Skip to main content
PMC home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 1974 Nov;15(11):913–929. doi: 10.1136/gut.15.11.913

The present position concerning gallstone dissolution.

G D Bell
PMCID: PMC1413052  PMID: 4455571

Full text

PDF
929

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Admirand W. H., Small D. M. The physicochemical basis of cholesterol gallstone formation in man. J Clin Invest. 1968 May;47(5):1043–1052. doi: 10.1172/JCI105794. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson F., Bouchier I. A. Phospholipids in human lithogenic gall bladder bile. Nature. 1969 Jan 25;221(5178):372–373. doi: 10.1038/221372a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BARLETT M. K., QUINBY W. C., Jr Surgery of the biliary tract. III. Secondary operations on the common bile duct. N Engl J Med. 1957 Jan 3;256(1):11–15. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195701032560103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BARTLETT M. K., DREYFUSS J. R. Residual common duct stones. Surgery. 1960 Feb;47:202–205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BEST R. R., RASMUSSEN J. A., WILSON C. E. An evaluation of solutions for fragmentation and dissolution of gallstones and their effect on liver and ductal tissue. Ann Surg. 1953 Oct;138(4):570–581. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195310000-00010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bainton D., Rhodes J., Davies G. T., Evans K. T. Letter: Chenodeoxycholic acid and the liver. Lancet. 1974 Mar 30;1(7857):562–562. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)92743-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Barnett W. O., Hilbun G. R. Dissolution of human gallstone in the dog's gallbladder after various degrees of vagotomy. Surgery. 1966 Oct;60(4):840–843. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bell G. D., Lewis B., Petrie A., Dowling R. H. Serum lipids in cholelithiasis: effect of chenodeoxycholic acid therapy. Br Med J. 1973 Sep 8;3(5879):520–523. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5879.520. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bell G. D., Mok H. Y., Thwe M., Murphy G. M., Henry K., Dowling R. H. Liver structure and function in cholelithiasis: effect of chenodeoxycholic acid. Gut. 1974 Mar;15(3):165–172. doi: 10.1136/gut.15.3.165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bell G. D., Sutor D. J., Whitney B., Dowling R. Factors influencing human gallstone dissolution in monkey, dog, and human bile. Gut. 1972 Oct;13(10):836–836. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bell G. D., Whitney B., Dowling R. H. Gallstone dissolution in man using chenodeoxycholic acid. Lancet. 1972 Dec 9;2(7789):1213–1216. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92266-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bergman F., van der Linden W. Liver morphology and gallstone formation in hamsters and mice treated with chenodeoxycholic acid. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1973 Mar;81(2):213–221. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1973.tb00014.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bourgès M., Small D. M., Dervichian D. G. Biophysics of lipid associations. 3. The quaternary systems lecithin-bile salt-cholesterol-water. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1967 Oct 2;144(2):189–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bourgès M., Small D. M., Dervichian D. G. Biophysics of lipidic associations. II. The ternary systems: cholesterol-lecithin-water. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1967 Feb 14;137(1):157–167. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(67)90019-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Burhenne H. J. Nonoperative retained biliary tract stone extraction. A new roentgenologic technique. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1973 Feb;117(2):388–399. doi: 10.2214/ajr.117.2.388. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. CHRISTENSEN F., DAM H., KRISTENSEN G. Alimentary production of gallstones in hamsters. 6. Disappearance of cholesterol stones by treatment with a non-lithogenic diet. Acta Physiol Scand. 1956 May 31;36(4):329–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1956.tb01329.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. COLE W. H., HARRIDGE W. H. Disappearance of stone shadows in postoperative cholangiograms. J Am Med Assoc. 1957 May 18;164(3):238–243. doi: 10.1001/jama.1957.02980030014004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Carey J. B., Jr, Wilson I. D., Zaki F. G., Hanson R. F. The metabolism of bile acids with special reference to liver injury. Medicine (Baltimore) 1966 Nov;45(6):461–470. doi: 10.1097/00005792-196645060-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Comess L. J., Bennett P. H., Burch T. A. Clinical gallbladder disease in Pima Indians. Its high prevalence in contrast to Framingham, Massachusetts. N Engl J Med. 1967 Oct 26;277(17):894–898. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196710262771702. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Dam H., Kruse I., Jensen M. K., Kallehauge H. E. Studies on human bile. II. Influence of two different fats on the composition of human bile. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1967;19(4):367–378. doi: 10.3109/00365516709090652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Dam H. Nutritional aspects of gallstone formation with particular reference to alimentary production of gallstones in laboratory animals. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1969;11:199–239. doi: 10.1159/000387579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Dam H., Prange I., Jensen M., Kallehauge H. E., Fenger H. J. Studies on human bile. V. Influence of cholestyramine treatment on the composition of bile in healthy subjects. Z Ernahrungswiss. 1971 Apr;10(3):188–197. doi: 10.1007/BF02020930. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Danzinger R. C., Hofmann A. F., Thistle J. L., Schoenfield L. J. Effect of oral chenodeoxycholic acid on bile acid kinetics and biliary lipid composition in women with cholelithiasis. J Clin Invest. 1973 Nov;52(11):2809–2821. doi: 10.1172/JCI107477. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Danzinger R. G., Hofmann A. F., Schoenfield L. J., Thistle J. L. Dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by chenodeoxycholic acid. N Engl J Med. 1972 Jan 6;286(1):1–8. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197201062860101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dowling R. H., Mack E., Small D. M. Biliary lipid secretion and bile composition after acute and chronic interruption of the enterohepatic circulation in the Rhesus monkey. IV. Primate biliary physiology. J Clin Invest. 1971 Sep;50(9):1917–1926. doi: 10.1172/JCI106684. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Dowling R. H., Mok H. Y., Bell G. D. Letter: Chenodeoxycholic acid and the liver. Lancet. 1974 May 4;1(7862):875–876. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90534-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Entenman C., Holloway R. J., Albright M. L., Leong G. F. Bile acids and lipid metabolism. II. Essential role of bile acids in bile phospholipid excretion. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1969 Mar;130(1):253–256. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90031-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Farrell K. E., Smith D. C., Mackay C. Proceedings: gall-stone dissolution in vitro. Br J Surg. 1973 Nov;60(11):900–900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gardner B. Experiences with the use of intracholedochal heparinized saline for the treatment of retained common duct stones. Ann Surg. 1973 Feb;177(2):240–244. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197302000-00021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gardner B. Heparin for common-duct stone. N Engl J Med. 1973 Sep 13;289(11):592–592. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gardner B., Ostrowitz A., Masur R. Reappraisal of the possible role of heparin in solution of gallstones: a clinical extension of laboratory studies in removal of retained common duct stones. Surgery. 1971 Jun;69(6):854–857. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Gardner B. Studies of the zeta potential of cells and a silica particle in varying concentrations of albumin, calcium, sodium, plasma, and bile. J Lab Clin Med. 1969 Feb;73(2):202–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Gregory D. H., Vlahcevic Z. R., Swell L. Editorial: Determination of the cholesterol saturation of human bile and its relevance to gallstone formation. Am J Dig Dis. 1974 Mar;19(3):268–270. doi: 10.1007/BF01072545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Grundy S. M., Metzger A. L., Adler R. D. Mechanisms of lithogenic bile formation in American Indian women with cholesterol gallstones. J Clin Invest. 1972 Dec;51(12):3026–3043. doi: 10.1172/JCI107130. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. HELLSTROM K., SJOVALL J. On the origin of lithocholic and ursodeoxycholic acids in man. Bile acids and steroids 106. Acta Physiol Scand. 1961 Feb-Mar;51:218–223. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1961.tb02130.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hadziyannis S., Feizi T., Scheuer P. J., Sherlock S. Immunoglobulin-containing cells in the liver. Clin Exp Immunol. 1969 Nov;5(5):499–514. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Harley V., Barratt W. An experimental enquiry into the formation of gall-stones. J Physiol. 1903 Jun 15;29(4-5):341–351. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1903.sp000960. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hegardt F. G., Dam H. The solubility of cholesterol in aqueous solutions of bile salts and lecithin. Z Ernahrungswiss. 1971 Apr;10(3):223–233. doi: 10.1007/BF02020933. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Heywood R., Palmer A. K., Foll C. V., Lee M. R. Letter: Pathological changes in fetal rhesus monkey induced by oral chenodeoxycholic acid. Lancet. 1973 Nov 3;302(7836):1021–1021. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91110-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Higuchi W. I., Prakongpan S., Surpuriya V., Young F. Cholesterol dissolution rate in micellar bile acid solutions: retarding effect of added lecithin. Science. 1972 Nov 10;178(4061):633–634. doi: 10.1126/science.178.4061.633. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Hikasa Y., Matsuda S., Nagase M., Yoshinaga M., Tobe T. Initiating factors of gallstones, especially cholesterol stones. 3. Nihon Geka Hokan. 