Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Environmental Health Perspectives logoLink to Environmental Health Perspectives
. 1984 Apr;55:97–109. doi: 10.1289/ehp.845597

Particles causing lung disease.

K H Kilburn
PMCID: PMC1568366  PMID: 6376114

Abstract

The lung has a limited number of patterns of reaction to inhaled particles. The disease observed depends upon the location: conducting airways, terminal bronchioles and alveoli, and upon the nature of inflammation induced: acute, subacute or chronic. Many different agents cause narrowing of conducting airways (asthma) and some of these cause permanent distortion or obliteration of airways as well. Terminal bronchioles appear to be particularly susceptible to particles which cause goblet cell metaplasia, mucous plugging and ultimately peribronchiolar fibrosis. Cancer is the last outcome at the bronchial level and appears to depend upon continuous exposure to or retention of an agent in the airway and failure of the affected cells to be exfoliated which may be due to squamous metaplasia. Alveoli are populated by endothelial cells, Type I or pavement epithelial cells and metabolically active cuboidal Type II cells that produce the lungs specific surfactant, dipalmytol lecithin. Disturbances of surfactant lead to edema in distal lung while laryngeal edema due to anaphylaxis or fumes may produce asphyxia. Physical retention of indigestible particles or retention by immune memory responses may provoke hyaline membranes, stimulate alveolar lipoproteinosis and finally fibrosis. This later exuberant deposition of connective tissue has been best studied in the occupational pneumoconioses especially silicosis and asbestosis. In contrast emphysema a catabolic response, appears frequently to result from leakage or release of lysosomal proteases into the lung during processing of cigarette smoke particles. The insidious and probably most important human lung disease due to particles is bronchiolar obstruction and obliteration, producing progressive impairment of air flow. The responsible particle is the complex combination of poorly digestive lipids and complex carbohydrates with active chemicals which we call cigarette smoke. More research is needed to perfect, correct and quantify our preliminary picture of the pathogenesis of lung disease by particles, but a useful start has been made.

Full text

PDF
97

Images in this article

100FIGURE 1.
on p.100

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. AUERBACH O., FORMAN J. B., GERE J. B., KASSOUNY D. Y., MUEHSAM G. E., PETRICK T. G., SMOLIN H. J., STOUT A. P. Changes in the bronchial epithelium in relation to smoking and cancer of the lung; a report of progress. N Engl J Med. 1957 Jan 17;256(3):97–104. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195701172560301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. AUERBACH O., STOUT A. P., HAMMOND E. C., GARFINKEL L. SMOKING HABITS AND AGE IN RELATION TO PULMONARY CHANGES. RUPTURE OF ALVEOLAR SEPTUMS, FIBROSIS AND THICKENING OF WALLS OF SMALL ARTERIES AND ARTERIOLES. N Engl J Med. 1963 Nov 14;269:1045–1054. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196311142692001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Adamson I. Y., Bowden D. H. The pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am J Pathol. 1974 Nov;77(2):185–197. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Allison A. C. Pathogenic effects of inhaled particles and antigens. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;221:299–308. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb28229.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anthony J. S., Zamel N., Aberman A. Abnormalities in pulmonary function after brief exposure to toxic metal fumes. Can Med Assoc J. 1978 Sep 23;119(6):586–588. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Arnaud A., Pommier de Santi P. P., Garbe L., Payan H., Charpin J. Polyvinyl chloride pneumoconiosis. Thorax. 1978 Feb;33(1):19–25. doi: 10.1136/thx.33.1.19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Asmundsson T., Kilburn K. H., McKenzie W. N. Injury and metaplasia of airway cells due to SO2. Lab Invest. 1973 Jul;29(1):41–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Auerbach O., Hammond E. C., Garfinkel L., Benante C. Relation of smoking and age to emphysema. Whole-lung section study. N Engl J Med. 1972 Apr 20;286(16):853–857. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197204202861601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. BRUGSCH H. G., ELKINS H. B. Toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) toxicity. N Engl J Med. 1963 Feb 14;268:353–357. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196302142680705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bayliss D. L., Dement J. M., Wagoner J. K., Blejer H. P. Mortality patterns among fibrous glass production workers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1976;271:324–335. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb23128.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Blue M. L., Janoff A. Possible mechanisms of emphysema in cigarette smokers. Release of elastase from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by cigarette smoke condensate in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 Feb;117(2):317–325. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1978.117.2.317. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Boyer R. S., Klock L. E., Schmidt C. D., Hyland L., Maxwell K., Gardner R. M., Renzetti A. D., Jr Hypersensitivity lung disease in the turkey raising industry. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974 Jun;109(6):630–635. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1974.109.6.630. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. CROCKER T. T., NIELSEN B. I., LASNITZKI I. CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS. EFFECTS ON SUCKLING RAT TRACHEA IN ORGAN CULTURE. Arch Environ Health. 1965 Feb;10:240–250. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1965.10663991. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chan-Yeung M., Barton G. M., MacLean L., Grzybowski S. Occupational asthma and rhinitis due to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973 Nov;108(5):1094–1102. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1973.108.5.1094. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Channell S., Blyth W., Lloyd M., Weir D. M., Amos W. M., Littlewood A. P., Riddle H. F., Grant I. W. Allergic alveolitis in maltworkers. A clinical, mycological, and immunological study. Q J Med. 1969 Oct;38(152):351–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Chrisp C. E., Fisher G. L., Lammert J. E. Mutagenicity of filtrates from respirable coal fly ash. Science. 1978 Jan 6;199(4324):73–75. doi: 10.1126/science.199.4324.73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Coates E. O., Jr, Watson J. H. Diffuse interstitial lung disease in tungsten carbide workers. Ann Intern Med. 1971 Nov;75(5):709–716. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-75-5-709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Coates E. O., Jr, Watson J. H. Pathology of the lung in tungsten carbide workers using light and electron microscopy. J Occup Med. 1973 Mar;15(3):280–286. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Colten H. R., Polakoff P. L., Weinstein S. F., Strieder D. J. Immediate hypersensitivity to hog trypsin resulting from industrial exposure. N Engl J Med. 1975 May 15;292(20):1050–1053. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197505152922003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Dalhamn T., Rylander R. Cigarette smoke and ciliastasis. Effect of varying composition of smoke. Arch Environ Health. 1966 Jul;13(1):47–50. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1966.10664508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Darke C. S., Knowelden J., Lacey J., Milford Ward A. Respiratory disease of workers harvesting grain. Thorax. 1976 Jun;31(3):294–302. doi: 10.1136/thx.31.3.294. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Davidson J. M., Macleod W. M. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Br J Dis Chest. 1969 Jan;63(1):13–28. doi: 10.1016/s0007-0971(69)80040-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Davies R. J., Hendrick D. J., Pepys J. Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents: ampicillin, benzyl penicillin, 6 amino penicillanic acid and related substances. Clin Allergy. 1974 Sep;4(3):227–247. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1974.tb01381.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dodson V. N., Rosenblatt E. C. Asthma in a precision casting worker. J Occup Med. 1966 Jun;8(6):326–328. doi: 10.1097/00043764-196606000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dyer R. F., Esch V. H. Polyvinyl chloride toxicity in fires. Hydrogen chloride toxicity in fire fighters. JAMA. 1976 Jan 26;235(4):393–397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. EMANUEL D. A., WENZEL F. J., BOWERMAN C. I., LAWTON B. R. FARMER'S LUNG: CLINICAL, PATHOLOGIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC STUDY OF TWENTY-FOUR PATIENTS. Am J Med. 1964 Sep;37:392–401. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(64)90195-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ebert R. V., Kronenberg R. S., Terracio M. J. Study of the surface secretion of the bronchiole using radioautography. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 Sep;114(3):567–573. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1976.114.3.567. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Ebert R. V., Terracio M. J. The bronchiolar epithelium in cigarette smokers. Observations with the scanning electron microscope. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1975 Jan;111(1):4–11. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1975.111.1.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Edwards C., Macartney J., Rooke G., Ward F. The pathology of the lung in byssinotics. Thorax. 1975 Dec;30(6):612–623. doi: 10.1136/thx.30.6.612. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Edwards J. H., Griffiths A. J., Mullins J. Protozoa as sources of antigen in 'humidifier fever'. Nature. 