Skip to main content
PMC home page
Archives of Disease in Childhood logoLink to Archives of Disease in Childhood
. 1995 Feb;72(2):120–124. doi: 10.1136/adc.72.2.120

Maternal smoking and blood pressure in 7.5 to 8 year old offspring.

R Morley 1, C Leeson Payne 1, G Lister 1, A Lucas 1
PMCID: PMC1511033  PMID: 7702372

Abstract

Reduced fetal growth in babies born preterm may be associated with reduced later blood pressure, but in children born at term, higher blood pressure. It was hypothesised, therefore, that maternal smoking in pregnancy, associated with reduced fetal growth, programmes later blood pressure differentially according to length of gestation. Six hundred and eighteen children born preterm and now aged 7.5 to 8 years were studied prospectively. Systolic blood pressure in children from smoking compared with non-smoking mothers was significantly lower in those born before 33 weeks' gestation and significantly higher in those born at 33 or more weeks. Within the range 0-40 cigarettes per day until delivery (after adjusting for potentially confounding factors, including social class and current weight) each 10 was associated with a 1.5 mm Hg fall and 2.9 mm Hg rise in pressure for children born below or above 33 weeks' gestation respectively. Similar though smaller differences were seen in diastolic pressure. These data support our hypothesis that later effects of insults impairing fetal growth are gestation dependent, and provide the first evidence that maternal smoking may have long term consequences for blood pressure in children.

Full text

PDF
124

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allanson J. E., Hall J. G., Hughes H. E., Preus M., Witt R. D. Noonan syndrome: the changing phenotype. Am J Med Genet. 1985 Jul;21(3):507–514. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320210313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Andreucci D., Teodoro W. R., Mariani C. Very high collagen increase in placentae of smoking mothers. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1992;34(2):88–91. doi: 10.1159/000292733. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Avigdor S., Zakheim D., Barnea E. R. Quinone reductase activity in the first trimester placenta: effect of cigarette smoking and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Reprod Toxicol. 1992;6(4):363–366. doi: 10.1016/0890-6238(92)90200-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barker D. J., Bull A. R., Osmond C., Simmonds S. J. Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life. BMJ. 1990 Aug 4;301(6746):259–262. doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6746.259. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bremme K., Lagerström M., Andersson O., Johansson S., Eneroth P. Influences of maternal smoking and fetal sex on maternal serum oestriol, prolactin, hCG, and hPI levels. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1990;247(2):95–103. doi: 10.1007/BF02390666. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Christophe A., Morton J. Psychology. Comprehending baby-think. Nature. 1994 Jul 28;370(6487):250–251. doi: 10.1038/370250a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dehaene-Lambertz G., Dehaene S. Speed and cerebral correlates of syllable discrimination in infants. Nature. 1994 Jul 28;370(6487):292–295. doi: 10.1038/370292a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Godfrey K. M., Redman C. W., Barker D. J., Osmond C. The effect of maternal anaemia and iron deficiency on the ratio of fetal weight to placental weight. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991 Sep;98(9):886–891. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1991.tb13510.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hunt A., Dennis J. Psychiatric disorder among children with tuberous sclerosis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1987 Apr;29(2):190–198. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1987.tb02135.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Jauniaux E., Burton G. J. The effect of smoking in pregnancy on early placental morphology. Obstet Gynecol. 1992 May;79(5 ):645–648. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kitawaki J., Inoue S., Tamura T., Yamamoto T., Honjo H., Higashiyama T., Osawa Y., Okada H. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy lowers aromatase cytochrome P-450 in the human placenta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993 Jun;45(6):485–491. doi: 10.1016/0960-0760(93)90163-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kuhnert B. R. Drug exposure to the fetus--the effect of smoking. NIDA Res Monogr. 1991;114:1–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Law C. M., Barker D. J., Bull A. R., Osmond C. Maternal and fetal influences on blood pressure. Arch Dis Child. 1991 Nov;66(11):1291–1295. doi: 10.1136/adc.66.11.1291. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Law C. M., de Swiet M., Osmond C., Fayers P. M., Barker D. J., Cruddas A. M., Fall C. H. Initiation of hypertension in utero and its amplification throughout life. BMJ. 1993 Jan 2;306(6869):24–27. doi: 10.1136/bmj.306.6869.24. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Lucas A., Gore S. M., Cole T. J., Bamford M. F., Dossetor J. F., Barr I., Dicarlo L., Cork S., Lucas P. J. Multicentre trial on feeding low birthweight infants: effects of diet on early growth. Arch Dis Child. 1984 Aug;59(8):722–730. doi: 10.1136/adc.59.8.722. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Mendez H. M., Opitz J. M. Noonan syndrome: a review. Am J Med Genet. 1985 Jul;21(3):493–506. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320210312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Money J., Kalus M. E., Jr Noonan's syndrome. IQ and specific disabilities. Am J Dis Child. 1979 Aug;133(8):846–850. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Morley R., Lister G., Leeson-Payne C., Lucas A. Size at birth and later blood pressure. Arch Dis Child. 1994 Jun;70(6):536–537. doi: 10.1136/adc.70.6.536. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Newnham J. P., Patterson L., James I., Reid S. E. Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on ultrasonic measurements of fetal growth and on Doppler flow velocity waveforms. Early Hum Dev. 1990 Oct;24(1):23–36. doi: 10.1016/0378-3782(90)90003-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. O'Brien G. Behavioural phenotypes and their measurement. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1992 Apr;34(4):365–367. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1992.tb11442.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Pasanen M., Pelkonen O. Xenobiotic and steroid-metabolizing monooxygenases catalysed by cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase conjugations in the human placenta and their relationships to maternal cigarette smoking. Placenta. 1990 Jan-Feb;11(1):75–85. doi: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80445-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Sanyal M. K., Li Y. L., Biggers W. J., Satish J., Barnea E. R. Augmentation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism of human placental tissues of first-trimester pregnancy by cigarette smoke exposure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 May;168(5):1587–1597. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90803-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Sastry B. V. Placental toxicology: tobacco smoke, abused drugs, multiple chemical interactions, and placental function. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1991;3(4):355–372. doi: 10.1071/rd9910355. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Sharland M., Burch M., McKenna W. M., Paton M. A. A clinical study of Noonan syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1992 Feb;67(2):178–183. doi: 10.1136/adc.67.2.178. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Shimizu T., Dudley D. K., Borodchack P., Belcher J., Perkins S. L., Gibb W. Effect of smoking on fibronectin production by human amnion and placenta. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1992;34(3):142–145. doi: 10.1159/000292747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Slupphaug G., Lettrem I., Myrnes B., Krokan H. E. Expression of O6-methylguanine--DNA methyltransferase and uracil--DNA glycosylase in human placentae from smokers and non-smokers. Carcinogenesis. 1992 Oct;13(10):1769–1773. doi: 10.1093/carcin/13.10.1769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Udwin O., Yule W., Martin N. Cognitive abilities and behavioural characteristics of children with idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1987 Mar;28(2):297–309. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00212.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Whincup P. H., Cook D. G., Papacosta O. Do maternal and intrauterine factors influence blood pressure in childhood? Arch Dis Child. 1992 Dec;67(12):1423–1429. doi: 10.1136/adc.67.12.1423. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Archives of Disease in Childhood are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES