulation factors. Gastroenterology. 1968 Jan;54(1):76–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lofgren E. P., Coates H. L., O'Brien P. C. Clinically suspect pulmonary embolism after vein stripping. Mayo Clin Proc. 1976 Feb;51(2):77–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MCDONALD L., BRAY C., FIELD C., LOVE F., DAVIES B. HOMOCYSTINURIA, THROMBOSIS, AND THE BLOOD-PLATELETS. Lancet. 1964 Apr 4;1(7336):745–746. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(64)92852-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MEEK J. R., MAURER J. J. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens. Am J Surg. 1959 Jan;97(1):104–107. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(59)90284-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MOOLTEN S. E., VROMAN L. Role of blood platelets in thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med (Chic) 1949 Nov;84(5):667–710. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1949.00230050003001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MORAN T. J. Autopsy incidence of pulmonary embolism in coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 1950 May;32(5):949–953. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-32-5-949. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MORRELL M. T., TRUELOVE S. C., BARR A. PULMONARY EMBOLISM. Br Med J. 1963 Oct 5;2(5361):830–835. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5361.830. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marciniak E., Farley C. H., DeSimone P. A. Familial thrombosis due to antithrombin 3 deficiency. Blood. 1974 Feb;43(2):219–231. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Masi A. T. Endocrine factors and risk of venous thrombosis. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1972 Jan;50(1 Suppl):46–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maurer B. J., Wray R., Shillingford J. P. Frequency of venous thrombosis after myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1971 Dec 25;2(7739):1385–1387. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)90666-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Merskey C., Gordon H., Lackner H., Schrire V., Kaplan B. J., Sougin-Mibashan R., Nossel H. L., Moodie A. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Relation to Coronary Heart Disease. Br Med J. 1960 Jan 23;1(5168):219–227. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5168.219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller S. P., Sanchez-Avalos J., Stefanski T., Zuckerman L. Coagulation disorders in cancer. I. Clinical and laboratory studies. Cancer. 1967 Sep;20(9):1452–1465. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196709)20:9<1452::aid-cncr2820200912>3.0.co;2-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mink I. B., Courey N. G., Moore R. H., Ambrus C. M., Ambrus J. L. Progestational agents and blood coagulation. IV. Changes induced by progestogen alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972 Jul 15;113(6):739–743. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90551-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morales A., Pujari B. The choice of estrogen preparations in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Can Med Assoc J. 1975 Nov 8;113(9):865–867. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morrell M. T., Dunnill M. S. The post-mortem incdence of pulmonary embolism in a hospital population. Br J Surg. 1968 May;55(5):347–352. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800550506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morrell M. T. Proceedings: Acute illness--an important cause of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Br J Surg. 1976 Feb;63(2):162–162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mourant A. E., Kopeć A. C., Domaniewska-Sobczak K. Blood-groups and blood-clotting. Lancet. 1971 Jan 30;1(7692):223–227. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)90961-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Müller K. M., Blaeser B. Tödliche thrombembolische Komplikationen nach zentralem Venenkatheter. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1976 Mar 12;101(11):411–413. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1104098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- NAIDE M. Spontaneous venous thrombosis in the legs of tall men. J Am Med Assoc. 1952 Apr 5;148(14):1202–1203. doi: 10.1001/jama.1952.02930140034009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nishiyama R. H., Anderson D. G., Brody G. L., Meadows T. R., French A. J. Vascular causes of death in pregnancy. Mich Med. 1967 Nov;66(21):1419–1423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- OZER F. L., TRAUX W. E., MIESCH D. C., LEVIN W. C. Primary hemorrhagic thrombocythemia. Am J Med. 1960 May;28:807–823. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(60)90136-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oski F. A., Lubin B., Buchert E. D. Reduced red cell filterability with oral contraceptive agents. Ann Intern Med. 1972 Sep;77(3):417–419. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-77-3-417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- PERKINS J., ISRAUELS M. C., WILKINSON J. F. POLYCYTHAEMIA VERA: CLINICAL STUDIES ON A SERIES OF 127 PATIENTS MANAGED WITHOUT RADIATION THERAPY. Q J Med. 1964 Oct;33:499–518. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- PRESTON A. E., BARR A. THE PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF FACTOR VIII IN THE NORMAL POPULATION. II. THE EFFECTS OF AGE, SEX AND BLOOD GROUP. Br J Haematol. 1964 Apr;10:238–245. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1964.tb00698.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pariente R., Bignon J., Roche J., Brouet G. Fréquence et particularités cliniques des thrombo-embolies pulmonaires en réanimation respiratoire et polyvalente. Rev Tuberc Pneumol (Paris) 1969 Jul-Aug;33(5):619–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pilgeram L. O., Ellison J., Von dem Bussche G. Oral contraceptives and increased formation of soluble fibrin. Br Med J. 1974 Aug 31;3(5930):556–558. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5930.556. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pineo G. F., Brain M. C., Gallus A. S., Hirsh J., Hatton M. W., Regoeczi E. Tumors, mucus production, and hypercoagulability. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;230:262–270. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb14458.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Poller L., Tabiowo A., Thomson J. M. Effects of low-dose oral contraceptives on blood coagulation. Br Med J. 1968 Jul 27;3(5612):218–221. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5612.218. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Poller L., Thomson J. M., Thomas P. W. Effects of progestogen oral contraception with norethisterone on blood clotting and platelets. Br Med J. 1972 Nov 18;4(5837):391–393. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5837.391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Raman T. K., Blake J. A., Harris T. M. Pulmonary embolism in Landry-Guillain-Barre-Strohl syndrome. Chest. 1971 Dec;60(6):555–557. doi: 10.1378/chest.60.6.555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ratnoff O. D. Activation of Hageman factor by L-homocystine. Science. 1968 Nov 29;162(3857):1007–1009. doi: 10.1126/science.162.3857.1007-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rosenthal T., Halkin H., Shani M., Deutch V. Occlusion of the great veins in the Behcet syndrome. Angiology. 1972 Nov;23(10):600–605. doi: 10.1177/000331977202301004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rossman I. True incidence of pulmonary embolization and vital statistics. JAMA. 1974 Dec 23;230(12):1677–1679. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SALTER P. P., Jr, SHERLOCK E. C. Splenectomy, thrombocytosis, and venous thrombosis. Am Surg. 1957 Jun;23(6):549–554. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SEVITT S., GALLAGHER N. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A clinico-pathological study in injured and burned patients. Br J Surg. 1961 Mar;48:475–489. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18004821103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SMITH G. T., DAMMIN G. J., DEXTER L. POSTMORTEM ARTERIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE HUMAN LUNG IN PULMONARY EMBOLIZATION. JAMA. 1964 Apr 13;188:143–151. doi: 10.1001/jama.1964.03060280045011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sagar S., Stamatakis J. D., Thomas D. P., Kakkar V. V. Oral contraceptives, antithrombin- III activity, and postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet. 1976 Mar 6;1(7958):509–511. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90296-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sandritter W., Felix H. Geographical pathology of fatal lung embolism. Pathol Microbiol (Basel) 1967;30(5):742–746. doi: 10.1159/000161720. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sartwell P. E., Masi A. T., Arthes F. G., Greene G. R., Smith H. E. Thromboembolism and oral contraceptives: an epidemiologic case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1969 Nov;90(5):365–380. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Seigel D. G. Pregnancy, the puerperium and the steroid contraceptive. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1972 Jan;50(1 Suppl):15–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simmons A. V., Sheppard M. A., Cox A. F. Deep venous thrombosis after myocardial infarction. Predisposing factors. Br Heart J. 1973 Jun;35(6):623–625. doi: 10.1136/hrt.35.6.623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sjöberg H. E., Blombäck M., Granberg P. O. Thromboembolic complications, heparin treatment in increase in coagulation factors in Cushing's syndrome. Acta Med Scand. 1976;199(1-2):95–98. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1976.tb06697.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith S. B., Arkin C. Cryofibrinogenemia: incidence, clinical correlations, and a review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol. 1972 Nov;58(5):524–530. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/58.5.524. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stolley P. D., Tonascia J. A., Tockman M. S., Sartwell P. E., Rutledge A. H., Jacobs M. P. Thrombosis with low-estrogen oral contraceptives. Am J Epidemiol. 1975 Sep;102(3):197–208. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- TODD M. E., THOMPSON J. H., Jr, BOWIE E. J., OWEN C. A., Jr CHANGES IN BLOOD COAGULATION DURING PREGNANCY. Mayo Clin Proc. 1965 May;40:370–383. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- TRIBE C. R. CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE EARLY AND LATE STAGES OF PARAPLEGIA. Paraplegia. 