1976 Dec 2;264(5585):438–439. doi: 10.1038/264438a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Eichel B., Shahrik H. A. Tobacco smoke toxicity: loss of human oral leukocyte function and fluid-cell metabolism. Science. 1969 Dec 12;166(3911):1424–1428. doi: 10.1126/science.166.3911.1424. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Eid A. H., el-Sewefy A. Z. Electron microscope study of the sputum of cases of cement asthma in Egypt. J Egypt Med Assoc. 1969;52(5):400–406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Ellis K. J., Vartsky D., Zanzi I., Cohn S. H., Yasumura S. Cadmium: in vivo measurement in smokers and nonsmokers. Science. 1979 Jul 20;205(4403):323–325. doi: 10.1126/science.377488. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. FREEDMAN S. O., KRUPEY J., SEHON A. H. Cholrogenic acid: an allergen in green coffee bean. Nature. 1961 Oct 21;192:241–243. doi: 10.1038/192241a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Fawcett I. W., Taylor A. J., Pepys J. Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--fumes from 'Multicore' soldering flux and colophony resin. Clin Allergy. 1976 Nov;6(6):577–585. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1976.tb01944.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Ferin J. Observations concerning alveolar dust clearance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1972 Dec 29;200:66–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb40178.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fine L. J., Peters J. M. Respiratory morbidity in rubber workers: II. Pulmonary function in curing workers. Arch Environ Health. 1976 Jan-Feb;31(1):10–14. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1976.10667182. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fletcher C., Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J. 1977 Jun 25;1(6077):1645–1648. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6077.1645. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Flindt M. L. Respiratory hazards from papain. Lancet. 1978 Feb 25;1(8061):430–432. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91216-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Freiman D. G., Hardy H. L. Beryllium disease. The relation of pulmonary pathology to clinical course and prognosis based on a study of 130 cases from the U.S. beryllium case registry. Hum Pathol. 1970 Mar;1(1):25–44. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(70)80003-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Friend J. A., Gaddie J., Palmer K. N., Pickering C. A., Pepys J. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and contaminated cooling-water in a factory machine. Lancet. 1977 Feb 5;1(8006):297–300. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91839-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. GANELIN R. S., CUETO C., Jr, MAIL G. A. EXPOSURE TO PARATHION. EFFECT ON GENERAL POPULATION AND ASTHMATICS. JAMA. 1964 Jun 1;188:807–810. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. GIBBONS H. L., DILLE J. R., COWLEY R. G. INHALANT ALLERGY TO THE SCREWWORM FLY. PRELIMINARY REPORT. Arch Environ Health. 1965 Mar;10:424–430. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1965.10664023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Giles R. D., Sturgill B. C., Suratt P. M., Bolton W. K. Massive proteinuria and acute renal failure in a patient with acute silicoproteinosis. Am J Med. 1978 Feb;64(2):336–342. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(78)90063-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gleason R. P. Exposure to copper dust. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1968 Sep-Oct;29(5):461–462. doi: 10.1080/00028896809343035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Goldstein I. M. Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte lysosomes and immune tissue injury. Prog Allergy. 1976;20:301–340. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gross P., DeTreville R. T. Alveolar proteinosis. Its experimental production in rodents. Arch Pathol. 1968 Sep;86(3):255–261. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. HARRIS D. K. Polymer-fume fever. Lancet. 1951 Dec 1;2(6692):1008–1011. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)93401-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Harris C. C., Sporn M. B., Kaufman D. G., Smith J. M., Baker M. S., Saffiotti U. Acute ultrastructural effects of benzo[a]pyrene and ferric oxide the hamster tracheobronchial epithelium. Cancer Res. 1971 Dec;31(12):1977–1989. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Heppleston A. G. The fibrogenic action of silica. Br Med Bull. 1969 Sep;25(3):282–287. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070719. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Heppleston A. G., Wright N. A., Stewart J. A. Experimental alveolar lipo-proteinosis following the inhalation of silica. J Pathol. 1970 Aug;101(4):293–307. doi: 10.1002/path.1711010402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hernandez J. A., Anderson A. E., Jr, Holmes W. L., Foraker A. G. Pulmonary parenchymal defects in dogs following prolonged cigarette smoke exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1966 Jan;93(1):78–83. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1966.93.1.78. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hod I., Herz A., Zimber A. Pulmonary carcinoma (Jaagsiekte) of sheep. Ultrastructural study of early and advanced tumor lesions. Am J Pathol. 1977 Mar;86(3):545–558. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hudson A. R., Kilburn K. H., Halprin G. M., McKenzie W. N. Granulocyte recruitment to airways exposed to endotoxin aerosols. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977 Jan;115(1):89–95. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1977.115.1.89. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hurst D. J., Kilburn K. H., Lynn W. S. Isolation and surface activity of soluble aveolar components. Respir Physiol. 1973 Jan;17(1):72–80. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(73)90111-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Inui N., Takayama S. Effect of cigarette tar upon tissue culture cells. Neoplastic transformation of hamster lung cells by tobacco tar in tissue culture. Br J Cancer. 1971 Sep;25(3):574–583. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1971.73. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Jörgensen H., Svensson A. Studies on pulmonary function and respiratory tract symptoms of workers in an iron ore mine where diesel trucks are used underground. J Occup Med. 1970 Sep;12(9):348–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kaltreider N. L., Elder M. J., Cralley L. V., Colwell M. O. Health survey of aluminum workers with special reference to fluoride exposure. J Occup Med. 1972 Jul;14(7):531–541. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Keskinen H., Kalliomäki P. L., Alanko K. Occupational asthma due to stainless steel welding fumes. Clin Allergy. 1980 Mar;10(2):151–159. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1980.tb02092.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kilburn K. H. Acute bronchitis due to cotton plant polyphenols. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;221:335–339. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb28235.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kilburn K. H., Lynn W. S., Tres L. L., McKenzie W. N. Leukocyte recruitment through airway walls by condensed vegetable tannins and quercetin. Lab Invest. 1973 Jan;28(1):55–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kilburn K. H., McKenzie W. N. Leukocyte recruitment to airways by aldehyde-carbon combinations that mimic cigarette smoke. Lab Invest. 1978 Feb;38(2):134–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Kilburn K. H., McKenzie W. Leukocyte recruitment to airways by cigarette smoke and particle phase in contrast to cytotoxicity of vapor. Science. 1975 Aug 22;189(4203):634–637. doi: 10.1126/science.1162344. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Kilburn K. H. Mucociliary clearance from bullfrog (Rana cantesbiana) lung. J Appl Physiol. 1967 Nov;23(5):804–810. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1967.23.5.804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. LASNITZKI I. Observations on the effects of condensates from cigarette smoke on human foetal lung in vitro. Br J Cancer. 1958 Dec;12(4):547–552. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1958.63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. LEWIS C. E., KERBY G. R. AN EPIDEMIC OF POLYMER-FUME FEVER. JAMA. 1965 Feb 1;191:375–378. doi: 10.1001/jama.1965.03080050021005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lamb D., Reid L. Goblet cell increase in rat bronchial epithelium after exposure to cigarette and cigar tobacco smoke. Br Med J. 1969 Jan 4;1(5635):33–35. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5635.33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Lesser M., Zia M., Kilburn K. H. Silicosis in kaolin workers and firebrick makers. South Med J. 1978 Oct;71(10):1242–1246. doi: 10.1097/00007611-197810000-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Levin P. J., Klaff L. J., Rose A. G., Ferguson A. D. Pulmonary effects of contact exposure to paraquat: a clinical and experimental study. Thorax. 1979 Apr;34(2):150–160. doi: 10.1136/thx.34.2.150. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Lewis G. P., Lyle H., Miller S. Association between elevated hepatic water-soluble protein-bound cadmium levels and chronic bronchitis and-or emphysema. Lancet. 1969 Dec 20;2(7634):1330–1333. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)90866-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Lockey S. D., Sr Mushroom workers' pneumonitis. Ann Allergy. 1974 Nov;33(5):282–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Loosli C. G., Hertweck M. S., Hockwald R. S. Airborne influenza PR8-A virus infections in actively immunized mice. Arch Environ Health. 1970 Sep;21(3):332–346. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1970.10667248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Lourenço R. V., Klimek M. F., Borowski C. J. Deposition and clearance of 2 micron particles in the tracheobronchial tree of normal subjects--smokers and nonsmokers. J Clin Invest. 1971 Jul;50(7):1411–1420. doi: 10.1172/JCI106624. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Lunn J. A., Hughes D. T. Pulmonary hypersensitivity to the grain weevil. Br J Ind Med. 1967 Apr;24(2):158–161. doi: 10.1136/oem.24.2.158. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. MCCANN J. K. HEALTH HAZARD FROM FLUX USED IN JOINING ALUMINIUM ELECTRICITY CABLES. Ann Occup Hyg. 1964 Sep;7:261–268. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/7.3.261. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. MORROW P. E., GIBB F. R., JOHNSON L. CLEARANCE OF INSOLUBLE DUST FROM THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT. Health Phys. 1964 Aug;10:543–555. doi: 10.1097/00004032-196408000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. MURPHY G. B., Jr Fiber glass pneumoconiosis. Arch Environ Health. 1961 Dec;3:704–710. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1961.10663097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. MURRAY R., DINGWALL-FORDYCE I., LANE R. E. An outbreak of weaver's cough associated with tamarind seed powder. Br J Ind Med. 1957 Apr;14(2):105–110. doi: 10.1136/oem.14.2.105. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Malone J. D., Carmody M., Keogh B., O'Dwyer W. F. Paraquat poisoning; a review of nineteen cases. J Ir Med Assoc. 1971 Feb 4;64(405):59–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. McCallum R. I. Respiratory disease in foundrymen. Br J Ind Med. 1972 Jul;29(3):341–343. doi: 10.1136/oem.29.3.341. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. McConnell L. H., Fink J. N., Schlueter D. P., Schmidt M. G., Jr Asthma caused by nickel sensitivity. Ann Intern Med. 1973 Jun;78(6):888–890. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-78-6-888. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Merchant J. A., Lumsden J. C., Kilburn K. H., O'Fallon W. M., Ujda J. R., Germino V. H., Jr, Hamilton J. D. An industrial study of the biological effects of cotton dust and cigarette smoke exposure. J Occup Med. 1973 Mar;15(3):212–221. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Minnig H., de Weck A. L. Die "Käsewascherkrankheit". Immunologische und epidemiologische Studien. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1972 Aug 26;102(34):1205–contd. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Morrow P. E. Lymphatic drainage of the lung in dust clearance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1972 Dec 29;200:46–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb40177.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Naeye R. L., Mahon J. K., Dellinger W. S. Effects of smoking on lung structure of appalachian coal workers. Arch Environ Health. 1971 Feb;22(2):190–193. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1971.10665831. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Nakashima T. Studies on bronchial asthma observed in cultured oyster workers. Hiroshima J Med Sci. 1969 Sep;18(2):141–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Natusch D. F., Wallace J. R. Urban aerosol toxicity: the influence of particle size. Science. 1974 Nov 22;186(4165):695–699. doi: 10.1126/science.186.4165.695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Nettesheim P., Szakal A. K. The response of the lower respiratory tract of mice and hamsters to chronic inhalation of ozonized gasoline fumes: a light and electron microscopical study. Ann Occup Hyg. 1972 Nov;15(2):263–271. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/15.2-4.263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Oldenburger D., Maurer W. J., Beltaos E., Magnin G. E. Inhalation lipoid pneumonia from burning fats. A newly recognized industrial hazard. JAMA. 1972 Dec 4;222(10):1288–1289. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Orlowski M., Orlowski J., Lesser M., Kilburn K. H. Proteolytic enzymes in bronchopulmonary lavage fluids: cathepsin B-like activity and prolyl endopeptidase. J Lab Clin Med. 1981 Apr;97(4):467–476. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. PANZANI R. Respiratory castor bean dust allergy in the South of France with special reference to Marseilles. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1957;11(3-4):224–236. doi: 10.1159/000228420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. PERNIS B., VIGLIANI E. C., CAVAGNA C., FINULLI M. The role of bacterial endotoxins in occupational diseases caused by inhaling vegetable dusts. Br J Ind Med. 1961 Apr;18:120–129. doi: 10.1136/oem.18.2.120. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Passero M. A., Tye R. W., Kilburn K. H., Lynn W. S. Isolation and characterization of two glycoproteins from patients with alveolar proteinosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Apr;70(4):973–976. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.4.973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Patchefsky A. S., Israel H. L., Hoch W. S., Gordon G. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: relationship to interstitial fibrosis. Thorax. 1973 Nov;28(6):680–693. doi: 10.1136/thx.28.6.680. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Pepys J., Pickering C. A., Hughes E. G. Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--complex salts of platinum. Clin Allergy. 1972 Dec;2(4):391–396. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1972.tb01303.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Pepys J., Pickering C. A., Loudon H. W. Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--piperazine dihydrochloride. Clin Allergy. 1972 Jun;2(2):189–196. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1972.tb01282.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Peters J. M., Murphy R. L., Ferris B. G., Burgess W. A., Ranadive M. V., Perdergrass H. P. Pulmonary function in shipyard welders: an epidemiologic study. Arch Environ Health. 1973 Jan;26(1):28–31. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1973.10666214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Pimentel J. C., Avila R., Lourenço A. G. Respiratory disease caused by synthetic fibres: a new occupational disease. Thorax. 1975 Apr;30(2):204–219. doi: 10.1136/thx.30.2.204. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Pimentel J. C., Marques F. "Vineyard sprayer's lung": a new occupational disease. Thorax. 1969 Nov;24(6):678–688. doi: 10.1136/thx.24.6.678. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Piscator M. Health hazards from inhalation of metal fumes. Environ Res. 1976 Apr;11(2):268–270. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(76)90085-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Polakoff P. L., Lapp N. L., Reger R. Polyvinyl chloride pyrolysis products. A potential cause for respiratory impairment. Arch Environ Health. 1975 Jun;30(6):269–271. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1975.10666697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Popa V., Teculescu D., Stănescu D., Gavrilescu N. Bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis determined by simple chemicals. Dis Chest. 1969 Nov;56(5):395–402. doi: 10.1378/chest.56.5.395. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Pratt P. C., Vollmer R. T., Miller J. A. Epidemiology of pulmonary lesions in nontextile and cotton textile workers: a retrospective autopsy analysis. Arch Environ Health. 1980 May-Jun;35(3):133–138. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1980.10667480. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Privalova L. I., Katsnelson B. A., Osipenko A. B., Yushkov B. N., Babushkina L. G. Response of a phagocyte cell system to products of macrophage breakdown as a probable mechanism of alveolar phagocytosis adaptation to deposition of particles of different cytotoxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 1980 Apr;35:205–218. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8035205. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. REID L. McA. Reduction in bronchial subdivision in bronchiectasis. Thorax. 1950 Sep;5(3):233–247. doi: 10.1136/thx.5.3.233. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. ROACH S. A., SCHILLING R. S. A clinical and environmental study of byssinosis in the Lancashire cotton industry. Br J Ind Med. 1960 Jan;17:1–9. doi: 10.1136/oem.17.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Reid W. D., Ilett K. F., Glick J. M., Krishna G. Metabolism and binding of aromatic hydrocarbons in the lung. Relationship to experimental bronchiolar necrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973 Apr;107(4):539–551. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1973.107.4.539. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Richards R. J., Jacoby F. Light microscope studies on the effects of chrysotile asbestos and fiber glass on the morphology and reticulin formation of cultured lung fibroblasts. Environ Res. 1976 Feb;11(1):112–121. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(76)90114-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Rogan J. M., Attfield M. D., Jacobsen M., Rae S., Walker D. D., Walton W. H. Role of dust in the working environment in development of chronic bronchitis in British coal miners. Br J Ind Med. 1973 Jul;30(3):217–226. doi: 10.1136/oem.30.3.217. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Roque A. L., Pickren J. W. Enzymatic changes in fluorescent alveolar macrophages of the lungs of cigarette smokers. Acta Cytol. 1968 Nov-Dec;12(6):420–429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Rylander R., Andersson K., Belin L., Berglund G., Bergström R., Hanson L., Lundholm M., Mattsby I. Studies on humans exposed to airborne sewage sludge. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1977 Feb 12;107(6):182–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. SCHEPERS G. W. The biological action of particulate cobalt metal; studies on experimental pulmonary histopathology. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1955 Aug;12(2):127–133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. SMETANA H. F., TANDON H. G., VISWANATHAN R., VENKITASUBRAMANIAN T. A., CHANDRASEKHAR S., RANDHAWA H. S. Experimental bagasse disease of the lung. Lab Invest. 1962 Nov;11:868–884. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. SVOBODA D. J. Ultrastructure of pulmonary adenomas in mice. Cancer Res. 1962 Nov;22:1197–1201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Saccomanno G., Saunders R. P., Archer V. E., Auerbach O., Kuschner M., Beckler P. A. Cancer of the lung: the cytology of sputum prior to the development of carcinoma. Acta Cytol. 