Skip to main content
Annals of Surgery logoLink to Annals of Surgery
. 1961 Oct;154(4):611–627. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196110000-00011

Studies on Hemorrhagic and Endotoxin Shock in Relation to Vasomotor Changes and Endogenous Circulating Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Serotonin *

J C Rosenberg, Richard C Lillehei, Jerrold Longerbeam, Bernard Zimmermann
PMCID: PMC1465978  PMID: 14493963

Full text

PDF
615

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ARMIN J., GRANT R. T. The vasoconstriction caused by a pyrogen. J Physiol. 1957 Oct 30;138(3):417–433. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005859. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. BENNETT I. L., Jr, CLUFF L. E. Bacterial pyrogens. Pharmacol Rev. 1957 Dec;9(4):427–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BOBA A. Acute hemorrhage. Ann Surg. 1960 Jul;152:51–57. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196007000-00008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BOQUET P., IZARD Y. Effect of dibenamin on the vascular response of rabbits to typhoid endotoxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1950 Oct;75(1):254–256. doi: 10.3181/00379727-75-18163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BRAUDE A. I., CAREY F. J., SUTHERLAND D., ZALESKY M. Studies with radioactive endotoxin. I. The use of Cr51 to label endotoxin of Escherichia coli. J Clin Invest. 1955 Jun;34(6):850–857. doi: 10.1172/JCI103140. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. BURN J. H., RAND M. J. New observations on the sympathetic postganglionic mechanism. Am J Med. 1960 Dec;29:1002–1007. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(60)90080-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. BURN J. H., RAND M. J. The action of sympathomimetic amines in animals treated with reserpine. J Physiol. 1958 Dec 4;144(2):314–336. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1958.sp006104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bainbridge F. A., Trevan J. W. Some actions of adrenalin upon the liver. J Physiol. 1917 Dec 6;51(6):460–468. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1917.sp001812. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. EGDAHL R. H. The differential response of the adrenal cortex and medulla to bacterial endotoxin. J Clin Invest. 1959 Jul;38(7):1120–1125. doi: 10.1172/JCI103888. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Emerson C. P., Ebert R. V. A Study of Shock in Battle Casualties: Measurements of the Blood Volume Changes Occurring in Response to Therapy. Ann Surg. 1945 Nov;122(5):745–772. doi: 10.1097/00000658-194511000-00001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Erlanger J., Gasser H. S. HYPERTONIC GUM ACACIA AND GLUCOSE IN THE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY TRAUMATIC SHOCK. Ann Surg. 1919 Apr;69(4):389–421. doi: 10.1097/00000658-191904000-00006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. FINE J., RUTENBURG S., SCHWEINBURG F. B. The role of the reticulo-endothelial system in hemorrhagic shock. J Exp Med. 1959 Oct 1;110:547–569. doi: 10.1084/jem.110.4.547. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. FINLAND M. Treatment of pneumonia and other serious infections. N Engl J Med. 1960 Aug 4;263:207–221. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196008042630501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Freeman N. E., Shaffer S. A., Schecter A. E., Holling H. E., Marean N. E. THE EFFECT OF TOTAL SYMPATHECTOMY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SHOCK FROM HEMORRHAGE. J Clin Invest. 1938 May;17(3):359–368. doi: 10.1172/JCI100960. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Freeman N. E., Shaw J. L., Snyder J. C. THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW IN SURGICAL SHOCK: The Reduction in Circulation through the Hand Resulting from Pain, Fear, Cold, and Asphyxia, with Quantitative Measurements of the Volume Flow of Blood in Clinical Cases of Surgical Shock. J Clin Invest. 1936 Nov;15(6):651–664. doi: 10.1172/JCI100817. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. GERMUTH F. G., Jr The role of adrenocortical steroids in infection, immunity and hypersensitivity. Pharmacol Rev. 1956 Mar;8(1):1–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. GILBERT R. P. Mechanisms of the hemodynamic effects of endotoxin. Physiol Rev. 1960 Apr;40:245–279. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1960.40.2.245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. GREEN H. D., KEPCHAR J. H. Control of peripheral resistance in major systemic vascular beds. Physiol Rev. 1959 Jul;39(3):617–686. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1959.39.3.617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. HADDY F. J. Effect of histamine on small and large vessel pressures in the dog foreleg. Am J Physiol. 1960 Jan;198:161–168. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1960.198.1.161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. HADDY F. J., FLEISHMAN M., EMANUEL D. A. Effect of epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin upon systemic small and large vessel resistance. Circ Res. 1957 May;5(3):247–251. doi: 10.1161/01.res.5.3.247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. HEYMANS C. Action of drugs on carotid body and sinus. Pharmacol Rev. 1955 Mar;7(1):119–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. LANSING A. M., STEVENSON J. A. Mechanism of action of norepinephrine in hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol. 1958 May;193(2):289–293. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.193.2.289. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. LILLEHEI R. C., MACLEAN L. D. The intestinal factor in irreversible endotoxin shock. Ann Surg. 1958 Oct;148(4):513–525. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195810000-00002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. LILLEHEI R. C. The intestinal factor in irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Surgery. 1957 Dec;42(6):1043–1054. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. LUND A. Release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the suprarenal gland. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1951;7(4):309–320. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1951.tb02872.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. MANGER W. M., BOLLMAN J. L., MAHER F. T., BERKSON J. Plasma concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine in hemorrhagic and anaphylactic shock. Am J Physiol. 1957 Aug;190(2):310–316. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1957.190.2.310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. MEYER M. W., BALLIN H. M. Failure to observe alteration of epinephrine activity after endotoxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1959 Feb;100(2):288–290. doi: 10.3181/00379727-100-24602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. MILLAR R. A., BENFEY B. G. The fluorimetric estimation of adrenaline and noradrenaline during haemorrhagic hypotension. Br J Anaesth. 1958 Apr;30(4):158–165. doi: 10.1093/bja/30.4.158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. NAGLER A. L., THOMAS L., ZWEIFACH B. W. The role of epinephrine in the reactions produced by the endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria. II. The changes produced by endotoxin in the vascular reactivity to epinephrine, in the rat mesoappendix and the isolated, perfused rabbit ear. J Exp Med. 1956 Dec 1;104(6):881–896. doi: 10.1084/jem.104.6.881. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. PATON W. D. M., PERRY W. L. M. The relationship between depolarization and block in the cat's superior cervical ganglion. J Physiol. 1953 Jan;119(1):43–57. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004827. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. REMINGTON J. W., HAMILTON W. F., BOYD G. H., Jr, HAMILTON W. F., Jr, CADDELL H. M. Role of vasoconstriction in the response of the dog to hemorrhage. Am J Physiol. 1950 Apr 1;161(1):116–124. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1950.161.1.116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. ROSENBERG J. C., LILLEHEI R. C., MORAN W. H., ZIMMERMANN B. A comparison of the effects of irreversible hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock on serotonin concentration in blood. Surg Forum. 1960;10:397–400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. SPINK W. W. The pathogenesis and management of shock due to infection. Arch Intern Med. 1960 Sep;106:433–442. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1960.03820030121018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. STETSON C. A., Jr Studies on the mechanism of the Shwartzman phenomenon; similarities between reactions to endotoxins and certain reactions of bacterial allergy. J Exp Med. 1955 Apr 1;101(4):421–436. doi: 10.1084/jem.101.4.421. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. THOMAS L. The physiological disturbances produced by endotoxins. Annu Rev Physiol. 1954;16:467–490. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.16.030154.002343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. WAISBREN B. A. Bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli other than the Salmonella; a clinical and therapeutic study. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1951 Oct;88(4):467–488. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1951.03810100051005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. WALKER W. F., ZILELI M. S., REUTTER F. W., SHOEMAKER W. C., FRIEND D., MOORE F. D. Adrenal medullary secretion in hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol. 1959 Oct;197:773–780. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.4.773. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. WALTON R. P., RICHARDSON J. A., WALTON R. P., Jr, THOMPSON W. L. Sympathetic influences during hemorrhagic hypotension. Am J Physiol. 1959 Jul;197(1):223–230. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.1.223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. WATTS D. T. Arterial blood epinephrine levels during hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs. Am J Physiol. 1956 Feb;184(2):271–274. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1956.184.2.271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. WATTS D. T., BRAGG A. D. Blood epinephrine levels and automatic reinfusion of blood during hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1957 Dec;96(3):609–612. doi: 10.3181/00379727-96-23553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. WEIL-MALHERBE H., BONE A. D. The adrenergic amines of human blood. Lancet. 1953 May 16;1(6768):974–977. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)92117-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. WEIL M. H., SPINK W. W. A comparison of shock due to endotoxin with anaphylactic shock. J Lab Clin Med. 1957 Oct;50(4):501–515. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. ZWEIFACH B. W., GORDON H. A., WAGNER M., REYNIERS J. A. Irreversible hemorrhagic shock in germfree rats. J Exp Med. 1958 Mar 1;107(3):437–450. doi: 10.1084/jem.107.3.437. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Annals of Surgery are provided here courtesy of Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins

RESOURCES