1963 May;1:19–47. doi: 10.1038/sc.1963.3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Teviotdale B. M., Gwynne J. F. Deep calf vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a necropsy study. N Z Med J. 1967 Aug;66(420):530–534. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tietjen G. W., Chien S., Scholz P. M., Gump F. E., Kinney J. M. Changes in blood viscosity and plasma proteins in carcinoma. Surg Forum. 1975;26:166–168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tindall V. R. Factors influencing puerperal thrombo-embolism. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1968 Dec;75(12):1324–1327. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1968.tb02952.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vessey M. P., Doll R., Fairbairn A. S., Glober G. Postoperative thromboembolism and the use of oral contraceptives. Br Med J. 1970 Jul 18;3(5715):123–126. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5715.123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vessey M. P., Doll R. Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. Br Med J. 1968 Apr 27;2(5599):199–205. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5599.199. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vessey M. P., Inman W. H. Speculations about mortality trends from venous thromboembolic disease in England and Wales and their relation to the pattern of oral contraceptive usage. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1973 Jun;80(6):562–566. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb15981.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Von Kaulla E., Droegemueller W., Aoki N., Von Kaulla K. N. Antithrombin 3 depression and thrombin generation acceleration in women taking oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971 Mar 15;109(6):868–873. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(71)90799-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- WESSLER S., REIMER S. M., SHEPS M. C. Biologic assay of a thrombosis-inducing activity in human serum. J Appl Physiol. 1959 Nov;14:943–946. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1959.14.6.943. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- WRIGHT H. P., OSBORN S. B., EDMONDS D. G. Effect of postoperative bed rest and early ambulation on the rate of venous blood-flow. Lancet. 1951 Jan 6;1(6645):22–25. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)93496-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- WRIGHT H. P., OSBORN S. B. Venous velocity in bedridden medical patients. Lancet. 1952 Oct 11;2(6737):699–700. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(52)91318-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Watson N. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1968 Nov;6(3):113–121. doi: 10.1038/sc.1968.21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wessler S. Prevention of venous thromboembolism by low-dose heparin. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis. 1976 Jun;45(6):105–109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wessler S. Small doses of heparin and a new concept of hypercoagulability. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1975 Feb 28;33(1):81–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams J. W., Britt L. G., Eades T., Sherman R. T. Pulmonary embolism after amputation of the lower extremity. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1975 Feb;140(2):246–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wise R. C., Todd J. K. Spontaneous, lower-extremity venous thrombosis in children. Am J Dis Child. 1973 Dec;126(6):766–769. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1973.02110190616005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wood E. H., Prentice C. R., McNicol G. P. Association of fibrinogen-fibrin-related antigen (F.R.-antigen) with postoperative deep-vein thrombosis and systemic complications. Lancet. 1972 Jan 22;1(7743):166–169. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)90568-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ZEITLHOFER J., REIFFENSTUHL G. Untersuchungen über fulminante, tödliche Lungenembolien am Obduktionsmaterial der Jahre 1941 bis 1951. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1952 Jun;64(25):446–451. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zuck T. F., Bergin J. J., Raymond J. M., Dwyre W. R. Implications of depressed antithrombin-3 activity associated with oral contraceptives. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1971 Oct;133(4):609–612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zucker S., Mielke C. H. Classification of thrombocytosis based on platelet function tests: correlation with hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. J Lab Clin Med. 1972 Sep;80(3):385–394. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- von Kaulla E., Droegemueller W., von Kaulla K. N. Conjugated estrogens and hypercoagulability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975 Jul 15;122(6):688–692. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90572-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- von Kaulla K. N. Bed rest, elective surgery, and oral contraceptives. JAMA. 1971 Nov 8;218(6):888–888. doi: 10.1001/jama.1971.03190190074032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]