1965 Nov-Dec;9(6):413–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Schlueter D. P. Response of the lung to inhaled antigens. Am J Med. 1974 Sep;57(3):476–492. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90141-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Seabury J., Salvaggio J., Buechner H., Kundur V. G. Bagassois. 3. Isolation of thermophilic and mesophilic actinomycetes and fungi from molyd bagasse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1968 Nov;129(2):351–360. doi: 10.3181/00379727-129-33319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Seal R. M., Hapke E. J., Thomas G. O., Meek J. C., Hayes M. The pathology of the acute and chronic stages of farmer's lung. Thorax. 1968 Sep;23(5):469–489. doi: 10.1136/thx.23.5.469. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Seinen W., Willems M. I. Toxicity of organotin compounds. I. Atrophy of thymus and thymus-dependent lymphoid tissue in rats fed di-n-octyltindichloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1976 Jan;35(1):63–75. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(76)90111-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Shigematsu N., Ishimaru S., Saito R., Ikeda T., Matsuba K., Sugiyama K., Masuda Y. Respiratory involvement in polychorinated biphenyls poisoning. Environ Res. 1978 Jul;16(1-3):92–100. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(78)90146-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Smith T. J., Petty T. L., Reading J. C., Lakshminarayan S. Pulmonary effects of chronic exposure to airborne cadmium. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 Jul;114(1):161–169. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1976.114.1.161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Sokol W. N., Aelony Y., Beall G. N. Meat-wrapper's asthma. A new syndrome? JAMA. 1973 Nov 5;226(6):639–641. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Spector W. G. Pulmonary fibrosis due to chemicals and particles. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;221:309–311. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb28230.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Stedman R. L. The chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke. Chem Rev. 1968 Apr;68(2):153–207. doi: 10.1021/cr60252a002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Szende B., Lapis K., Nemes A., Pinter A. Pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of polyvinylchloride dust. Med Lav. 1970 Aug-Sep;61(8):433–436. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Taylor A. N., Longbottom J. L., Pepys J. Respiratory allergy to urine proteins of rats and mice. Lancet. 1977 Oct 22;2(8043):847–849. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90783-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Tse K. S., Warren P., Janusz M., McCarthy D. S., Cherniack R. M. Respiratory abnormalities in workers exposed to grain dust. Arch Environ Health. 1973 Aug;27(2):74–77. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1973.10666321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Wahl L. M., Wahl S. M., Mergenhagen S. E., Martin G. R. Collagenase production by endotoxin-activated macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Sep;71(9):3598–3601. doi: 10.1073/pnas.71.9.3598. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Warr G. A., Martin R. R. In vitro migration of human alveolar macrophages: effects of cigarette smoking. Infect Immun. 1973 Aug;8(2):222–227. doi: 10.1128/iai.8.2.222-227.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Warren P., Cherniack R. M., Tse K. S. Hypersensitivity reactions to grain dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1974 Mar;53(3):139–149. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(74)90002-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Willoughby W. F., Willoughby J. B., Cantrell B. B., Wheelis R. In vivo responses to inhaled proteins. II. Induction of interstitial pneumonitis and enhancement of immune complex-mediated alveolitis by inhaled concanavalin A. Lab Invest. 1979 Mar;40(3):399–414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. ZENZ C., BARTLETT J. P., THIEDE W. H. Acute vanadium pentoxide intoxication. Arch Environ Health. 1962 Dec;5:542–546. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1962.10663328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Zeiss C. R., Patterson R., Pruzansky J. J., Miller M. M., Rosenberg M., Levitz D. Trimellitic anhydride-induced airway syndromes: clinical and immunologic studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1977 Aug;60(2):96–103. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(77)90033-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. van Toorn D. W. Coffee worker's lung. A new example of extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Thorax. 1970 Jul;25(4):399–405. doi: 10.1136/thx.25.4.399. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Environmental Health Perspectives are provided here courtesy of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

RESOURCES