Skip to main content
PMC home page
Clinical and Experimental Immunology logoLink to Clinical and Experimental Immunology
. 1986 Feb;63(2):261–270.

Down-regulation of immune responses in the lower respiratory tract: the role of alveolar macrophages.

P G Holt
PMCID: PMC1577381  PMID: 3516464

Full text

PDF
265

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alevy Y. G., Hutcheson P., Mueller K. R., Slavin R. G. Suppressor alveolar macrophages in experimentally induced uremia. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1983 Jan;33(1):11–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ansfield M. J., Benson B. J. Identification of the immunosuppressive components of canine pulmonary surface active material. J Immunol. 1980 Sep;125(3):1093–1098. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ansfield M. J., Kaltreider H. B., Caldwell J. L., Herskowitz F. N. Hyporesponsiveness of canine bronchoalveolar lymphocytes to mitogens: inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by alveolar macrophages. J Immunol. 1979 Feb;122(2):542–548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Aubas P., Cosso B., Godard P., Michel F. B., Clot J. Decreased suppressor cell activity of alveolar macrophages in bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Nov;130(5):875–878. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.5.875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bitterman P. B., Saltzman L. E., Adelberg S., Ferrans V. J., Crystal R. G. Alveolar macrophage replication. One mechanism for the expansion of the mononuclear phagocyte population in the chronically inflamed lung. J Clin Invest. 1984 Aug;74(2):460–469. doi: 10.1172/JCI111443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bordignon C., Avallone R., Peri G., Polentarutti N., Mangioni C., Mantovani A. Cytotoxicity on tumour cells of human mononuclear phagocytes: defective tumoricidal capacity of alveolar macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol. 1980 Aug;41(2):336–342. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bordignon C., Villa F., Allavena P., Introna M., Biondi A., Avallone R., Mantovani A. Inhibition of natural killer activity by human bronchoalveolar macrophages. J Immunol. 1982 Aug;129(2):587–591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chang J. C., Lesser M. Quantitation of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from rats after intravascular injection of endotoxin. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Jan;129(1):72–75. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.1.72. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cohen A. B., Cline M. J. The human alveolar macrophage: isolation, cultivation in vitro, and studies of morphologic and functional characteristics. J Clin Invest. 1971 Jul;50(7):1390–1398. doi: 10.1172/JCI106622. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Coonrod J. D., Yoneda K. Effect of rat alveolar lining material on macrophage receptors. J Immunol. 1983 Jun;130(6):2589–2596. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Corry D., Kulkarni P., Lipscomb M. F. The migration of bronchoalveolar macrophages into hilar lymph nodes. Am J Pathol. 1984 Jun;115(3):321–328. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Couch R. B. The effects of influenza on host defenses. J Infect Dis. 1981 Sep;144(3):284–291. doi: 10.1093/infdis/144.3.284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Crawford J. M., Miller D. A. Lymphocyte subpopulations in rat lungs and Peyer's patches. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 May;129(5):827–832. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.5.827. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Crystal R. G., Bitterman P. B., Rennard S. I., Hance A. J., Keogh B. A. Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. Disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. N Engl J Med. 1984 Jan 26;310(4):235–244. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198401263100406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Dauber J. H., Holian A., Rosemiller M. E., Daniele R. P. Separation of bronchoalveolar cells from the guinea pig on continuous density gradients of Percoll: morphology and cytochemical properties of fractionated lung macrophages. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1983 Feb;33(2):119–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Daughety T. W., Marrack P., Kappler J. W., Chiller J. M. The capacity of murine alveolar macrophages to stimulate antigen-dependent T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Cell Immunol. 1983 Jul 15;79(2):374–382. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(83)90079-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Ettensohn D. B., Roberts N. J., Jr Human alveolar macrophage support of lymphocyte responses to mitogens and antigens. Analysis and comparison with autologous peripheral-blood-derived monocytes and macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Sep;128(3):516–522. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.128.3.516. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gorenberg D. J., Daniele R. P. Characterization of immunocompetent cells recovered from the respiratory tract and tracheobronchial lymph node of normal guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 Dec;114(6):1099–1105. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1976.114.6.1099. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gorenberg D. J., Daniele R. P. The alveolar macrophage: its capacity to act as an accessory cell in mitogen-stimulated proliferation of guinea pig lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 1978 Mar 1;36(1):115–127. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(78)90255-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gross N. J., Balis J. V. Functional, biochemical, and morphologic changes in alveolar macrophages following thoracic x-irradiation. Lab Invest. 1978 Oct;39(4):381–389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hance A. J., Douches S., Winchester R. J., Ferrans V. J., Crystal R. G. Characterization of mononuclear phagocyte subpopulations in the human lung by using monoclonal antibodies: changes in alveolar macrophage phenotype associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Immunol. 1985 Jan;134(1):284–292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Haslam P. L., Turton C. W., Heard B., Lukoszek A., Collins J. V., Salsbury A. J., Turner-Warwick M. Bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary fibrosis: comparison of cells obtained with lung biopsy and clinical features. Thorax. 1980 Jan;35(1):9–18. doi: 10.1136/thx.35.1.9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hill J. O., Burrell R. Cell-mediated immunity to soluble and particulate inhaled antigens. Clin Exp Immunol. 1979 Nov;38(2):332–341. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Holian A., Dauber J. H., Diamond M. S., Daniele R. P. Separation of bronchoalveolar cells from the guinea pig on continuous gradients of Percoll: functional properties of fractionated lung macrophages. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1983 Feb;33(2):157–164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Holt P. G. Alveolar macrophages. I. A simple technique for the preparation of high numbers of viable alveolar macrophages from small laboratory animals. J Immunol Methods. 1979;27(2):189–198. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(79)90264-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Holt P. G. Alveolar macrophages. II. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by purified macrophages from rat lung. Immunology. 1979 Jun;37(2):429–436. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Holt P. G. Alveolar macrophages. III. Studies on the mechanisms of inhibition of T-cell proliferation. Immunology. 1979 Jun;37(2):437–445. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Holt P. G. Alveolar macrophages. IV. Interspecies differences in activity in proliferating lymphocyte cultures. Cell Immunol. 1980 Mar 1;50(1):210–215. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(80)90020-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Holt P. G., Batty J. E. Alveolar macrophages. V. Comparative studies on the antigen presentation activity of guinea-pig and rat alveolar macrophages. Immunology. 1980 Oct;41(2):361–366. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Holt P. G., Degebrodt A., O'Leary C., Krska K., Plozza T. T cell activation by antigen-presenting cells from lung tissue digests: suppression by endogenous macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol. 1985 Dec;62(3):586–593. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Holt P. G., Degebrodt A., Venaille T., O'Leary C., Krska K., Flexman J., Farrell H., Shellam G., Young P., Penhale J. Preparation of interstitial lung cells by enzymatic digestion of tissue slices: preliminary characterization by morphology and performance in functional assays. Immunology. 1985 Jan;54(1):139–147. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Holt P. G. Inhibitory activity of unstimulated alveolar macrophages on T-lymphocyte blastogenic response. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 Oct;118(4):791–793. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1978.118.4.791. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Holt P. G., Keast D. Environmentally induced changes in immunological function: acute and chronic effects of inhalation of tobacco smoke and other atmospheric contaminants in man and experimental animals. Bacteriol Rev. 1977 Mar;41(1):205–216. doi: 10.1128/br.41.1.205-216.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Holt P. G., Leivers S. Alveolar macrophages: antigen presentation activity in vivo. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1985 Feb;63(Pt 1):33–39. doi: 10.1038/icb.1985.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Holt P. G., Warner L. A., Mayrhofer G. Macrophages as effectors of T suppression: T-lymphocyte-dependent macrophage-mediated suppression of mitogen-induced blastogenesis in the rat. Cell Immunol. 1981 Sep 1;63(1):57–70. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(81)90028-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Holt P. G., Warner L. A., Papadimitriou J. M. Alveolar macrophages: functional heterogeneity within macrophage populations from rat lung. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1982 Dec;60(6):607–618. doi: 10.1038/icb.1982.63. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hopper K. E., Wood P. R., Nelson D. S. Macrophage heterogeneity. Vox Sang. 1979;36(5):257–274. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1979.tb04434.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hunninghake G. W., Gadek J. E., Kawanami O., Ferrans V. J., Crystal R. G. Inflammatory and immune processes in the human lung in health and disease: evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Pathol. 1979 Oct;97(1):149–206. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Hunninghake G. W., Kawanami O., Ferrans V. J., Young R. C., Jr, Roberts W. C., Crystal R. G. Characterization of the inflammatory and immune effector cells in the lung parenchyma of patients with interstitial lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981 Apr;123(4 Pt 1):407–412. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1981.123.4.407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hunninghake G. W. Release of interleukin-1 by alveolar macrophages of patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Apr;129(4):569–572. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Jakab G. J. Immune impairment of alveolar macrophage phagocytosis during influenza virus pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Nov;126(5):778–782. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.5.778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Johnson J. D., Hand W. L., King N. L., Hughes C. G. Activation of alveolar macrophages after lower respiratory tract infection. J Immunol. 1975 Jul;115(1):80–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Kazmierowski J. A., Fauci A. S., Reynolds H. Y. Characterization of lymphocytes in bronchial lavage fluid from monkeys. J Immunol. 1976 Mar;116(3):615–618. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kendall R. A., Targan S. The dual effect of prostaglandin (PGE2) and ethanol on the natural killer cytolytic process: effector activation and NK-cell-target cell conjugate lytic inhibition. J Immunol. 1980 Dec;125(6):2770–2777. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kimura A., Goldstein E., Donovan R. M., Verwoerd N. P., Ploem J. S. Comparison of lavaged and intrapulmonary alveolar macrophages in respect to lysozyme content and size in the rat. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Jan;129(1):149–154. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.1.149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Laughter A. H., Martin R. R., Twomey J. J. Lymphoproliferative responses to antigens mediated by human pulmonary alveolar macrophages. J Lab Clin Med. 1977 Jun;89(6):1326–1332. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Lauweryns J. M., Baert J. H. Alveolar clearance and the role of the pulmonary lymphatics. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977 Apr;115(4):625–683. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1977.115.4.625. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Lawrence E. C., Theodore B. J., Martin R. R. Modulation of pokeweed-mitogen-induced immunoglobulin secretion by human bronchoalveolar cells. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Aug;126(2):248–252. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.2.248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Lehnert B. E., Morrow P. E. Size, adherence, and phagocytic characteristics of alveolar macrophages harvested 'early' and 'later' during bronchoalveolar lavage. J Immunol Methods. 1984 Oct 26;73(2):329–335. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(84)90408-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Lipscomb M. F., Toews G. B., Lyons C. R., Uhr J. W. Antigen presentation by guinea pig alveolar macrophages. J Immunol. 1981 Jan;126(1):286–291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. MYRVIK Q., LEAKE E. S., FARISS B. Studies on pulmonary alveolar macrophages from the normal rabbit: a technique to procure them in a high state of purity. J Immunol. 1961 Feb;86:128–132. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Mackaness G. B. The J. Burns Amberson LECTURE The induction and expression of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1971 Dec;104(6):813–828. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1971.104.6.813. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. McCarron R. M., Yeager H., Jr, Herscowitz H. B. Accessory cell function of human alveolar macrophages in B-cell activation induced by pokeweed mitogen. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1984 Dec;33(3):351–362. doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(84)90306-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. McCombs C. C., Michalski J. P., Westerfield B. T., Light R. W. Human alveolar macrophages suppress the proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Chest. 1982 Sep;82(3):266–271. doi: 10.1378/chest.82.3.266. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Murphy M. A., Herscowitz H. B. Heterogeneity among alveolar macrophages in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses: separation of functional subpopulations by density gradient centrifugation on Percoll. J Leukoc Biol. 1984 Jan;35(1):39–54. doi: 10.1002/jlb.35.1.39. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Murphy P. A., Simon P. L., Willoughby W. F. Endogenous pyrogens made by rabbit peritoneal exudate cells are identical with lymphocyte-activating factors made by rabbit alveolar macrophages. J Immunol. 1980 May;124(5):2498–2501. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. O'Neill S., Lesperance E., Klass D. J. Rat lung lavage surfactant enhances bacterial phagocytosis and intracellular killing by alveolar macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Aug;130(2):225–230. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.2.225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Pennington J. E., Rossing T. H., Boerth L. W. The effect of human alveolar macrophages on the bactericidal capacity of neutrophils. J Infect Dis. 1983 Jul;148(1):101–109. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.1.101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Pennline K. J., Conrad R. E., Gerber H. R., Herscowitz H. B. Suppressive effect of alveolar macrophages on the in vitro immune response of rabbit lymphocytes. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1979 May;25(5):495–512. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Pennline K. J., Herscowitz H. B. Dual role for alveolar macrophages in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses: evidence for suppressor and enhancing functions. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1981 Sep;30(3):205–217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Peterson L. B., Thrall R. S., Moore V. L., Stevens J. O., Abramoff P. An animal model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the rabbit. Induction of cellular hypersensitivy to inhaled antigens using carrageenan and BCG. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977 Dec;116(6):1007–1012. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1977.116.6.1007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Robinson B. W., Pinkston P., Crystal R. G. Natural killer cells are present in the normal human lung but are functionally impotent. J Clin Invest. 1984 Sep;74(3):942–950. doi: 10.1172/JCI111513. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Rothberger H., McGee M. P., Lee T. K. Tissue factor activity. A marker of alveolar macrophage maturation in rabbits. Effects of granulomatous pneumonitis. J Clin Invest. 1984 Jun;73(6):1524–1531. doi: 10.1172/JCI111358. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Rothlein R., Gallily R., Kim Y. B. Development of alveolar macrophages in specific pathogen-free and germ-free Minnesota miniature swine. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1981 Dec;30(6):483–495. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Schuyler M. R., Todd L. S. Accessory cell function of rabbit alveolar macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981 Jan;123(1):53–57. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1981.123.1.53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Schwartz L. W., Christman C. A. Alveolar macrophage migration. Influence of lung lining material and acute lung insult. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 Aug;120(2):429–439. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1979.120.2.429. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Sestini P., Tagliabue A., Boraschi D. Modulation of macrophage suppressive activity and prostaglandin release by lymphokines and interferon: comparison of alveolar, pleural and peritoneal macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol. 1984 Dec;58(3):573–580. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Shellito J., Caldwell J. L., Kaltreider H. B. Immune functions of murine alveolar macrophages: binding of lymphocytes and support of lymphocyte proliferation. Exp Lung Res. 1983 Feb;4(2):93–107. doi: 10.3109/01902148309055007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Shellito J., Kaltreider H. B. Heterogeneity of immunologic function among subfractions of normal rat alveolar macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 May;129(5):747–753. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.5.747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Stankus R. P., Cashner F. M., Salvaggio J. E. Bronchopulmonary macrophage activation in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Immunol. 1978 Mar;120(3):685–688. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Starling J. R., Balish E. Lysosomal enzyme activity in pulmonary alveolar macrophages from conventional, germfree, monoassociated, and conventionalized rats. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1981 Dec;30(6):497–505. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Sugimoto M., Ando M., Senba H., Tokuomi H. Lung defenses in neonates: effects of bronchial lavage fluids from adult and neonatal rabbits on superoxide production by their alveolar macrophages. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1980 Jun;27(6):595–606. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Toews G. B., Vial W. C., Dunn M. M., Guzzetta P., Nunez G., Stastny P., Lipscomb M. F. The accessory cell function of human alveolar macrophages in specific T cell proliferation. J Immunol. 1984 Jan;132(1):181–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Twomey J. J., Laughter A., Brown M. F. A comparison of the regulatory effects of human monocytes, pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and spleen macrophages upon lymphocyte responses. Clin Exp Immunol. 1983 May;52(2):449–454. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Ullrich S. E., Herscowitz H. B. Immunological function of alveolar macrophages: interaction with a soluble protein antigen and the immunogenicity of alveolar macrophage-associated antigen. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1980 Aug;28(2):111–127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Venet A., Hance A. J., Saltini C., Robinson B. W., Crystal R. G. Enhanced alveolar macrophage-mediated antigen-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation in sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest. 1985 Jan;75(1):293–301. doi: 10.1172/JCI111688. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Warner L. A., Holt P. G., Mayrhofer G. Alveolar macrophages. VI. Regulation of alveolar macrophage-mediated suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by a putative T cell. Immunology. 1981 Jan;42(1):137–147. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Weinberg D. S., Unanue E. R. Antigen-presenting function of alveolar macrophages: uptake and presentation of Listeria monocytogenes. J Immunol. 1981 Feb;126(2):794–799. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Wewers M. D., Rennard S. I., Hance A. J., Bitterman P. B., Crystal R. G. Normal human alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage have a limited capacity to release interleukin-1. J Clin Invest. 1984 Dec;74(6):2208–2218. doi: 10.1172/JCI111647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Yeager H., Jr, Sweeney J. A., Herscowitz H. B., Barsoum I. S., Kagan E. Modulation of mitogen-induced proliferation of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes by human alveolar macrophages. Infect Immun. 1982 Oct;38(1):260–266. doi: 10.1128/iai.38.1.260-266.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Zeligs B. J., Nerurkar L. S., Bellanti J. A. Chemotactic and candidacidal responses of rabbit alveolar macrophages during postnatal development and the modulating roles of surfactant in these responses. Infect Immun. 1984 May;44(2):379–385. doi: 10.1128/iai.44.2.379-385.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Zeller J. M., Buys C. M., Gudewicz P. W. Effects of high-dose methotrexate on rat alveolar and inflammatory macrophage populations. Inflammation. 1984 Sep;8(3):231–239. doi: 10.1007/BF00916413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Zwilling B. S., Campolito L. B., Reiches N. A. Alveolar macrophage subpopulations identified by differential centrifugation on a discontinuous albumin density gradient. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Apr;125(4):448–452. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.125.4.448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. deShazo R. D., Banks D. E., Diem J. E., Nordberg J. A., Baser Y., Bevier D., Salvaggio J. E. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell--lymphocyte interactions in normal nonsmokers and smokers. Analysis with a novel system. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 May;127(5):545–548. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.5.545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. van oud Alblas A. B., van Furth R. Origin, Kinetics, and characteristics of pulmonary macrophages in the normal steady state. J Exp Med. 1979 Jun 1;149(6):1504–1518. doi: 10.1084/jem.149.6.1504. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical and Experimental Immunology are provided here courtesy of British Society for Immunology

RESOURCES