1969 Jan 1;38(1):107–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Hoffman N. E., Hofmann A. F., Thistle J. L. Effect of bile acid feeding on cholesterol metabolism in gallstone patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 1974 Apr;49(4):236–239. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Hofmann A. F., Small D. M. Detergent properties of bile salts: correlation with physiological function. Annu Rev Med. 1967;18:333–376. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.18.020167.002001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Holzbach R. T. Letter: The solubility and nucleation of cholesterol in bile. Gastroenterology. 1974 Feb;66(2):323–325. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Holzbach R. T., Marsh M., Olszewski M., Holan K. Cholesterol solubility in bile. Evidence that supersaturated bile is frequent in healthy man. J Clin Invest. 1973 Jun;52(6):1467–1479. doi: 10.1172/JCI107321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. JOHNSTON C. G., NAKAYAMA F. Solubility of cholesterol and gallstones in metabolic material. AMA Arch Surg. 1957 Sep;75(3):436–442. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1957.01280150126013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. James O., Cullen J., Bouchier A. D. Proceedings: A study of the effectiveness, toxicity, and bile salt kinetics of chenodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of human gallstones. Gut. 1973 Oct;14(10):827–827. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. KAY R. E., ENTENMAN C. Stimulation of taurocholic acid synthesis and biliary excretion of lipids. Am J Physiol. 1961 Apr;200:855–859. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.200.4.855. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. LACK L., WEINER I. M. In vitro absorption of bile salts by small intestine of rats and guinea pigs. Am J Physiol. 1961 Feb;200:313–317. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.200.2.313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. LUTTON R. G., LARGE A. M. Gallstones: solubility studies. Surgery. 1957 Sep;42(3):488–492. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Lansford C., Mehta S., Kern F., Jr The treatment of retained stones in the common bile duct with sodium cholate infusion. Gut. 1974 Jan;15(1):48–51. doi: 10.1136/gut.15.1.48. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. MYASNIKOV A. L. Influence of some factors on development of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1958 Jan;17(1):99–113. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.17.1.99. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. McCombs P. R., Quarantillo E. P., Jr, Seltzer M. H. Heparin treatment of common-duct stone. N Engl J Med. 1973 Jul 12;289(2):106–106. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197307122890220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. McSherry C. K., Glenn F., Javitt N. B. Composition of basal and stimulated hepatic bile in baboons, and the formation of cholesterol gallstones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Jul;68(7):1564–1568. doi: 10.1073/pnas.68.7.1564. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Mekjian H. S., Phillips S. F., Hofmann A. F. Colonic secretion of water and electrolytes induced by bile acids: perfusion studies in man. J Clin Invest. 1971 Aug;50(8):1569–1577. doi: 10.1172/JCI106644. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Metzger A. L., Adler R., Heymsfield S., Grundy S. M. Diurnal variation in biliary lipid composition. Possible role in cholesterol gallstone formation. N Engl J Med. 1973 Feb 15;288(7):333–336. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197302152880702. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Metzger A. L., Heymsfield S., Grundy S. M. The lithogenic index--a numerical expression for the relative lithogenicity of bile. Gastroenterology. 1972 Mar;62(3):499–501. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Mok H. Y., Bell G. D., Dowling R. H. Proceedings: The effects of different doses of chenodeoxycholic acid and of withdrawing treatment on bile lipid composition and liver function in patients with gallstones. Gut. 1974 Apr;15(4):340–340. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Mok H. Y., Bell G. D., Whitney B., Dowling R. H. Stones in common bile duct: non-operative management. Proc R Soc Med. 1974 Jun;67(7):658–660. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Mok H. Y., Perry P. M., Dowling R. H. The control of bile acid pool size: effect of jejunal resection and phenobarbitone on bile acid metabolism in the rat. Gut. 1974 Apr;15(4):247–253. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Montet J. C., Dervichian D. G. Solubilisation micellaire du cholestérol par les sels biliaires et les lecithines extraits de la bile humaine. Biochimie. 1971;53(6):751–754. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Mufson D., Meksuwan K., Zarembo J. E., Ravin L. J. Cholesterol solubility in lecithin-bile salt systems. Science. 1972 Aug 25;177(4050):701–702. doi: 10.1126/science.177.4050.701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. NAKAYAMA F., JOHNSTON C. G. Solubility of human gallstones in primate gallbladder. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1960 May;104:73–75. doi: 10.3181/00379727-104-25731. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Nakayama F., Van der Linden W. Bile from gallbladder harbouring gallstone: can it indicate stone formation? Acta Chir Scand. 1970;136(7):605–610. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Neiderhiser D. H., Roth H. P. Cholesterol solubilization by solutions of bile salts and bile salts plus lecithin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1968 May;128(1):221–225. doi: 10.3181/00379727-128-32983. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Nicholas P., Rinaudo P. A., Conn H. O. Increased incidence of cholelithiasis in Laënnec's cirrhosis. A postmortem evaluation of pathogenesis. Gastroenterology. 1972 Jul;63(1):112–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Nilsson S., Scherstén T. Influence of bile acids on the synthesis of biliary phospholipids in man. Eur J Clin Invest. 1970 Aug;1(2):109–111. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1970.tb00606.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Northfield T. C., Hofmann A. F. Biliary lipid secretion in gallstone patients. Lancet. 1973 Apr 7;1(7806):747–748. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)92130-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Northfield T. C., Larusso N. F., Thistle J. L., Hofmann A. F. Proceedings: Mechanism of action of chenodeoxycholic acid in gallstone dissolution. Gut. 1973 Oct;14(10):826–827. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Ostrowitz A., Gardner B. Studies of bile as a suspending medium and its relationship to gallstone formation. Surgery. 1970 Aug;68(2):329–333. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Pomare E. W., Heaton K. W. Alteration of bile salt metabolism by dietary fibre (bran). Br Med J. 1973 Nov 3;4(5887):262–264. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5887.262. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. RUDMAN D., KENDALL F. E. Bile acid content of human serum. I. Serum bile acids in patients with hepatic disease. J Clin Invest. 1957 Apr;36(4):530–537. doi: 10.1172/JCI103450. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Redinger R. N., Small D. M. Primate biliary physiology. 8. The effect of phenobarbital upon bile salt synthesis and pool size, biliary lipid secretion, and bile composition. J Clin Invest. 1973 Jan;52(1):161–172. doi: 10.1172/JCI107160. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Reichmann J., Wohlgemuth B., Schwokowski C. F. Leberschäden beim Gallensteinleiden. Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1973 Jun 1;28(11):327–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. SIPERSTEIN M. D., MURRAY A. W. Cholesterol metabolism in man. J Clin Invest. 1955 Sep;34(9):1449–1453. doi: 10.1172/JCI103194. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. STEWART F. S., PEARSON A. E. Estimation of mouse tumour blood volumes employing a radioactive isotope technique. Nature. 1960 Apr 16;186:250–251. doi: 10.1038/186250b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Saunders D. R. Insignificance of the enterobiliary circulation of lecithin in man. Gastroenterology. 1970 Dec;59(6):848–852. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Schiff E. R., Dietschy J. M. Current concepts of bile acid absorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 1969 Mar;22(3):273–278. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/22.3.273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Schoenfield L. J., Bonorris G. G., Ganz P. Induced alterations in the rate-limiting enzymes of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in the hamster. J Lab Clin Med. 1973 Dec;82(6):858–868. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Shefer S., Hauser S., Bekersky I., Mosbach E. H. Biochemical site of regulation of bile acid biosynthesis in the rat. J Lipid Res. 1970 Sep;11(5):404–411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Shefer S., Hauser S., Bekersky I., Mosbach E. H. Feedback regulation of bile acid biosynthesis in the rat. J Lipid Res. 1969 Nov;10(6):646–655. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Shefer S., Hauser S., Mosbach E. H. Stimulation of cholesterol 7 -hydroxylase by phenobarbital in two strains of rats. J Lipid Res. 1972 Jan;13(1):69–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Small D. M. Prestone gallstone disease--is therapy safe? N Engl J Med. 1971 Jan 28;284(4):214–215. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197101282840412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Small D. M., Rapo S. Source of abnormal bile in patients with cholesterol gallstones. N Engl J Med. 1970 Jul 9;283(2):53–57. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197007092830201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Small D. M. The formation of gallstones. Adv Intern Med. 1970;16:243–264. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Soloway R. D., Thistle J. L., Schoenfield L. J. Hepatic lipid secretion and cholelithiasis. Am J Dig Dis. 1971 May;16(5):437–454. doi: 10.1007/BF02235091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Sutor D. J., Wooley S. E. A statistical survey of the composition of gallstones in eight countries. Gut. 1971 Jan;12(1):55–64. doi: 10.1136/gut.12.1.55. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Swell L., Bell C. C., Jr, Entenman C. Bile acids and lipid metabolism. 