Skip to main content
Environmental Health Perspectives logoLink to Environmental Health Perspectives
. 1976 Aug;16:25–40. doi: 10.1289/ehp.761625

Generation and characterization of aerosols and vapors for inhalation experiments.

M I Tillery, G O Wood, H J Ettinger
PMCID: PMC1475235  PMID: 797565

Abstract

Control of aerosol and vapor characteristics that affect the toxicity of inhaled contaminants often determines the methods of generating exposure atmospheres. Generation methods for aerosols and vapors are presented. The characteristics of the resulting exposure atmosphere and the limitations of the various generation methods are discussed. Methods and instruments for measuring the airborne contaminant with respect to various charcteristics are also described.

Full text

PDF
26

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. BURDEKIN J. T., DAWES J. G. The use of a size selector for dust sampling with the thermal precipitator. Br J Ind Med. 1956 Jul;13(3):196–201. doi: 10.1136/oem.13.3.196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Berke H. L., Hull T. E. An improved aerosol generator. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1975 Jan;36(1):43–48. doi: 10.1080/0002889758507206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. COTABISH H. N., McCONNAUGHEY P. W., MESSER H. C. Making known concentrations for instrument calibration. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1961 Oct;22:392–402. doi: 10.1080/00028896109343427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. DIMMICK R. L. Jet disperser for compacted powders in the one-to ten-micronrange. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1959 Jul;20(1):8–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Hounam R. F. The Konimiser--a dispenser for the continuous generation of dust clouds from milligram quantities of asbestos. Ann Occup Hyg. 1971 Dec;14(4):329–335. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/14.4.329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Kanapilly G. M., Raabe O. G., Goh C. H., Chimenti R. A. Measurement of in vitro dissolution of aerosol particles for comparison to in vivo dissolution in the lower respiratory tract after inhalation. Health Phys. 1973 May;24(5):497–507. doi: 10.1097/00004032-197305000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Kotrappa P., Moss O. R. Production of relatively monodisperse aerosols for inhalation experiments by aerosol centrifugation. Health Phys. 1971 Oct;21(4):531–535. doi: 10.1097/00004032-197110000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. LAUTERBACH K. E., HAYES A. D., COELHO M. A. An improved aerosol generator. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1956 Feb;13(2):156–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. LIPPMANN M., HARRIS W. B. Size-selective samplers for estimating "respirable" dust concentrations. Health Phys. 1962 Mar-Apr;8:155–163. doi: 10.1097/00004032-196204000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Lilienfeld P. Beta-absorption-impactor aerosol mass monitor. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1970 Nov-Dec;31(6):722–729. doi: 10.1080/0002889708506320. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Lilienfeld P., Dulchinos J. Portable instantaneous mass monitor for coal mine dust. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1972 Mar;33(3):136–145. doi: 10.1080/0002889728506623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Lippmann M., Albert R. E. A compact electric-motor driven spinning disc aerosol generator. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1967 Nov-Dec;28(6):501–506. doi: 10.1080/00028896709342675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Liu B. Y., Lee K. W. An aerosol generator of high stability. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1975 Dec;36(12):861–865. doi: 10.1080/0002889758507357. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Lundgren D. A. An aerosol sampler for determination of particle concentration as a function of size and time. J Air Pollut Control Assoc. 1967 Apr;17(4):225–229. doi: 10.1080/00022470.1967.10468972. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. MERCER T. T. AEROSOL PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION: SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPROVING CORRELATION OF FIELD AND LABORATORY DERIVED DATA. Health Phys. 1964 Dec;10:873–887. doi: 10.1097/00004032-196412000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. MERCER T. T., GODDARD R. F., FLORES R. L. OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERAL COMMERCIAL NEBULIZERS. Ann Allergy. 1965 Jul;23:314–326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. MERCER T. T. On the calibration of cascade impactors. Ann Occup Hyg. 1963 Jan-Mar;6:1–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. MORROW P. E., MERCER T. T. A POINT-TO-PLANE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR FOR PARTICLE SIZE SAMPLING. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1964 Jan-Feb;25:8–14. doi: 10.1080/00028896409342547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Martens A. E., Keller J. D. An instrument for sizing and counting airborne particles. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1968 May-Jun;29(3):257–267. doi: 10.1080/00028896809342999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Mercer T. T., Goddard R. F., Flores R. L. Effect of auxiliary air flow on the output characteristics of compressed-air nebulizers. Ann Allergy. 1969 May;27(5):211–217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Mercer T. T., Goddard R. F., Flores R. L. Output characteristics of three ultrasonic nebulizers. Ann Allergy. 1968 Jan;26(1):18–27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mercer T. T. On the role of particle size in the dissolution of lung burdens. Health Phys. 1967 Nov;13(11):1211–1221. doi: 10.1097/00004032-196711000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Mercer T. T., Stafford R. G. Impaction from round jets. Ann Occup Hyg. 1969 Jan;12(1):41–48. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/12.1.41. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Mercer T. T., Tillery M. I., Chow H. Y. Operating characteristics of some compressed-air nebulizers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1968 Jan-Feb;29(1):66–78. doi: 10.1080/00028896809342983. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Olin J. G., Sem G. J., Christenson D. L. Piezoelectric-electrostatic aerosol mass concentration monitor. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1971 Apr;32(4):209–220. doi: 10.1080/0002889718506441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ortiz L. W., Isom B. L. Transfer technique for electron microscopy of membrane filter samples. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1974 Jul;35(7):423–425. doi: 10.1080/0002889748507054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. RAPAPORT E., WEINSTOCK S. E. A generator for homogeneous aerosols. Experientia. 1955 Sep 15;11(9):363–364. doi: 10.1007/BF02159927. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Swift D. L. A study of the size and monodispersity of aerosols produced in a Sinclair-La Mer Generator. Ann Occup Hyg. 1967 Oct;10(4):337–348. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/10.4.337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Tillery M. I. A concentric aerosol spectrometer. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1974 Feb;35(2):62–74. doi: 10.1080/0002889748507007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Timbrell V., Hyett A. W., Skidmore J. W. A simple dispenser for generating dust clouds from standard reference samples of asbestos. Ann Occup Hyg. 1968 Oct;11(4):273–281. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/11.4.273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. WRIGHT B. M. A size-selecting sampler for airborne dust. Br J Ind Med. 1954 Oct;11(4):284–288. doi: 10.1136/oem.11.4.284. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Environmental Health Perspectives are provided here courtesy of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

RESOURCES