3. Influence of bile acids on phospholipids in liver and bile of the isolated perfused dog liver. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1968 Oct 22;164(2):278–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Swell L., Bell C. C., Jr, Gregory D. H., Vlahcevic Z. R. The cholesterol saturation index of human bile. Am J Dig Dis. 1974 Mar;19(3):261–265. doi: 10.1007/BF01072543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Swell L., Bell C. C., Jr, Gregory D. H., Vlahcevic Z. R. The cholesterol saturation index of human bile. Am J Dig Dis. 1974 Mar;19(3):261–265. doi: 10.1007/BF01072543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Swell L., Bell C. C., Jr Influence of bile acids on biliary lipid excretion in man. Implications in gallstone formation. Am J Dig Dis. 1968 Dec;13(12):1077–1080. doi: 10.1007/BF02233554. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Swell L., Entenman C., Leong G. F., Holloway R. J. Bile acids and lipid metabolism. IV. Influence of bile acids on biliary and liver organelle phospholipids and cholesterol. Am J Physiol. 1968 Dec;215(6):1390–1396. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.215.6.1390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. TORRESYAP F. C. Chloroform instillation of common bile duct; its problems, with report of an immediate untoward reaction. AMA Arch Surg. 1958 Dec;77(6):903–907. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1958.01290050073015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Thistle J. L., Hofmann A. F. Efficacy and specificity of chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for dissolving gallstones. N Engl J Med. 1973 Sep 27;289(13):655–659. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197309272891303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Thistle J. L., Schoenfield L. J. Induced alterations in composition of bile of persons having cholelithiasis. Gastroenterology. 1971 Oct;61(4):488–496. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Thistle J. L., Schoenfield L. J. Lithogenic bile among young Indian women. N Engl J Med. 1971 Jan 28;284(4):177–181. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197101282840404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Thomas P. J., Hofmann A. F. Letter: A simple calculation of the lithogenic index of bile: expressing biliary lipid composition on rectangular coordinates. Gastroenterology. 1973 Oct;65(4):698–700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Tompkins R. K., Burke L. G., Zollinger R. M., Cornwell D. G. Relationship of biliary phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations to the occurrence and dissolution of human gallstones. Ann Surg. 1970 Dec;172(6):936–945. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197012000-00002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Tompkins R. K., Burke L., Cornwell D. G., Zollinger R. M. Enhancement of the cholesterol-holding capacity of human hepatic bile. Surg Forum. 1968;19:344–345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Vlahcevic Z. R., Bell C. C., Jr, Buhac I., Farrar J. T., Swell L. Diminished bile acid pool size in patients with gallstones. Gastroenterology. 1970 Aug;59(2):165–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Vlahcevic Z. R., Bell C. C., Jr, Gregory D. H., Buker G., Juttijudata P., Swell L. Relationship of bile acid pool size to the formation of lithogenic bile in female Indians of the southwest. Gastroenterology. 1972 Jan;62(1):73–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Vlahcevic Z. R., Bell C., Jr, Swell L. Significance of the liver in the production of lithogenic bile in man. Gastroenterology. 1970 Jul;59(1):62–69. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. WATANABE N., GIMBEL N. S., JOHNSTON C. G. Effect of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids on the cholesterol holding capacity of human bile. Arch Surg. 1962 Jul;85:136–141. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1962.01310010140019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Way L. W., Admirand W. H., Dunphy J. E. Management of choledocholithiasis. Ann Surg. 1972 Sep;176(3):347–359. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197209000-00011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Whitney B., Bell G. D. Single bolus injection or slow infusion for intravenous cholangiography? Measurement of iodipamide (Biligrafin) excretion using a rhesus monkey model. Br J Radiol. 1972 Dec;45(540):891–895. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-45-540-891. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Wolpers C. Spontanauflösung von Gallenblasensteinen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1968 Dec 27;93(52):2525–passim. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1110975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Young D. L., Powell G., McMillan W. O. Phenobarbital-induced alterations in phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride synthesis in hepatic endoplasmic reticulum. J Lipid Res. 1971 Jan;12(1):1–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. van der Linden W., Nakayama F. Change of bile composition in man after administration of cholestyramine (a gallstone dissolving agent in hamsters). Acta Chir Scand. 1969;135(5):433–438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES